Size Of Gold Nanoparticles Research Articles

Particle size and band gap evaluation of green gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with potential applications

Abstract The present study was aimed towards green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using fungal strain (SGSK-7) with assessment of their size using different techniques viz., X-ray diffractormeter, Dynamic light scattering, Atomic force microscopy, FE-Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The intense characteristic diffraction peaks at angle 2Ѳ (38.13˚) presented the crystalline nature of the reduced gold solution and calculation of crystalline size (12 nm) using Scherer’s equation further confirmed synthesis of gold nanoparticles while dynamic light scattering analysis indicated the particle size range of gold nanoparticles between 2 nm to 50 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic (FESEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis of extracellular gold nanoparticles depicts spherical shape of AuNPs of approximately 40 nm. Fourier transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy depicted the presence of the gold nanoparticles along with the other biomolecules secreted by fungus which plays vital role in reduction, capping and stabilization of gold nanoparticles. Energy dispersive X-ray, mapping analysis, Zeta potential and UV-Vis spectrophotometery analysis further confirmed the presence and stability of gold nanoparticles, respectively. Zeta potential of gold nanoparticles leads to conclude the neutral nature (-10 mV to 10mV) of the particles. The UV-Visible spectrophotometeric analysis also confirmed the formation of gold nanoparticles with an absorption peak at 547 nm. On the basis of UV-Visible spectra the optical band gap of 2.44 eV is examined. The phylogenetic relatedness of SGSK-7 revealed 99% homology with Aspergillus tamari after sequencing of the ITS region followed by BLAST.

Rapid Size Determination of Quasispherical Gold Nanoparticles by Electrocatalysis Efficiency-Regulated Electrochemiluminescence.

The size of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) largely decides their properties and applications, making the rapid screening of AuNP size important. Despite the fact that AuNP-amplified electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is widely used in various ECL sensing applications, the mechanism of ECL enhancement remains elusive, especially the quantitative relationship between the enhanced ECL intensity and the size of AuNPs. In this work, taking quasispherical and citrate-stabilized AuNPs as model nanoparticles, we have reported that the ECL intensity of the S2O82--O2 system enhanced significantly with the increasing AuNP size. AuNPs acted as bielectrocatalysts for reducing the S2O82- and O2. The further study of enhancement mechanism demonstrates that AuNPs with increasing size facilitate the electron transfer and promote the generation of radicals required for the ECL emission, which produces more emitters-singlet oxygen. Meanwhile, the high surface density of citrate on small AuNPs suppresses the ECL signal by forming an electrostatic barrier. On the basis of the above phenomena, an ECL-based rapid AuNP size screening approach has been established. The accuracy of this platform is verified by the consistent results in comparison to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. This work not only provides deep insight into the correlation between the AuNP size and the ECL enhancement but also contributes an alternative to the TEM technique for the rapid AuNP size screening. Additionally, this study also extends the exploration of ECL-based structure analysis techniques toward nanomaterials through clarifying the structure-electrocatalytic activity correlation.

Nano-sized gold particles driven interfacial reaction for the enhanced electrochemical nitrite sensing

Nitrite is a typical food additive and chemical fertilizer, which could pose toxicity to human and aquatic organisms when it is excessive. Therefore, it is meaningful to develop reliable analytical methods for nitrite detection. In this work, an innovative electrochemical nitrite sensor has been fabricated using In2O3 decorated with high-activity nano-sized Au particles (Au/In2O3), which were synthesized through a two-step synthetic method combining hydrothermal reaction and deposition-precipitation, resulting in an excellent sensing performance for the nitrite. Specifically, the electrochemical nitrite sensor based on Au/In2O3 exhibits high sensitivity with a linear detection range from 10 μM to 5 mM at pH 7.38. Additionally, the Au/In2O3 based nitrite sensor shows a detection limit of 0.46 μM and presents impressive selectivity and stability. The extraordinary nitrite sensing performance can be attributed to the excellent catalytic activity of nano-sized Au particles and the strong interfacial reaction between Au/In2O3 and nitrite. Furthermore, theoretical calculations reveal the interfacial reactions mechanism driven by Au particles, which enhance the charge transfer between Au/In2O3 and nitrite and thus improve its electrochemical sensing performance. This work presents a novel approach towards fabricating high-performance electrochemical nitrite sensor and reveals the enhanced interfacial reaction mechanism of nano-sized Au particles.

Direct and Indirect Effects for Radiosensitization of Gold Nanoparticles in Proton Therapy.

