Golf Championship Research Articles

Organizational system blind golf

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the emergence, formation and development of blind golf.
 The chronology of the emergence of the first organizational and managerial structure of golf for the blind at the international level and at the level of individual states, their further reorganization and development is investigated. The classification of athletes-golfers with visual impairments and the international handicap calculation system are considered, which guarantees the same calculation of handicaps in all countries. The work of the member countries of the International Blind Golf Association, which today uses a single, rapidly growing database of players, coaches and volunteers. The competition system was analyzed and it was determined that six or seven national open championships are held annually, and The IBGA World Blind Golf Championships take place every two years. It is summarized that the conducted historical analysis of the development of golf for people with visual impairments suggests that the main trend of its development is the growth of its popularity and a significant increase in the geography of distribution, the formation of national organizational structures and golf management structures for the visually impaired at the international level. The organizational and management systems of golf for the visually impaired are represented by a training system, as well as a competition system, within which sports and recreational areas are combined.

Heard on the Green: Sociability, Golf Courses, and the Performance of Institutional Investors

We hypothesize that prestigious golf courses attract golfers and visitors from across the country, providing greater opportunities for nearby investors to build social connections. Our evidence suggests that institutional investors located near prestigious golf courses earn significantly better benchmark- and risk-adjusted returns. This reflects the benefits of sociability as our findings are stronger for golf courses with reciprocal guest policies that allow wider participation and increase when major golf championships rotate to the state. Their portfolios reveal hallmarks of active trading – higher concentration, greater selectivity, more frequent turnover – and include more distant stocks. To establish a causal link, we exploit the fact that golf is a weather-dependent outdoor activity. We find that their outperformance occurs during times of low precipitation around golf courses, evaporating when bad weather keeps golfers off the greens.

Effects of Four Days of Competition Modelling Followed by Six Days of Tapering on Sport Performance in Junior Golfers: a Case Study

Background. The use of competition modelling or tapering to improve sport performance in golf has not been extensively studied. Due to the specific conditions of the main competition, the simulation of competition modelling followed by tapering has been suggested as a means of improving junior golfers’ sport performance. The aim of this study was to determine the most suitable precompetition model and taper for junior golfers to optimize their performance.Methods. Two male golfers (subject A: age 17 years, height 1.75 m, body mass 62 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 10.1; subject B: age 17 years, height 1.87 m, body mass 68 kg, basal heart rate 60 beats⋅min –1 , handicap index 11.2) participated in this study. Sport performance indicators in golf were recorded using a personal sport performance statistical protocol. Locomotion and physiological demands were recorded using the FRWD W 400 Series (Finland) device. Furthermore, tapering training programmes were recorded.Results. The simulation of four days of competition modelling followed by six days of tapering allowed the subjects to improve their performance; their scoring average at the Lithuanian Amateur Open Golf Championship 2011 was by 6.02% (subject A) and 3.77% (subject B) lower than that for the four-day competition modelling stage.Conclusions. Findings suggest the effectiveness of four days of competition modelling, which allowed the simulation of the specific conditions of the main competition, and also of the practice round held three days before the competition for junior golfers.Keywords: golf, simulation, locomotion, physiological demands, training loads.

An analysis of critical success factors on hosting professional golf tournaments using analytic hierarchy process - Korean experts' perspective

The success of sports tournaments can be beneficial to organisations and event venues involved because of their potential to attract viewers, tourists, sponsors as well as investors. In relation to this, the study analysed critical success factors for hosting professional golf championships in Korea using the Delphi method which was facilitated by a panel composed of experts in the golf industry, with the resulting data undergoing further analysis through SPSS 18.0 and expert choice 2000. The top priority in the 1st order criteria for success factors on hosting golf tournaments was determined to be spectator dimension, followed by promotion, competition environment and operating dimensions. In terms of the operating dimension, the top priority in the 2nd order criteria was services. For the spectator dimension, the top priority was the presence of professional golfers. The promotion dimension's top priority was relay broadcasting while the competition environment listed location.

