Golf Driver Research Articles

The Effect of Biomechanics Information on Driver Swing Learning of Intermediate Golfers

PURPOSE This study investigates the effectiveness of biomechanics information on intermediate golfers driver swing learning. It analyzes changes in center of pressure (COP) patterns, GRF Direction Inclination, driver performance, and learners psychological responses to determine the learning effects.METHODS Subjects were 32 right-handed male golfers (handicap 15-23) who had no difficulty in performing the golf driver swing (Full swing). Four groups were selected, BF (Biomechanics Feedback group), BVC (Biomechanics Verbal Cue group), CB (Combination group), and CT (Control group), and assigned randomly. Driver swing learning showed results after 6 weeks,and a transfer test was conducted 1 week after the completion of the learning.RESULTS Analysis of COP patterns and GRF Direction Inclination indicated changes in the BF, BVC, and CB groups. Furthermore, analysis of driver distance (m), club head speed (km/h), and ball spin rate (rpm) revealed that during the 6-week acquisition phase, all three groups (excluding the control group) showed improvements in driver distance, club head speed, and ball spin rate. However, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. In contrast, the transfer test showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with the CB group exhibiting the highest driver distance. Learners' psychological responses during the learning process were trust, understanding, and satisfaction. The understanding factor was relatively higher in the CB and BVC groups compared to the BF group.CONCLUSIONS In summary, biomechanics information (BI) was effective in improving driver performance, and changesappeared in the COP pattern and GRF Direction Inclination, indicating a change in movement. Therefore, BI can be fully utilized for athletes or high-level advanced players and for motor learning for intermediate-level students.However, BI can only improve learning effects by strengthening learners' “understanding” when visual feedback forms and verbal cues are provided together.

골프 드라이버 페이스 두께 변화에 따른 타구음 분석

골프 드라이버 페이스 두께 변화에 따른 타구음 분석

Computational Study on the Flow Characteristics of the Golf Driver Head

Computational Study on the Flow Characteristics of the Golf Driver Head

골프 드라이버 샷에서 지면반력과 타구된 공과의 관계

골프 드라이버 샷에서 지면반력과 타구된 공과의 관계

Analysis of Relationship between Biomechanical Factors and Driver’s Distance during Golf Driver Swing

Analysis of Relationship between Biomechanical Factors and Driver’s Distance during Golf Driver Swing

골프용품에 대한 지각된 가치가 고객만족, 브랜드 신뢰 및 전환의도에 미치는 영향 : 드라이버를 중심으로

골프용품에 대한 지각된 가치가 고객만족, 브랜드 신뢰 및 전환의도에 미치는 영향 : 드라이버를 중심으로

골프드라이버 스윙 시 오른팔 주관절 릴리즈 시점이 crunch-factor 값에 미치는 영향

골프드라이버 스윙 시 오른팔 주관절 릴리즈 시점이 crunch-factor 값에 미치는 영향

Experimental study of drag reduction on a golf driver club using discrete surface elements

A low-speed wind tunnel investigation is presented documenting drag reduction to a golf driver club. Geometrical modifications (or elements) were attached to the golf driver. The size, spacing, and location of the elements were varied. Wind tunnel velocities spanned a range from the amateur to professional golfer. Measurements included both force balance and surface pressure accompanied by flow visualization to aid in flow diagnostics. The results indicated that a 40% reduction in drag can be achieved, primarily due to reduced pressure over the forward face of the crown and increased pressure over the crown’s aft extents. This reduction in drag was estimated to yield a 0.54 m/s (1.2 mph) club head speed gain, causing a 3.65 m (4 yds) increase in carry distance.

골프 연습장 환경이 드라이버 샷에 미치는 영향

골프 연습장 환경이 드라이버 샷에 미치는 영향

The Analysis of the Lower Extremities Joint Moment on Golf Driver Downswing

The Analysis of the Lower Extremities Joint Moment on Golf Driver Downswing

Cochlear Damage Caused by the Striking Noise of Titanium Head Golf Driver.

