Golden Week Research Articles

주가와 환율 변동성에 관한 실증연구

China's tourism industry has mainly focused on inbound tourism. Starting in 1995, the Chinese government introduced a weekend holiday system, and this policy served as an opportunity to develop China's domestic tourism industry. Thanks to the golden week system introduced in 1999, domestic tourism in China has grown explosively. Accordingly, social overhead capital such as railways, aviation, and highways was rapidly expanded. From then on, the tourism industry developed simultaneously into inbound tourism, domestic tourism, and outbound tourism. It is examine the volatility spillover effect between stock returns and exchange rates for Chinese tourism companies. For the empirical analysis, we use the BEKK-GARCH model of Engle and Kroner (1995). From the empirical analysis, we find the following results. First, the shock that occurred in the previous year was found to have a statistically significant positive effect on the current stock return rate and exchange rate change rate. Second, all conditional volatility spillover effect coefficients were found to have a statistically significant positive effect. Third, a negative spillover effect was found to occur between exchange rate volatility and Shanghai Composite Stock Index returns.

Effects of perceived benefits and concerns misfit on residents’ destination citizenship behaviors: a moderating role of perceived risk of COVID-19 recurrence

Due to the possible presence of misfit relationship between residents’ perceptions of benefits of and concerns about tourism in their community, this study examines the triad relationships between benefit-concern misfit and residents’ citizenship behaviors utilizing the social exchange theory and the moderating effect of perceived risk of COVID-19 recurrence from an integrated threat theory perspective. The triad relationships are tested utilizing data collected right after the Korean Golden Week during the COVID-19 pandemic from Jeju islanders in Korea through a series of polynomial analyses with surface response methodology. Findings indicate that the different types of perceived benefit-concern misfit are present. Furthermore, the perceived risk of COVID-19 recurrence is the other important realistic threat that activates citizenship behavior. A U-shaped partial misfit between benefits and concerns perceptions and locals’ destination citizenship behavior is identified. Contributions to the theory and practice are discussed, and limitations and future research suggestions are provided.

Residents’ citizenship behavior between collectivism and individualism: the roles of COVID-19 recurrence risk and length of residency

COVID-19 has revealed that locals may perceive tourists as possible infection vectors. In addition, little research has been conducted on residents’ perceived risks from Golden Week holidayers. Our study examines the relationship between individual cultural orientation and risk perception regarding COVID-19 recurrence (RCOVID-19 recurrence), specifically seeking to explain residents’ citizenship behaviors. We collected data on Jeju, South Korea, right after the peak of the first wave of COVID-19 in 2020 when Golden Week holidayers visited Jeju. Our findings identified the mediation effect of RCOVID-19 resulting from the significant relationships between individualism or collectivism, RCOVID-19 recurrence, and citizenship behavior, except for the path from horizontal collectivism to citizenship behavior. In addition, the moderation role of the length of residency is identified. We conclude our paper with a discussion on theoretical and practical implications.

Spatial structure characteristics and effects of self-driving tourism flows before and after the new crown epidemic: Taking Yunnan Province as an example

<p>To obtain the impact of the new crown epidemic on the spatial structure of self-driving tourism flow during the Spring Festival Golden Week, social network and spatial statistical analysis methods are used to integrate road traffic flow big data and travelogue data to analyze the spatial structure characteristics of self-driving tourism flow in Yunnan Province during the Spring Festival Golden Week in 2018 and 2021. The results show that: 1) The self-driving tourism flow in Yunnan Province during the Spring Festival Golden Week in 2021 shows the “dragonfly” spatial clustering characteristics of “two centers, one axis and two wings”, and the new sub-core area of Qujing is added to the core area of Kunming in 2018, and the self-driving tourists are affected by the epidemic. 2) During the Spring Festival Golden Week in 2021, compared with 2018, there is no significant change in the spatial structure of tourism flow into Yunnan from outside the province, but the degree of intermediary centrality of provincial boundary nodes is significantly weakened, and the self-driving tourism flow at Wenshan junction and Lijiang junction decreased by 72.54% and 87.26%. The New Crown epidemic hindered the development of self-drive tours into Yunnan from Guangxi and Sichuan. 3) During the New Crown epidemic, tourists were less willing to visit hotspot cities, and showed overall behavioral preference characteristics of avoiding crowd gathering and focusing on health and safety. Under the New Crown epidemic, the tendency of long-distance self-driving shifts to close distance self-driving between neighboring cities centered on Kunming.</p><div><p> </p></div>