대학골프선수의 피로도가 극복력에 미치는 영향

The study explores the impact of the fatigue of college golfers on overcoming force. The competitors who participated in the national university golf championship at 2017 were selected as participants. The research subject extracted with the judgement sampling. The number of people participating in this research about was 130 person. Data analysis analyzes frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis and regression analysis using statistical program IBM SPSS 19.0. The level of statistical significance was 5 %.BR The results of this research was the same as the next.BR First, emotional factors appear to have a significant effect on robustness.BR Second, emotional factors appear to have a significant effect on endurance.

Impacts and implications of an annual major sport event: A host community perspective

Abstract This study explores the impacts of the World Golf Championships HSBC Champions tournament in Shanghai, China, as perceived by host community residents over the past 10 years, and how those perceptions affected their attitudes towards the future hosting of this event. An empirical study was carried out and data collected from 1047 Shanghai residents using structured questionnaires. Multiple factor analysis identified six factors underlying the perceived impacts of the event. It was found that after over a decade of continuous staging, the WGC-HSBC Champions did not affect the life of most local residents due to their low awareness of the event. Despite that, the study also found that residents’ positive perceptions led to their support for the future hosting of the event, which confirms the usefulness of social exchange theory in explaining residents’ perceptions. Finally, implications for destination managers are discussed to ensure the needs of both visitors and residents are addressed.

An analysis of critical success factors on hosting professional golf tournaments using analytic hierarchy process - Korean experts' perspective

The success of sports tournaments can be beneficial to organisations and event venues involved because of their potential to attract viewers, tourists, sponsors as well as investors. In relation to this, the study analysed critical success factors for hosting professional golf championships in Korea using the Delphi method which was facilitated by a panel composed of experts in the golf industry, with the resulting data undergoing further analysis through SPSS 18.0 and expert choice 2000. The top priority in the 1st order criteria for success factors on hosting golf tournaments was determined to be spectator dimension, followed by promotion, competition environment and operating dimensions. In terms of the operating dimension, the top priority in the 2nd order criteria was services. For the spectator dimension, the top priority was the presence of professional golfers. The promotion dimension's top priority was relay broadcasting while the competition environment listed location.

Age, Psychological Skills, and Golf Performance: A Prospective Investigation

This study explored the influence of age in understanding mental skills utilization in the context of performance at a major national golf competition. Participants, who ranged in age and in skill level, included 1150 male and 170 female amateur golfers competing in the Dupont World Amateur Golf Championship in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. Measures targeted general mental skills used in competitions, golf-specific skills, and competitive trait anxiety. Hierarchical linear regression was utilized to explore the potential moderating role that chronological age may play in influencing the impact of psychological skills and anxiety on competitive tournament performance across the adult life span. Findings suggested no significant age-moderating effects and instead pointed to the importance of developing golf-specific psychological skills to enhance or maintain performance, irrespective of age. Although automaticity (performance feels "automatic") predicted performance for all golfers, commitment to the game and confidence in one's putting did so only for the men. These findings reinforce the age-irrelevant role of such skills in fostering the experience of peak performance in a competitive sport context and underscore the importance of interventions targeting older players to help maintain or facilitate the use of psychological skills in helping them manage their games.

Spectator profiles and economic impact of the 2009 US Women's Open

AbstractEconomic impact studies are a common form of evaluating sporting events, but there exists considerable disagreement about their approaches and accuracy. Recently, the consumer behaviors of spectator market segments (i.e., Casuals, Runaways, Homestayers, and others) have been shown to significantly influence the net impacts of an event on the host economy. The purpose of this study is to apply the ex post bottom‐up model, ACE: Assessing Consumers of Events, to the 2009 US Women's Open golf championship to estimate the event's economic impact as well as to illustrate the model's data requirements and methodology. In 2008, the ex ante ACE model predicted $7.5 million in spending in the host economy with a slight crowding‐out effect. The ex post ACE model study estimated that 2009 US Women's Open spectators in fact spent $7.6 million. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Influences of Skill Level, Anxiety, and Psychological Skills Use on Amateur Golfers’ Performances