Objectives. To investigate how mouse cochleae are affected by the striking noise of titanium head golf driver.Methods. Thirty-two BALB/c mice (20–22 g) with normal hearing were used. The impact acoustic stimulus generated by the striking of titanium golf driver head was centered around 4.5 kHz with 120.5 dB sound pressure level. The recorded impact noise was provided to mice in two ways with the same exposure time of 288 seconds: 1,440 repetitions and an impact duration of 0.2 seconds for 2 hours (repetitive noise) or serially connected impact noise for 288 seconds (continuous noise). Auditory brainstem responses were measured at baseline, day 7, and day 14 after exposure. The mice were then sacrificed for histology.Results. Both groups showed statistically significant threshold shifts immediately after noise exposure. Mice in the continuous exposure group, except for those exposed to 32 kHz noise, recovered from threshold shifts 1–2 weeks after noise exposure. However, in the repetitive exposure group, threshold shifts remained for 2 weeks after exposure. The repetitive exposure group had greater hair cell damage than did the continuous exposure group. Structural changes in the stria vascularis were observed in the repetitive exposure group.Conclusion. Overexposure to impact noise caused by hitting of titanium head golf driver may be hazardous to the cochlea, and repetitive exposure may induce greater damage than continuous exposure.

골프 드라이버 스윙 시 샤프트강도에 따른 스윙동작의 운동학적 비교분석

골프 드라이버 스윙 시 샤프트강도에 따른 스윙동작의 운동학적 비교분석

Using sports equipment for student exploration of vibration and structural acoustics phenomena

The familiarity which many undergraduate and graduate students have with sports implements (bats, sticks, clubs, rackets, and balls), renders such objects as suitable subjects for student exploration through laboratory projects and homework problems. This paper will illustrate how problems and projects involving baseball bats, tennis rackets, hockey sticks, and golf clubs can arouse student interests in structural acoustics. Homework problems in which students model the contact time between ball and racket, the frequencies of a golf club shaft, the vibration of the face plate in a golf driver responsible for the trampoline effect, and the radiation of sound from structural modes in hollow and spherical balls provide engaging applications of the theory for membranes, flexural bending in beams, boundary conditions, and radiation. Examples will be shown for using baseball bats, cricket bats, hurling and hockey sticks, ping pong paddles, and tennis rackets in more involved laboratory projects. Sports implements also have the advantage of being non-uniform and asymmetric (wide body and thin handle), non-isotropic (wood grain), or involving complicated geometrics (ellipses) so that students can compare simple theory to more complicated realistic systems.

Analysis of Core Muscles Activity of Distance and Fairway Hit During Down Swing of Golf Driver Shot

본 연구는 골프 드라이버 샷의 다운스윙 시 중심 근육 활성도에 따른 비거리 및 페어웨이 안착률 간의 존재하는 상호관계 정도와 영향력을 분석함으로써 코칭현장에서 지도 및 훈련방법을 위한 근거를 제시하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 골프 남자 세미프로 9명을 대상으로 WEMG-8을 이용하여 중심근육의 활성도를 측정하였고, 골프존 비전 플러스를 이용하여 비거리와 페어웨이 안착률을 측정하였다. 변수들 간에 존재하는 상호관계의 정도를 위하여 다중상관관계, 그 원인과 결과의 관계 여부를 규명하기 위하여 다중회귀분석을 실시하였는데, 그 결론은 다음과 같다.BR 첫째, 비거리와 페어웨이 안착률의 변수들 간에 존재하는 상호관계 정도를 알아보기 위하여 다중상관분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 비거리는 중심근육 활성도의 모든 하위변인과 뚜렷한 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중심근육의 하위변인에서 왼쪽 척추세움근이 오른쪽 척추세움근과 양쪽 중간볼기근과 뚜렷한 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다.BR 둘째, 중심근육 활성도가 비거리와 페어웨이 안착률에 미치는 영향력을 알아보기 위하여 다중회귀 분석을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 중심근육 활성도의 하위변인에서 오른쪽 배바같빗근, 왼쪽과 오른쪽 척추세움근, 왼쪽 큰볼기근, 왼쪽과 오른쪽 중간 볼기근이 비거리에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면에 중심근육 활성도의 하위변인 모두 페어웨이 안착률에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

An Analysis of X-Factor, Triple X-Factor, and the Center of Pressure (COP) according to the Feel of the Golf Driver Swing