The impact of holiday tourism development on tourism total factor productivity: Evidence from China

Tourism development during holiday periods may influence tourism total factor productivity (TTFP) in the industry. However, little is known about the impact of holiday tourism on TTFP. Focusing on China's Golden Week holiday system, this study applies dynamic panel models to test the effect of holiday tourism development on TTFP with panel data of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2001 to 2019. The study also compares the effects before and after 2008 when the Golden Week holiday system changed from three weeks to two weeks with shorter holiday breaks. Results show that holiday tourism development has a negative effect on TTFP. Before 2008, the magnitude of the negative effect was constant while after 2008 the negative effect was reduced significantly. This study contributes to the understanding of TTFP from a holiday tourism perspective. The findings offer valuable implications for national holiday governance and tourism productivity in developing countries.

Understanding post-pandemic travel behaviours – China's Golden Week

This study provides a prompt understanding of actual travel behaviours during and after a real time pandemic building on an earlier published study of intended behaviours. Quantitative online survey data gathered during China's first national multi-day holiday - Golden Week (October 2020) - since the lifting of the country's stringent travel restrictions triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic has allowed for actual post-pandemic travel behaviours to be investigated. The survey carried out for this purpose included decisions in favour or against travel, motivations, means of travel, as well as changes in terms of travel duration, travel distance and spending. A taxonomy is developed for actual tourist behaviours within a post-pandemic domestic tourism context to understand factors influencing these behaviours, including perceived risk, anxiety, trust and financial constraints.

A Data-Driven Feature Based Learning Application to Detect Freeway Segment Traffic Status Using Mobile Phone Data

With the finishing of the construction of the main body of a freeway network, adequately monitoring the traffic status of the network has become an urgent need for both travelers and transportation operators. Various methods are proposed to collect traffic information for this purpose. In this article, a data-driven feature-based learning application is implemented to detect segment traffic status using mobile phone data, building on the practical success of deep learning models in other fields. The traffic status estimation is achieved via the application of a three-level long, short-term memory model. Two phone features are extracted from the raw mobile phone data. A large-scale field experiment was conducted using actual data in Jiangsu, China collected over the “National Holiday Golden Week” of 2014. To evaluate the performance, both precision and recall scores are given along with the overall accuracy. The final results of the large-scale experiment indicate that the proposed application performed well and can be an emerging solution for traffic state monitoring when only limited roadside sensing devices are installed.

A Study on Intelligent Tourism App Based on Artificial Intelligence

With the rapid development of science and technology and the rapid development of network applications, the Internet era has been promoted, and the popularity of smart phones has made great changes in people’s way of life. More and more rely on mobile phone applications to deal with the scale of life. At the same time, with the improvement of material living standard, people pay more attention to the pursuit of spiritual life, travel will become the perfect choice to relax body and mind, and smart phone tourism application (tourism app) is the basic way to realize intelligent tourism. The National Tourism Administration of the people’s Republic of China issued a holiday tourism information circular saying that during the 2012 Mid-Autumn Festival National Day Golden week, 119 scenic spots in the country received 34.2456 million tourists, an increase of 40.7 percent over the same period last year, and the number of tourism complaints increased significantly. Tourist satisfaction is not optimistic. Intelligent tourism is the inevitable trend of the development of tourism in the world, and strategic demand for the transformation and upgrading of tourism in China.

