Golden Carp Research Articles

Changes in protein and volatile flavor compounds of low-salt wet-marinated fermented Golden Pomfret during processing

In this experiment, the changes in protein hydrolysis, protein oxidation, and flavor of low-salt wet-marinated fermented golden pomfret were studied during processing. During processing, a decrease in sulfhydryl content (P < 0.05), a significant increase in protein surface hydrophobicity (P < 0.05), a significant increase in carbonyl content and TCA-soluble peptide (P < 0.05), an increase in TVB-N and amino acid nitrogen (P < 0.05), and a significant increase in the content of free amino acids (P < 0.05), indicating that proteins were gradually oxidized and degraded to small molecules and flavor precursors under the action of bacterial reduction pretreatment, deodorization, marination and fermentation processes, small molecules and aroma precursors was generated by gradual oxidative decomposition. In the course of processing, a total of 113 volatile flavor compounds were identified using GC–MS analysis, while OPLS-DA analysis and VIP value determination led to the identification of 10 characteristic flavor compounds. The results showed that an abundance of flavor compounds was generated during the processing, thereby imparting a more pronounced taste profile to the low-salt wet-marinated fermented golden carp. The results showed that a large number of flavor substances were generated during the processing to give a richer flavor to low-salt wet-marinated fermented golden pomfret that could provide data and theoretical support for the subsequent processing industry of golden pomfret.

Preliminary Ethnoichthyological Assessment: Fish Consumption Patterns among Orang Asli Semelai (Aborigines: Proto-Malay) in Tasek Bera, Pahang

Ethnoichthyology, as a field of study, examines the indigenous knowledge held by ethnic groups concerning different fish species. Despite its significance in understanding traditional fishing practices and cultural connections to aquatic resources, data on fish species consumption among the Orang Asli Semelai community remain limited. Therefore, this ethnoichthyological preliminary study aims to address this research gap by documenting the fish species utilized by the Orang Asli Semelai in the Tasek Bera region of Pahang, Malaysia. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive survey and interview session were conducted with a small sample size of four randomly chosen respondents. The study identified 15 fish species solely consumed as food by the community. The most commonly consumed fish species were the Climbing Perch (Anabas testudineus) and Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata). Additionally, the study revealed the presence of the Critically Endangered Jullien's Golden Carp (Probarbus jullieni) among the consumed species, indicating the urgent need for conservation efforts. The findings underscore the significance of integrating sustainable fishing practices and conservation efforts to protect the unique ecosystem of Tasek Bera and preserve the cultural heritage of the Orang Asli Semelai community. Further comprehensive studies and collaborative approaches are vital to safeguarding the region's aquatic biodiversity and ensuring the community's food security sustainably.

Viewing the American West as a Chicana in China

Abstract In both scholarly work and popular imagination, the American West is the final destination of migrant from Europe and Mexico. The stories of those migrants, however, obscure the first migration (12,000 BP) from Asia into North America. That migration across the now-submerged land bridge of Beringia ended humanity’s millennia-long journey across the globe that originated in Africa more than 50,000 years earlier. Using two examples, this essay reflects on how the Asian origins of the first Americans have been transformed into myths that conceal humanity’s migratory nature. First, in Chinese Communist propaganda, those origins are transformed into the myth of Peking Man as a branch of humanity originating in China rather than Africa. Second, in the writing of Rudolfo Anaya, those Asian origins are transformed into the myth of homogenous “Brown Brothers” united against white imperialists. Rather than rely on a myth of racial unity in some original homeland, this essay urges reliance on the shared experience of migration and home-making in hostile environments as the true source of our common humanity. Anaya’s Golden Carp, symbol of the life-giving fierce of water in an arid environment, captures this common human predicament stretching from Tibet and Xinjiang to New Mexico, epitomizing the American West as the place where humanity has been reunited, the home to the last wanderers of the human race.