The present study not only explored the influence of golf expertise on mental skills utilization, but also the influences of the use of mental skills and anxiety on performance at a major national golf competition. Participants, who had played golf for an average of 23 years, ranged in age (M = 52.17, SD = 11.81) and in skill level (M handicap = 15.58, SD = 6.41), included 1151 male and 173 female amateur golfers competing in the Dupont World Amateur Golf Championship in Myrtle Beach, SC. Measures targeted mental skills utilization, golf-specific skills, and competitive trait anxiety. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to examine the use of psychological skills across age (≤49, 50 and above) and levels of golf skill (Professional Golf Association certified handicaps, ≤11, 12–19, and ≥20), and based upon prospective longitudinal data, hierarchical regression analyses were used to determine those factors that predicted successful golf performance across all three rounds of the tournament. Not surprisingly, consistent differences in the use of psychological skills across skill level were found, favoring more skilled players. The most salient predictors of better tournament performance (lower gross scores) were automaticity, commitment to golf, and disruptions in concentration, whereas positive self-talk predicted higher scores. These findings reinforce the role of automaticity in fostering the experience of peak performance in a competitive sport context.

The Effect of the Title Sponsorship of Kolon·Hana Bank the 51st Korea Open Golf Championship on Brand Image, Brand Identification, Brand Attitude and Purchase Intention

The Effect of the Title Sponsorship of Kolon·Hana Bank the 51st Korea Open Golf Championship on Brand Image, Brand Identification, Brand Attitude and Purchase Intention

Dominance, Intimidation, and 'Choking' on the PGA Tour

Extending the work of Connolly and Rendleman (2008), we document the dominance of Tiger Woods during the 1998-2001 PGA Tour seasons. We show that by playing 'average,' Woods could have won some tournaments and placed no worse than fourth in the tournaments in which he participated in the year 2000, his best on the PGA Tour. No other PGA Tour player in our sample could have come close to such a feat. We also are able to quantify the intimidation factor associated with playing with Woods. On average, players who were paired with Woods during the 1998-2001 period scored 0.462 strokes per round worse than normal. Although we find that Woods' presence in a tournament may have had a small, but statistically significant adverse impact on the entire field, this effect was swamped by the apparent intimidation factor associated with having to play with Tiger side-by-side.We also demonstrate that Phil Mickelson's performance in major golf championships over the 1998-2001 period was not nearly as bad as was frequently mentioned in the golf press. Although Mickelson won no majors during this period, he played sufficiently well to have won one or two majors under normal circumstances. Moreover, his overall performance in majors, relative to his estimated skill level, was comparable to that of Tiger Woods, who won five of 16 major golf championships during our four-year sample period. Thus, the general characterization of Woods as golf's dominant player over the 1998-2001 period was accurate, but the frequent characterization of Phil Mickelson choking in majors was not.

Distinguishing Event Spectator Spending Profiles: Projected Impacts of the 2009 U.S. Open Golf Championship

Distinguishing Event Spectator Spending Profiles: Projected Impacts of the 2009 U.S. Open Golf Championship

Sport Tourism on the Islands: The Impact of an International Mega Golf Event

Islands may differ economically and socially from mainland areas and often suffer problems of insularity and vulnerability. However, they also experience certain benefits from their geographically different location, unique cultures, and international investment. In recent times, a number of successful international sporting events have been organised as a means of supporting an island's sustainable development. These sporting events have been based on close cooperation between the public and the international private sector in the areas of strategic planning and marketing. This paper will discuss a successful strategic sports marketing event that was held on Jeju Island, Korea – the US Professional Golf Association (PGA) Tour event, which was entitled, ‘Korea Golf Championship’. First, the paper will discuss the major characteristics of islands that encourage sport tourism development. Second, research studies supporting sports tourism will be reviewed from a golf tourism perspective as a strategic niche market for island development. Third, an overall analysis will be conducted of this event that will cover all aspects in terms of the success or failure of the first US PGA tour that was held outside the United States of America.