A study on the use of urban parks using location-based big data under the Coronavirus crisis

With the outbreak of infectious disease (COVID-19), it showed that Japanese lifestyle has changed as to refrain from unnecessary outings and to stay within the prefecture. Under such circumstances, Hyogo Prefecture had been worked on use restrictions in city parks to prevent the infection from spreading. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of use restriction programs (keeping the social distance, event cancellation, closing the parking lots, restriction on use of play equipment) using Location-based Big Data. As a result, High-density use could be avoided by gradual regulation and loosening a regulation according to social conditions such as the issuance and canceling of a Declaration of Emergency Situation. In particular, the closure of the parking lot was effective in curbing visitors during the Golden Week holidays.

Cultural heritage tourism development in Panyu District, Guangzhou: community perspectives on pride and preservation, and concerns for the future

ABSTRACT This exploratory study observed local resident views on cultural heritage tourism (CHT) development in the Panyu District of Guangzhou, a setting synonymous with Lingnan cultural heritage sites. Using semi-structured interviews with Panyu residents between November 2018 and February 2019, it was reported that many were in support of CHT growth and believed that it had yielded positive social impacts despite an absence of formal community involvement in the genesis of CHT. The most cited benefits included a heightened sense of community pride and an increased awareness of the need to preserve Lingnan culture. However, whilst most residents exhibited supportive attitudes, others suggested that emergent negative impacts were now apparent, including increasing volumes of tourists and the ‘mobility paradox’ of traffic congestion they presented during ‘Golden Week’ holidays. Several participants suggested that these issues could eventually lead to local community opposition and a demand for engagement with local government authorities. Thus, this study underscores the importance of engaging local residents in situ due to rapid tourism growth and the implications of Golden Weeks on local communities that neighbour CHT sites. These findings will be of value to policymakers and other tourism stakeholders involved in developing and managing growing CHT attractions.

Cognac and the comportment of the quality Chinese consumer

The French cognac producer Hennessy recently staged a pop-up promotional event called Hennessy Declassified at the Galaxy Resort in Macau. The event coincided with the annual Golden Week holiday that in October 2019 commemorated the 70th anniversary of the foundation of the People’s Republic of China, and aimed to educate Chinese tourists in Macau about the formative role of geography in the process of creating fine cognac. In this article, I provide a first-hand account of the immersive event and its efforts to cultivate consumer taste among a select group of post-Mao Chinese tourists. I demonstrate the ways in which China’s central government and the producers of Hennessy cognac both share a concern with the generative function of terroir and the relationship among topography and taste, and cooperate in a pedagogical program to produce discerning Chinese consumer-citizens.

Exploring temporal heterogeneity in an intercity travel network: A comparative study between weekdays and holidays in China

A largely unexplored application of “Big Data” in urban contexts is using human mobility data to study temporal heterogeneity in intercity travel networks. Hence, this paper explores China’s intercity travel patterns and their dynamics, with a comparison between weekdays and holidays, to contribute to our understanding of these phenomena. Using passenger travel data inferred from Tencent Location Big Data during weekdays (April 11–15, 2016) and National Golden Week (October 1–7, 2016), we compare the spatial patterns of Chinese intercity travel on weekdays and during Golden Week. The results show that the average daily intercity travel during Golden Week is significantly higher than that during weekdays, but the travel distance and degree of network clustering are significantly lower. This indicates temporal heterogeneity in mapping the intercity travel network. On weekdays, the three major cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou take prominent core positions, while cities that are tourism destinations or transportation hubs are more attractive during Golden Week. The reasons behind these findings can be explained by geographical proximity, administrative division (proximity of cultural and policy systems), travel distance, and travel purposes.

Benign or disordered development? Assessment and simulation of security of highly aggregated tourist crowds in China.

Arising with increasing security issues in highly aggregated tourist crowds (HATCs), widespread attention has been dedicated to security status. Assessing and forecasting the security status of HATCs in various situations related to tourist destinations is an important strategy of security management. Thus, this study constructed a system dynamic flow diagram for the security evaluation of HATCs. The relevant data were collected on perceptions of crowded tourists through questionnaires at Tianyou Peak during China's National Day (Golden Week Holiday). Additionally, efforts were made to conduct online surveys at Shanghai Disney Park and Shilin Night Market in Taipei, since crowding always occurs in these two areas. Empirical results based on Vensim software suggest that HATC status is the result of the coupling of various influencing factors and the result of the benign coupling of the three subsystems: multi-source pressure, state variation, and management response. HATC security presents a changing trend of “increase-decrease-recovery”. Differences exist in the changes of HATC security status in different spaces and at different time nodes. The findings also indicated that HATCs that appear in the daytime are more stable than HATCs that appear at special time nodes. This study highlighted that the security management of HATCs should focus on systematization, differentiation, and precision management.