Anti-mollusk Selectivity of Jayanti Plant (Sesbania sesban L., Merr) for the Control of Golden Snails, a Pest of Paddy

Pest control is an essential aspect of rice cultivation. The golden snail (Pomacea speciosa) is one of the pests in rice fields. Damage to rice plants due to golden snail attacks has occurred in several provinces in Indonesia and several countries such as the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, and Malaysia. Various steps to control golden snails have been carried out, both mechanically, biologically, and chemically. However, each biological and mechanical control of golden snails is impractical to apply to very large rice fields. Meanwhile, the control of golden snails using synthetic molluscicides such as Brestan and Dimotrin is minimal because it can pollute the environment and cause the death of fish and the rice plant itself. To suppress the emergence of environmental pollution problems in overcoming this golden snail, natural molluscicides from plant materials are studied. Several plant species have been known to have anti-mollusk properties, one of which potentially is the Jayanti plant {Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.}. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-mollusk performance of S. sesban for controlling golden snails, a pest of rice plants. The dry powder of S. sesban leaves was extracted in stages with a series of solvents of petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethanol to obtain an extract fraction that was selected as a mollucicide. Each extract fraction produced was tested for its toxicity to the gold snail, carp, rice germination, and rice plant growth. Data on the mortality of golden snail and carp fish, the percentage of germination inhibition, and rice growth were processed by probit analysis, respectively. The outputs of the analysis were LC50 of each extract fraction for golden snails and carp. The ratio of LC50 for golden snail with LC50 for carp indicated each extract fraction's physiological selectivity of anti-mollusk properties. The results showed that the highest lethal toxicity to gold snails was indicated by the extract fraction-ethanol, while to carp, it was indicated by the extract fraction-chloroform. Each extract fraction of S. sesban leaves did not inhibit the germination and growth of rice plants. The extract fraction- ethanol had the highest anti-mollusk selectivity compared to the other two fractions. Bioactive examination showed triterpene saponins from the extract of S. sesban leaves, with the highest relative levels in the ethanol fraction compared to the other two extract fractions.

ИХТИОФАУНА НЕКОТОРЫХ ВОДОЁМОВ МЕСТНОГО ЗНАЧЕНИЯ АКСУСКОГО РАЙОНА, ПАВЛОДАРСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

In 2020, research works were carried out on seven reservoirs of local significance in Aksu district, Pavlodar region. These are Lake Komendant, Lake Krasnoe, Lake Lesnoe, Lake Topalevoe, Lake Kara Murza, Lake Baltazhar and the Karasu Channel. In these reservoirs, the ichthyological composition was studied, such fish species as pike (Esox lucius L., 1758), silver carp (C. gibelio (Bloch, 1782)), golden carp (Carassius carassius (L., 1758)), rotan (Perccottus glenii Dybowski), tench (Tinca tinca (L., 1758)), perch (Perca fluviatilis L. ,1758), roach (Rutilus rutilus (L., 1758)), carp (Cyprinus carpio L.,1758), and bream (Abramis brama (L., 1758)). The species of fish included in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as rare or endangered, are not marked in the research catches of the studied reservoirs.

The Frog Pond

The Frog Pond Campbell McGrath (bio) 1 Late July and the grass rises waist-high, leonine,straw and russet running down the little hillside meadowto the frog pond where the night egret lurksbut the frogs are silent now, hiddenin the weeds from the sun and other unmerciful eyes.Across the road the cornfields are lush and delectablethough the milk cows that blanketed the hillsides are long gone,it’s become a corporate business, dairy farming,and the old family pastures have been repossessed by trees.The forest is a voracious, green-leafed glacier.And the frog pond gleamsin sunlight, a mirror the color of oak roots,a slab of rain-wet shale lightly sheathed in moss.Not yet time to swim, but it awaits. After the rain the pond smells like bird seed.Or maybe that’s seed-dust from the feeder on my hands,I’ve refilled it so the blue jay can chase away the cardinalswhile the cheeping songbirds steal whatever spillsor overflows. Bird seed and copper pennies.Soil, minerals, lemon, cedar. Pine Sol cleanser—gray water in the bucket after mopping the cabin floor!Of course, these are all smells from my childhood,so perhaps I am merely remembering the tasteof Poconos lake water and associating it forwards,or back? Nostalgia is time’s double agent.At least it does not smell like Hawaiian Punch. Not yet.The pond is home to a pair of plump golden grass carpand a swarm of little mud-colored minnowsand hosts of gorgeous black-and-violet dragonfliesand vivid, orange-red damselflies. The slenderest damselsraft around on twigs and leaves, one per vessel,and zoom away as I approach them, eye to eye.Sometimes one lands on my head, mistaking mefor what—a lotus blossom? A moose? A golden carp? [End Page 157] Jumping in: sound of water, slap of impact,liquid membrane against my own, skin to skin.The pond is a layer cake, warm as a sun-heated tubat the surface, cool and murky in the middle,while the spring-fed depths remain bone cold,chthonic, unyielding as granite. It starts to rain again.Drops pock the surface and I try to catch them in my mouth.Floating on my back I watch one final cloudcoming over the mountain after the front has galloped past,leaving the crowns of the trees a rough silver-grayin storm-slanted light. Poor little cloud, it is shrinkingaway, smaller and smaller, my sheepish straggler,down to the vanishing point—and gone,atoms dispersed into the atmosphere, unlamented,and unrecorded, I suppose, by any eyes but mine. 2 Before lunch a flock of wild turkeys traipse through the yardlike a posse of tiny dinosaurs, patrolling stealthilythrough the tall grass, head up, head down,gangling, straggle-feathered, dingy but not undignified.A rafter of turkeys, some would have it, rather than a flock,though of course those compound nouns are a crockinvented to delight weakling imaginations,a murder of crows, an exaltation of malarkey—this was a pure-bred American turkey mob,seven or eight gray-scale chicks able to vanish instantlyinto the tawny meadow grass at the slightest sound,like special ops forces on a recon mission.Four or five middling ones, the largest alone out front—is it a harem and only one male, is that how it works?Naughty birds. Pecking and neck-bobbling,obeying their arcane protocols,they traverse the hill and disappear into the woods. “Bird TV,” Elizabeth calls it, watching our airy neighborsfrom the big sliding windows of the sunroom,paired doves, the great blue heron, vultures circling the ridge.Yesterday we noticed three small, eye-catching birdsin the meadow, their wings the bright yellowof October maple leaves, their identity a mysteryuntil one perched carefully atop a bristling purple thistle, [End Page 158] exactly as described in the Audubon Guidefor the American Goldfinch. So there it is. And there they go,swooping to the branches of the mulberry tree,where, some afternoons, the imperturbable woodchucktrundles from his streamside thicket to gobble fallen fruit...