Safety and traffic management for PGA 2006 in Watford, UK

This paper sets out the safety and traffic management arrangements for one of the most prestigious events in the sports calendar, the PGA World Golf Championship, held for the first time in the UK in 2006. Hertfordshire Highways was responsible for ensuring that safety was maintained and gridlock avoided during the six-day event. This paper describes the meticulous planning arrangements prior to the event, as well as the coordination between the many organisations responsible for ensuring that traffic could enter and exit the various car parks and that plans were in place in the event of an emergency on site. The paper ends with lessons learned and considers what actions taken might be different if an event of this scale were to be held in Hertfordshire in the future.

Safety and traffic management for PGA 2006 in Watford, UK

This paper sets out the safety and traffic management arrangements for one of the most prestigious events in the sports calendar, the PGA World Golf Championship, held for the first time in the UK in 2006. Hertfordshire Highways was responsible for ensuring that safety was maintained and gridlock avoided during the six-day event. This paper describes the meticulous planning arrangements prior to the event, as well as the coordination between the many organisations responsible for ensuring that traffic could enter and exit the various car parks and that plans were in place in the event of an emergency on site. The paper ends with lessons learned and considers what actions taken might be different if an event of this scale were to be held in Hertfordshire in the future.

Motivation, commitment, and intentions of volunteers at a large Canadian sporting event

The purpose of this study was to examine volunteer motivation, commitment, and intentions to remain as volunteers at the 2005 BMO Canadian Women's Golf Championship. Volunteers (n = 647) responded to the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Mowday, Porter, & Steers, 1982), volunteer motivation questionnaire (Strigas & Jackson, 2003a), and qualitative questions regarding intention to remain volunteers. Results indicated that commitment was related to sport specific factors of the particular event; however, motivation to volunteer was associated with being part of the community. A number of factors and relationships between the variables and intentions to remain volunteering were identified. Descriptive statistics indicated that most of the volunteers intended to continue as golf volunteers (97.5%), would volunteer with other sport events (76.4%), and were likely to continue volunteering in general (83.3%). A variety of rationales were discussed. Understanding the factors that impact motivations and commitment, and the relationships between intentions and motivation/commitment to volunteer can help event organizers target volunteer recruitment and retention strategies.

British Spectators’ Perceptions of the Values and Norms in Selected Professional Sports: a Comparative Ethical Survey

In recent years the British media have made much of the apparent decline of standards in British sports. In order to interrogate the veracity of media assumptions regarding the standards of conduct in major British sports, a selection of British sports spectators were interviewed in order to examine: (i) their perceptions of the values and norms of sport; (ii) whether they thought that sporting conduct as currently demonstrated by UK sportsmen and women was positive and related to some ideal notion of the ‘ethos of sport’ and the ‘spirit of the game’; (iii) whether they thought that there had been an improvement, a decline or no change in the ethical standards of conduct in those sports; and (iv) views on the impact of new technologies on the values and norms of sport. At least 200 questionnaires were collected from spectators at each of the following major sporting events: (a) the English Nationwide Football League Divisions 2 and 3 play‐offs, Cardiff, May 2001; (b) the All England Tennis Championships, Wimbledon, July 2001; (c) the England vs Australia Cricket Test match, Edgbaston Birmingham, July 2001; and (iv) the British Open Golf Championships, Royal Lytham and St Annes, Lancashire, July 2001. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences in what sports spectators thought about British professional sportspersons acting in a fair and sporting way and also that standards of conduct had generally declined over the last 10 years. A general pattern of distribution emerged where the team sports (cricket and football) were less favourably perceived than the individual sports (golf and tennis).

Unsafe and Violent Behavior in Commercials Aired During Televised Major Sporting Events

Unsafe and Violent Behavior in Commercials Aired During Televised Major Sporting Events

放送現業・コンテンツ制作 ＥＭＣ世界ゴルフ選手権の中継 ハイビジョンによる大規模ゴルフ中継

放送現業・コンテンツ制作 ＥＭＣ世界ゴルフ選手権の中継 ハイビジョンによる大規模ゴルフ中継