Golden Week - Documentary and awareness

Right at the time of national financial difficulties, the Provisional Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam launched the Golden Week in the framework of the Independence Fund, exhorting the entire people to raise money and wealth to help the country. Golden Week became one of the events that started Vietnam's modern history with feats and meanings that surpass the time. This article reproduces the progress and results of the event based on contemporary media sources, especially the Cuu Quoc newspaper, the Government's daily mouthpiece and propaganda agency. The concrete facts have contributed to restoring the face and stature of the event, correcting perceptions that contain many erroneous information that has been defaults before, through some scientific manipulations of quantification, statistics, matching, etc. The results of the study showed that Golden Week was conducted in two spaces associated with two diffirent time periods, including Hanoi capital from September 16, 1945 to September 30, 1945 and the whole country from September 16, 1945 to January 9, 1946; the activities of Golden Week in Hanoi capital are actually organized in seven different locations, of which there was Bac Bo palace, which gathered dozens of capitalists and landlords with the value of donations up to half of the total value of 7 million Indochina of Golden Week, demonstrating the leading role in the financial support of the rich and patriotic classes at the beginning of the consolidation of national independence.

Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality

Tourism crowding may affect the quality of tourism and destination attractiveness. By employing structural equation modeling on a sample of 367 tourists collected through a field survey during National Day Golden Week, the most crowded tourism period in China, the effects of tourists' perceived crowding on destination attractiveness were identified, incorporating perceived risk and experience quality as moderating variables. Both physical crowding and human crowding had negative effects on destination attractiveness, indicating that quality concerns do not matter for tourism development. Perceived risk and experience quality moderate the effect of physical crowding on destination attractiveness. If tourists have a higher risk perception and a lower experience quality, the negative effect of physical crowding on destination attractiveness will be intensified, implying that perceived risk and experience quality – variables that have rarely been investigated before – indeed play important moderating roles.

Facial Expressions of Visitors in Forests along the Urbanization Gradient: What Can We Learn from Selfies on Social Networking Services?

People’s satisfaction towards the experience in forests is one of most important feedbacks that forest park managers need to meet positive visitors’ experiences. Although the drawbacks of questionnaire methodology are obvious for data collection from self-reported scores at the landscape scale, few alternative methods have been proposed. In this study, nine urban forest parks along the urbanization gradients in three capital cities of Northeast China were targeted to investigate their visitors’ selfies from social networking services (SNS) by assessing facial expressions. A total of 935 photos with location records were obtained from the SNS platform of Sina Micro-Blog in a social hot-event of ‘Golden Week Holidays of National Day of China’ of 2017. Images were recognized by FireFace software to assess scores of neutral, happy, sad, angry, surprised, scared, disgusted, and contempt expressions. Data were ranked in descending order and analyzed by Friedman’s test, correlation analysis, and Poisson regression. Visitors in downtown-forests showed fewer negative expressions at the most northern city than at the southern most one. The negative expressions tended to be alleviated with the increasing distance of forest parks from downtown. However, when the distance reached over 10 km no geographical effect was found. Female visitors showed positive emotional expressions to urban forests while male visitors showed no response. In conclusion, using data from SNS, this study found an experience in forest park less than 10 km from the downtown of a northern city resulted in female visitors showing the most positive expressions.

Managing congestion at visitor hotspots using park-level use level data: Case study of a Chinese World Heritage Site.