Сучасні знахідки головня європейського Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), карася звичайного Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) та хроміста плітки звичайної Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) в пониззі Дніпра

The article presents the materials on the detection of two very rare species of fish: the European chub Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) and the crucian carp (the golden carp) Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) in the waters of the lower estuary of the Dnipro river in recent years. C. carassius is listed in the Red Book of Ukraine (2009). The article also describes the first encounter in these waters with the khromist of the common roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), which has a yellow-golden colour of the whole body. The basin of the Lower Dnipro includes the Kakhovske reservoir, the Ingulets river, several small tributaries and the lower unregulated part of the Dnipro riverbed along with the straits. Over the entire period of observation, up to 72 species of the round-mouthed fish and the fish from 59 genera and 19 families have been spotted in the fish fauna of the Lower Dnipro basin. According to some data, it is stated that within the migratory and freshwater species of the round-mouthed fish and the fish of the Lower Dnipro's ichthyocenosis only 21 out of 47 species of the native fish fauna have survived here. In general, the current fish fauna of the unregulated part of the Lower Dnipro amounts to 51 species of fish. The habitat of 28 species of fish in the lower estuary of the Dnipro river was confirmed in 2019.

Effect of squalene as a glycerol substitute on morphological and barrier properties of golden carp (Probarbus Jullieni) skin gelatin film

Gelatin films prepared by using glycerol (GLY) and squalene (SQ) at different ratios (10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7 and 0:10; w/w) as plasticizer were characterized. Incorporation of SQ reduced the moisture content of the gelatin film (p < 0.05). Films plasticized with GLY/SQ at a ratio of 5:5 (w/w) had highest tensile strength (TS), which was 61.7% higher than that using GLY as plasticizer (GLY). Nevertheless, a continuous decrease in elongation at break (EAB) was attained with increasing SQ ratios (p < 0.05). SQ films had a reduction in water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP), compared to GLY film (p < 0.05). Additionally, SQ films had slightly lower lightness with less transparency. Based on microstructure, the cross-section of films plasticized with only SQ (without GLY) presented extremely course structure with large particle size, compared to those plasticized with GLY/SQ mixture or GLY alone. Based on FTIR and DSC spectra, SQ decreased gelatin-gelatin interactions associated with a disordered structure. In addition, SQ film demonstrated lower melting transition (Tmax), and enthalpy (ΔH), but a slightly increased glass transition temperature (Tg). Thermal degradation behavior of films showed that GLY film possessed a higher number of gelatin-gelatin interaction than that incorporated with SQ. Thus, SQ could replace GLY up to 50% to render stronger films with improved WVP as well as the OP of gelatin films.