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze X-factor, triple X-factor, and the center of pressure (COP) according to the feel of golf driver swing. Method: For this research, 9 golfers from the Korea Professional Golfers' Association (age: <TEX>$30.11{\pm}2.98yrs$</TEX>, height: <TEX>$178.00{\pm}8.42cm$</TEX>, weight: <TEX>$76.22{\pm}8.42kg$</TEX>, experience: <TEX>$10.06{\pm}3.11yrs$</TEX>) were recruited to participate in the experiment. Twelve Motion Analysis Eagle-4 cameras were installed and an image analysis was conducted by using the NLT (non-linear transformation) method, and 2 units of Kistler type 5233A dynamometer were used to measure ground reaction force. The sampling ratio was set at 1000 Hz. The golfers each took 10 swings by using their own driver, and chose the best and worse feel from among 10 shots. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the results. Results: In regard to feel, no change in head speed, X-factor, and the triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise, and head swivel, was observed (p>.05). Regarding ground reaction force, a difference was observed between the top of the backswing (p<.05) and impact (p<.05) in the vertical force of the left foot. For COP, a difference was also observed between the mid backswing (p<.001), late backswing (p<.001), and top of the backswing (p<.05) for the right foot X-axis and Y-axis mid follow through (p<.01). Conclusion: It can be reasoned that, irrespective of feel, the head speed, X-factor and triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise and head swivel did not have an effect on drive distance for domestic golfers, and the vertical reaction force of the left foot and left-right movement span's pressure dispersal of the right foot had an increasing effect on drive distance.

어깨 손상에 따른 골프 드라이버 스윙의 근활성도 분석

Objective : The purpose of this study was to describe the correlation between the activity of the muscles of upper and lower limbs of a golf driver swing according to shoulder injury. Method : The subjects were 18 professional golfers (7 male in KPGA and 11 female in KLPGA). Using surface electromyography, we evaluated muscle activities during the golf drive swing. Surface electrodes were used to record the level of muscle activity in the left Deltoid(MD), Triceps Brachii(TB), Pectoralis(PM), Trapezius(UT), Rectus Femoris(RF), Vastus Medialis Obilique(VMO), Biceps Femoris(BF), Gastrocnemius(GCM) muscles during the golfer's swing. The golf swing was divided into five phases: take away, forward swing, acceleration, early follow through, late follow through. Results : The results can be summarized as follows: MD, VMO had statistically significant difference in take away phases, GCM had statistically significant difference in acceleration phases, MD, PM, VMO had statistically significant difference in early follow through phases, PM had statistically significant difference in late follow through phases, Conclusion : Muscle activity of the 8 muscles(Deltoid, Triceps Brachii, Pectoralis, Trapezius, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis Obilique, Biceps Femoris, Gastrocnemius) along the shoulder damage or absence of has shown that they are organically connected to each of the phases.

Ubersense: using a free video analysis app to evaluate and improve microsurgical skills.

Sir: As surgical residency programs move toward more objective-based training protocols, curricula will need to include tangible measures of the advancement of a surgical trainee.1,2 The evaluation of microsurgical skills lacks the standardized criteria necessary for an adequate assessment, and in a world dominated by metrics, developing a reproducible, valid, low-cost, and easy-to-administer evaluation instrument is essential for self-improvement.3 Recent reports have used an online video system to assess microsurgical skills.4 In a similar fashion, the authors present the use of emerging technology in video analysis to improve microsurgical skills. Ubersense, a free and already available iPod/iPad App, allows athletes and coaches to improve their performance through “slow-motion video analysis.” Videos of the desired activity are captured and subsequently uploaded. The video can be analyzed at slower speeds or in a frame-by-frame fashion. The drawing tool allows marks to be made on the video, including various measurements (i.e., the angle a golf driver makes with the body at the highest point of a backswing). The video can be trimmed, and the user can view videos uploaded by others. A video can be simultaneously compared in a side-by-side fashion with any other video recording (Fig. 1). This technology is directly applicable to microsurgical training.Fig. 1: Video comparison of a golf swing before and after adjustments.A video of a senior surgeon placing microsurgical sutures is taken from the operating microscope, and the same is done for a trainee. These videos are uploaded to Ubersense, and each video is analyzed in a frame-by-frame fashion to obtain data points: Needle-to–needle driver angle. Needle tip–to–needle driver distance. The distance of suture entry and exit in relationship to the vessel edge. Needle-to–vessel wall angle. Suture tail length. Number of ancillary movements. Time to completion. The data points obtained from the two are compared, and the differences are calculated. The videos are then viewed in a side-by-side fashion to appreciate the differences between the senior staff and the trainee (Fig. 2). When the video analysis is reviewed together, opportunities for development arise as the senior surgeon can demonstrate exactly what the trainee can improve on by having a “correct” version to directly compare to.Fig. 2: Side-by-side video comparison of senior staff and resident trainee performing microsurgery. Immediate comparisons can be made and feedback given based on the differences seen in the video comparison.Although we have only begun using this technology to evaluate microsurgical skills, the possibilities are numerous. A compendium of norms for the data points mentioned previously could be compiled to calculate a true standard, which the trainees could be evaluated against. Trainees could view videos of their own progress in a side-by-side fashion to ensure their skills are advancing. Experts could upload videos of different suture techniques, and trainees could then compare their technique with mentors that are not directly available at their institution. This can all be accomplished with zero cost to the trainee or the institution. Therefore, we encourage readers to download the application and begin using the technology—athletes are not the only ones who can “raise their game.” SUBJECT CONSENT The man shown in Figure 1 provided written consent for the use of his images. DISCLOSURE The authors have no commercial associations or disclosures that might pose or create a conflict of interest with the information presented in this article. Ajul Shah, M.D. Megan Rowlands, B.S. Anup Patel, M.D., M.B.A. Stefano Fusi, M.D. Jeffrey Salomon, M.D. Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Conn.