Tourist congestion at hot spots has been a major management concern for UNESCO World Heritage Sites and other iconic protected areas. A growing number of heritage sites employ technologies, such as cameras and electronic ticket-checking systems, to monitor user levels, but data collected by these monitoring technologies are often under-utilized. In this study, we illustrated how to integrate data from hot spots by camera-captured monitoring and entrance counts to manage use levels at a World Heritage Site in Southeastern China. 6,930 photos of a congestion hotspot (scenic outlook on a trail) were collected within the park at a 10-minute interval over 105 days from January to November 2017. The entrance counts were used to predict daily average and maximum use level at the hotspots. Results showed that the average use level at the congestion hotspot did not exceed the use limit mandated by the park administration agency. However, from 9:20 am to 12:00 pm, the use level at hotspots exceeded visitor preferred use level. Visitor use level was significantly higher at the hotspot during a major Chinese “Golden Week”. The daily entrance counts significantly predicted the average and maximum use level at the hotspot. Based on our findings, park managers can achieve the management goals by permitting the corresponding number of visitors passing the entrances. The gap manifested the complexities in visitor capacity management at high-use World Heritage Sites and other protected areas and calls for innovative monitoring and management strategies.

Cultural ecosystem services provided by flowering of cherry trees under climate change: a case study of the relationship between the periods of flowering and festivals.

In Japan, cherry blossoms are an important tourism resource and provide many cultural ecosystem service benefits. Under future warming conditions, we will require adaptions such as changing the timing of flower festivals to account for changes in the flowering phenology. In this study, we evaluated the coincidence between the flowering phenology of cherry blossoms and the associated festival periods in two Japanese cities under past, recent, and future climate conditions. We examined the situation in Shinhidaka, where the flower festival period changes every year, and Takayama, where the festival period is fixed to coincide with a shrine's annual spring festival. Currently, the average dates of beginning of flowering (more than four or five flowers open in an index tree; ~BBCH60) and full bloom (equal to or more than 80% of flowers open in an index tree; after BBCH65) in Shinhidaka (day of year (DOY) 126 and 130) are later than the long national holiday of Golden Week (DOY 119 to 125). The respective dates in Takayama (DOY 106 and 111, respectively) are later than the local a festival period (DOY 104 and 105). Under a scenario of 1.0 to 2.0°C warming, the full blooming dates in Shinhidaka will coincide with Golden Week, whereas under 1.0 to 1.5°C warming, the full blooming dates in Takayama will coincide with the spring festival period. Thus, moderate warming may increase the value of cherry blossoms to the tourism industry. Under more than 3.5°C warming in Shinhidaka and 2.5°C warming in Takayama, however, cherry blossoms will have already dropped by Golden Week and the spring festival period, respectively, suggesting that greater warming may decrease the value of this tourism resource.

The influence of national holiday structure on domestic tourism expenditure

This study attempted to examine the influence of national holiday structure on the domestic tourism expenditure in the context of China. Using a multiprovincial survey data set from China National Tourism Administration, we developed a utility–consumption model to empirically analyze the consumption effects of Weekend Getaway, Paid Leave, National Day Golden Week Holiday, and National Festivals and Memorial Days (NFMDs). Results show that while the consumption effects of the first three types of holiday are significant and robust, the effect of NFMDs on tourism consumption is not statistically significant. This suggests that the first three types of holiday in China may function more effectively than NFMDs in promoting willingness to travel and tourist consumption. Policy recommendations and implications are discussed based on the study results.

Research note: Why gold is so stronghold, revealing the mechanism of China’s golden week holiday system

This research note employs discourse analysis to investigate the mechanism of China’s golden week holiday system, a unique policy regimen impacting the leisure lives of 1.4 billion Chinese citizens five times a year. It was revealed by the research results that the ideological paradigms of state control over leisure and emphasis on productivity derived from orthodox Marist articulations, as well as centralised policy planning and integration of traditional Chinese cultural values of naturalised Marxist theories in China, have been underpinning this holiday system. The authors make the cautionary prediction of the stability of this system in the near future, in the light of the satisfactory policy outcomes it has yielded for the Chinese authorities. Implications of this note for leisure researchers and practitioners are also addressed.