Effect of squalene rich fraction from shark liver on mechanical, barrier and thermal properties of fish (Probarbus Jullieni) skin gelatin film

Golden carp skin gelatin films incorporated with squalene rich fraction from shark liver (SRF) at various levels (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%, w/w) were characterized in comparison with palm oil (PO) incorporated film and control film (CON) (without oil addition). PO films exhibited lower tensile strength (TS) but higher elongation at break (EAB) as compared to that of CON film. SRF films added with 25% SRF showed higher EAB as well as TS, compared to both CON and PO films (p < 0.05). SRF films showed significantly lower water vapor permeability (WVP) and lower lightness (L*) value than CON and PO films (p < 0.05). Moreover, SRF films with negligible fishy odor had lower transparency and yellowness than CON and PO films. SEM images showed that CON and SRF films exhibited relatively smoother surface, compared to PO film. Additionally, SRF films had lower oil at the surface of the films than PO film. Moreover, DSC and FTIR spectra results revealed that incorporation of PO and SRF lowered interaction between gelatin molecules with coincidentally disordered structure. Besides, both SRF and PO films demonstrated lower degradation (Td), glass transition (Tg) and melting transition (Tm) temperatures than CON film. Thus, incorporation of SRF could render stronger films with higher TS and enhanced flexibility and also moisture barrier porperty of gelatin films.

Ontogenic development of enzymatic activity and digestive system in Jullien's golden carp (Probarbus jullieniSauvage, 1880)

Ontogenic development of enzymatic activity and digestive system in Jullien's golden carp (<i>Probarbus jullieni</i>Sauvage, 1880)

Measurement of Amino Acids in Some Fish Species and Studying Their Changes During Frozen Storage

Purpose: Not many studies have been done on amino acids changes during freezing storage. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of amino acids (Arg, Asp, Ala, Glu, His, Ilu, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Gly, Pro, Ser, Thr, Tyr, Val, Cys) in Rutilus frisii kutum (Caspian Kutum), Liza aurata (Golden Grey Mullet), Cyprinus carpio (Common Carp), Sander lucioperca (Pick perch) and Clupeonella cultriventris caspia (Common Kilka or Sprat) during frozen storage (-24 °C) in time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. Design/Methodology/Approach: To study the effects of frozen storage (-24 °C) on changes of fish amino acids, 5 species of fish (Caspian kutum, golden grey mullet, common carp, pick perch and common kilka) were used and the amount of amino acids were evaluated during frozen storage at - 24 °C in time intervals of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months. Findings: Glutamic acid was the dominant amino acid in all species. The procedure of amino acids alteration was not similar but the amount of most of them decreased gradually. In all spices, His, Phe and Gly increased during frozen storage. The content of Lys enhanced significantly (P≤0.01) at sixth month compared with first day in common carp, pike perch and common kilka. Amino acids resistance to freezing in pike perch and common Kilka was higher than the other species because they had insignificant change during storage at -24 °C. Practical Implications: Determination amount of amino acids by derivatization with PITC and measurement with Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) showed that alterations were not similar in different amino acids and different species. Originality/Value: Comparison content of amino acids in Caspian kutum, golden grey mullet, common carp, pick perch and common kilka in during storage period (6 months) at -24 °C showed that the frozen storage can alter the amount of amino acids in these fishes.

Physicochemical and molecular properties of gelatin from skin of golden carp (Probarbus Jullieni) as influenced by acid pretreatment and prior-ultrasonication

Gelatins from golden carp skin pretreated using different acids (acetic acid and sulfuric acid + acetic acid), with and without prior-ultrasonication, extracted at 55 °C for 3 and 6 h, were characterized. Different extraction efficiency and gelatin properties were obtained with different acid pretreatments. Prior-ultrasonication (20 kHz) with amplitude of 80% increased the yield of gelatins from acetic acid and sulfuric acid + acetic acid pretreated skins by 110.9% and 174.8%, respectively, compared with the corresponding controls (without prior-ultrasonication), when extracted for 6 h. All the gelatin samples had α- and β-chain as the major components. The gelatins extracted from skin with prior-ultrasonication showed slightly higher content of imino acids, compared to those produced by conventional method, regardless of acid pretreatments. Moreover, gelatin extracted by prior-ultrasonication had higher gelling and melting temperature than those produced by conventional method by 9.1–12.0 and 8.2–12.2%, respectively. FTIR spectra revealed that the formers had the higher cross-links stabilized by hydrogen bond than the latter. Based on microstructure study, the formers had higher number of interjunction zones with finer networks. Overall, pretreatment with sulfuric acid/acetic acid in combination with prior-ultrasonication effectively improved the extraction efficiency and gelling properties of gelatin from golden carp skin.