Experimental Investigation of Golf Driver Club Head Drag Reduction Through the use of Aerodynamic Features on the Driver Crown

There are a number of primary design elements of a golf club driver that contribute to performance, including moment of inertia (MOI), coefficient of restitution (COR), and the placement of the driver center of gravity (CG). Although it is not necessarily a primary design objective when compared to MOI or COR, the reduction of aerodynamic drag during a driver swing has also become a design focus due to increasingly larger driver heads and their blunt geometries. The use of aerodynamic features to help reduce pressure drag experienced by a body in a flow field by delaying flow separation has been explored for a wide range of applications, and if used properly could reduce the aerodynamic drag experienced by a driver head. This reduction in aerodynamic drag could lead to increased club head speeds and greater distances off the tee.Presented are the experimental results of wind tunnel testing conducted in order to quantify the effects of applying aerodynamic features to the crown of a golf driver. Results from player tests quantifying the effect of these features on actual club head speed, and predicted distance gains based on measured drag reduction, are also presented. Overall, the use of these aerodynamic features has shown significant decreases in energy loss due to aerodynamic drag, which has led to significant increases in delivered club head speed and total distance.

Analysis of impact noise induced by hitting of titanium head golf driver

The hitting of titanium head golf driver against golf ball creates a short duration, high frequency impact noise. We analyzed the spectra of these impact noises and evaluated the auditory hazards from exposure to the noises. Noises made by 10 titanium head golf drivers with five maximum hits were collected, and the spectra of the pure impact sounds were studied using a noise analysis program. The noise was measured at 1.7 m (position A) and 3.4 m (position B) from the hitting point in front of the hitter and at 3.4 m (position C) behind the hitting point. Average time duration was measured and auditory risk units (ARUs) at position A were calculated using the Auditory Hazard Assessment Algorithm for Humans. The average peak levels at position A were 119.9 dBA at the sound pressure level (SPL) peak and 100.0 dBA at the overall octave level. The average peak levels (SPL and overall octave level) at position B were 111.6 and 96.5 dBA, respectively, and at position C were 111.5 and 96.7 dBA, respectively. The average time duration and ARUs measured at position A were 120.6 ms and 194.9 units, respectively. Although impact noises made by titanium head golf drivers showed relatively low ARUs, individuals enjoying golf frequently may be susceptible to hearing loss due to the repeated exposure of this intense impact noise with short duration and high frequency. Unprotected exposure to impact noises should be limited to prevent cochleovestibular disorders.

Electrochemical Near-Net-Shape Production Via the FFC Cambridge Process --- Dedication to the Special Session for the 2012 Max Bredig Award

The energy- and labour-intensive extraction processes, and the complex and expensive downstream processes for alloying and manufacturing are the main causes for the high cost of engineering components. These are particularly true for reactive metals based alloys, such as titanium alloys. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of using the FFC Cambridge Process for near-net-shape production of Ti-6Al-4V based engineering components in different shapes, including hollow sphere and miniature hollow golf driver head, from their corresponding metal oxide precursors. A series of investigations were carried out in order to attain a fundamental understanding of the relevant electrochemical reduction mechanism in molten CaCl2. Additive oxide was found to assist the electro-reduction of TiO2 by preventing in situ formation of perovskites during electrolysis in molten CaCl2.