Extraction efficiency and characteristics of acid and pepsin soluble collagens from the skin of golden carp (Probarbus Jullieni) as affected by ultrasonication

Extraction efficiency and physiochemical properties of acid and pepsin soluble collagens from the skin of golden carp (Probarbus jullieni) as influenced by ultrasonication were studied. The ultrasound treatment (20 kHz) with increasing amplitudes from 20 to 80% increased the yield of acid soluble collagen (ASC) (P < 0.05). When the ultrasound at an amplitude of 80% was employed in combination with pepsin (0.1. 0.5 and 1%), the marked increase in pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) was obtained when pepsin level increased (P < 0.05). The yield of ASC and PSC increased as ultrasonication time increased (P < 0.05). ASC and PSC with ultrasound aided process, named as UASC and UPSC, had the yields of 81.53 and 94.88%, while ASC and PSC prepared with typical method showed the yields of 51.90 and 79.27%, respectively. All the collagens, with similar amino acid composition, contained α- and β-chains and were type I. Based on circular dichroism (CD) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), all the collagens had the triple helical structure. Tmax of PSC and UPSC were higher than those of ASC and UASC. Overall, ultrasound treatment under appropriate condition effectively improved the extraction efficiency of ASC and PSC without affecting their physiochemical properties.

Purification, characterization and action mechanism of plantaricin JY22, a novel bacteriocin against Bacillus cereus produced by Lactobacillus plantarum JY22 from golden carp intestine.

A novel bacteriocin-producing strain, Lactobacillus plantarum JY22 isolated from golden carp intestine, was screened and identified by its physiobiochemical characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. This bacteriocin, named plantaricin JY22, was purified using ethyl acetate extraction and gel filtration. Its molecular weight was approximately 4.1kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis. The partial amino acid sequence of plantaricin JY22 was DFGFDIPDEV. It was highly heat-stable and remained active at pH range from 2.5 to 5.5, but was sensitive to protease. Plantaricin JY22 had a bactericidal mode. Scanning electron microscope analysis indicated that plantaricin JY22 damaged the morphology of cells and spores for Bacillus cereus. Moreover, the plantaricin JY22 destroyed cell membrane integrity as confirmed by the leakage of electrolytes, the losses of Na+K+-ATP, AKP, nucleic acids (OD260nm) and proteins. SDS-PAGE of B. cereus proteins further demonstrated that plantaricin JY22 had a remarkable effect on bacterial proteins.

MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF ACID AND PEPSIN SOLUBLE COLLAGENS FROM THE SCALES OF GOLDEN CARP (PROBARBUS JULLIENI)

Acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were isolated from the scales of golden carp (Probarbus jullieni). Both ASC and PSC, identified as type I collagen, contained α- and β-chains as the dominant constituents. ASC and PSC had the yields of 0.42 and 1.16 g 100 g‒1 (dry weight basis), respectively. Amino acid composition revealed that glycine constituted 1/3 of total amino acid residues and no cysteine was found. ASC and PSC had imino acid contents of 197 and 202 residues/1000 residues, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and circular dichroism (CD) spectra indicated high integrity of the triple helical structure of both collagens. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ASC and PSC had Tmax of 37.67 and 37.83 °C, respectively. Both collagens exhibited high solubility in acidic pH range (1‒3) and the decrease in solubility was found in the presence of NaCl at concentrations above 30 g L‒1. The overall results demonstrated that scales of golden carp could serve as another source of collagen.

Role of the brain in adaptation of the common and golden carps to adverse factors of chemical origin

Using an indirect solid-phase immunoassay (ELISA test), cytochrome P-450, serotoninmodulated anticonsolidation protein (SMAP) and 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) levels were analyzed in the brain and liver of the common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and golden carp Carassius auratus caught in reservoirs of the Arpachay river (clean zone) and Araks river (polluted zone) in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan. Upregulation of cytochrome P-450 (p < 0.05) and SMAP (p < 0.01) in the common carp brain and downregulation of cytochrome P-450 (p < 0.05) and HSP70 (p < 0.05) in the golden carp liver were detected in fish caught in the Araks river reservoir as compared to levels of the same substances in fish from the Arpachay river reservoir. It is concluded that the brain plays a regulatory role in adaptation of animals to adverse environmental conditions and in protection of tissues from negative effects of pollutants.

Purification and antibacterial mechanism of fish-borne bacteriocin and its application in shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) for inhibiting Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus: is recognized as the main cause of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of seafood. Bacteriocin-producing Lactobacillus plantarum FGC-12 isolated from golden carp intestine had strong antibacterial activity toward V. parahaemolyticus. The fish-borne bacteriocin was purified by a three-step procedure consisting of ethyl acetate extraction, gel filtration chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated at 4.1kDa using SDS-PAGE. The fish-borne bacteriocin reached the maximum production at stationary phase after 20h. It was heat-stable (30min at 121 °C) and remained active at pH range from 3.0 to 5.5, but was sensitive to nutrasin, papain and pepsin. Its minimum inhibitory concentration for V. parahaemolyticus was 6.0mg/ml. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the fish-borne bacteriocin disrupted cell wall of V. parahaemolyticus. The antibacterial mechanism of the fish-borne bacteriocin against V. parahaemolyticus might be described as action on membrane integrity in terms of the leakage of electrolytes, the losses of Na+K+-ATPase, AKP and proteins. The addition of the fish-borne bacteriocin to shrimps leaded V. parahaemolyticus to reduce 1.3 log units at 4 °C storage for 6day. Moreover, a marked decline in total volatile base nitrogen and total viable counts was observed in bacteriocin treated samples than the control. It is clear that this fish-borne bacteriocin has promising potential as biopreservation for the control of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic products.

Effects of Washing Treatment on Qualities of Julian’s Golden Carp Surimi

Effects of Washing Treatment on Qualities of Julian’s Golden Carp Surimi

Extraction and Characterisation of Collagen from the Skin of Golden Carp (Probarbus Jullieni), a Processing By-Product

Fish skin is a by-product generated during fish processing. Nowadays the farmed fish, including golden carp, has gained increasing interest from consumers. As a consequence, a huge amount of skin is generated. Those skins can serve as an important source of collagen, which can be used for several applications in food, pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Additionally, collagen with high market value can increase the revenue for the farmer or fish processor. This study aimed to extract and characterise collagen from skin of golden carp. Acid solubilised collagen (ASC) and pepsin solubilised collagen (PSC) were isolated from the skin of golden carp (Probarbus jullieni). Obtained collagens were subjected to SDS–PAGE and amino acid analysis. Structural integrity was determined via FTIR and CD spectra. DSC and solubility were also examined. Both ASC and PSC were characterised as type I collagen. Imino acid contents of ASC and PSC were 197 and 199 residues/1000 residues, respectively. Glycine constituted approximately 1/3 of total amino acid residues. No cysteine was present, indicating the absence of disulphide bonds. FTIR and CD spectra were almost similar between ASC and PSC. Thus pepsin hydrolysis had no marked effect on triple helical structure. ASC and PSC showed higher Tmax values 36.28 and 37.87 °C, respectively, as compared to those from temperate and cold water fish collagens. The maximum solubility for both collagens was found at pH 3. Skin of golden carp, a by-product from fish processing, could therefore serve as an alternative source of high quality collagen. Subsequently the economic value of fish skin could be maximised and disposal problem could be reduced. Overview on production and properties of acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) from skin of golden carp (Probarbus Jullieni).

Ecological Safety as a Forming Factor of the Public Quality of Life

Objectives: This article is aimed at a cross-spectrum analysis of satisfaction with the quality of life in the high school students of Ishim town (Tyumen region, Russia), and the actual environmental issues. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Phyto-indication and zoo-indication methods adapted in article to study the water quality in economically significant reservoirs of Ishim. Representatives of various trophic levels were used as bioindication objects: aquatic macrophytes and bony fish: golden carp, roach, ruff. Sociological survey covered 709 senior high school students of Ishim town. The questionnaire included the indicators of the measured quality of life by 10 conditional spheres of social life. Findings: According to the results of a sociological survey, an integral evaluation of the quality of children`s life in of Ishim town corresponds to an average level. The most vulnerable spheres of children`s life in the small city of Ishim are environment and ecology, inclusion of disabled children and safe traffic. The participants of the city marked the lack of green zones in the city suitable and available for children to use them (0,88), they valued ecological conditions as an average one (2,0), gave a low integral evaluation of the state of environment - 1,46. The results of phyto-indication and zoo-indication researches showed the low quality of the surface natural water of the water basins having been researched. An empirical evaluation of the quality of natural environment by high school students generally corresponds to existing ecological risks resulted from the low quality of water in economically significant water basins of the Tyumen Region. Application/Improvements: The research indicates the need to optimize the state of natural objects in Ishim and the need to improve the management process for urban area content and development of public environmental culture.