The radiosensitization characteristics of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been investigated in a single cell irradiated with monoenergetic beams of protons of various energies using TOPAS-nBio, an advanced toolkit of TOPAS. Both direct and indirect effects against single-strand breaks (SSBs) are investigated and their double-strand breaks (DSBs) have been calculated. A single spherical cell interaction with a detailed DNA structure has been modeled and simulated under different conditions such as particle sizes and concentrations of GNPs, their biodistributions and associated proton energies. The physical interaction among protons, suspension water and GNPs has been simulated using a dual physics approach, while the interaction between water radiolysis and OH radicals was considered in the chemical process to save computational time. The present simulations involve irradiating the cell geometry with a dose of 1 Gy. The range of DSBs (Gy-1 Gbp-1) obtained was 2.1 ± 0.09 to 21.74 ± 0.4 for all GNPs of sizes 6-50 nm the proton energies in the range of 5-50 MeV. Regardless of proton energy and GNP size, the calculations showed that the contribution of indirect and hybrid DSBs remains higher in all simulation types than that of direct DSBs. New simulation outcomes of the indirect DSBs illustrate a percentage increase, while we cannot get an increase in the direct and hybrid DSBs in most cases when compared with no GNPs cases. The indirect DSBs provide the highest enhancement factor of 1.89 at 30 nm GNPs in size for 30 MeV protons energy, and the direct and hybrid DSBs indicate a slight increase in enhancement. The work indicates that the use of GNPs increased indirect DNA DSBs, while hybrid DSBs show only a slight increase in enhancement, and no enhancement is shown in direct DNA DSBs. It is significant to consider other mechanisms such as DNA damage repair when investigating DNA damage.

A novel sandwich ELISA method for quantifying CHI3L1 in blood serum and cerebrospinal fluid multiple sclerosis patients using sustainable photo-irradiated zero-valence gold nanoparticles

The widespread occurrence of chronic demyelinating MS presents a significant challenge for ongoing research aimed at comprehending its progression, diagnosis, and treatment. In our research, we have devised a novel approach to quantify CHI3L1 (Chitinase-3-like protein 1), which has emerged as a valuable biomarker in MS because of its involvement in inflammation, tissue remodeling, and immune response—crucial factors in regulating damaged nerve cells and preventing their accumulation in the brain, utilizing sandwich ELISA technology. This innovative method primarily depends on gold nanoparticles synthesized through a novel process of photo-irradiation with ultraviolet light. The crystal structure and particle size of sustainable zero-valent gold nanoparticles were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which proved the cubic shape, with a cubic unit cell edge length of 4.0095 Å. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) demonstrated that the distribution of Au NPs is uniform, with an average diameter of 22 nm. The UV–Vis spectrum, displaying a pronounced absorbance peak at a wavelength of 548 nm, suggests the presence of Au NPs. The optimal conditions for the formation of the Au-biotinylated antibody-HRP complex were studied. The optimum pH was 7, the dilution ratio of AuNPs with biotinylated antibody-HRP was 1:3, and the concentration of nanogold was (1 × 10−3 mg/ml) to avoid increasing it. Then a standard curve was drawn for this method and compared to the traditional method, and it was found to be twice as sensitive as the traditional method, with a high accuracy of CV% (3–6 %) as well as a rapid color generation for measurement. This method, based on gold nanoparticles that are considered a carrier for biotinylated antibody-HRP, was applied for the first time to measure CHI3L1 in the sera and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis, and the results demonstrated the accuracy and sensitivity of the method. The method has the potential to be an excellent tool for evaluating CHI3L1 and may have applications in other diseases for rapid diagnosis and timely treatment.

Gold Nanoparticles Decoration of Zinc Oxide Nanowalls on Flexible Substrates

Metal oxide nanostructures decorated with noble metal nanoparticles are hybrid structures with a special interface that combines the unique properties of those two materials. Noble metal nanoparticles exhibit useful catalytic properties, and they can be functionalized with biomaterials. In this work, we use gold nanoparticles that can be functionalized using thiolated molecules bound to the metal surface. Zinc oxide nano-walls (NWs) are a high surface-to-volume ratio wide-bandgap semiconductor nanostructures that, due to their biocompatibility and non-toxicity characteristics, can be used in biosensing applications that involve contact with tissues and cells. ZnO nano-walls can be deposited from aqueous solutions at low temperatures, both on rigid and flexible substrates, using a simple and low-cost process that can be upscaled to high-volume production. In this work, we study the nucleation and growth of the ZnO nano-walls and we describe the gold nanoparticles decoration at three different schemes of surface functionalization. Among these schemes, we found that the process where ZnO nano-walls were deposited on polyimide substrates followed by activation using a self-assembled monolayer, resulted in a decoration with uniform size and distribution of gold nano-particles. That process was studied as a function of the growth temperature, solution concentration, and time. The morphology of the ZnO nano-walls was studied by Scanning Electron microscope imaging and the crystal structure was studied by X-ray diffraction.

Radiation shielding properties of gold nanoparticle-dispersed bismuth borate glasses using Phy-X/PSD software

With the increasing use of radioactive materials in various sectors, effective radiation shielding has become a critical concern. The present study explores the potential of bismuth borate glasses doped with gold nanoparticles for gamma-ray shielding applications. Glass samples with a base composition of 30Bi2O3:70B2O3, containing varying concentrations of 10 nm gold nanoparticles, were synthesized using the melt quenching technique. The physical and morphological properties of the samples were characterized, confirming the presence of uniformly dispersed gold nanoparticles of size (4 nm) smaller than the size of precursor nanoparticles. Shielding parameters, including mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half value layer (HVL), ten value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective atomic number (Zeff), were analyzed using the Phy-X/PSD program. Results showed that the obtained highest MAC value is 155.864 cm2/g which is superior to other reported materials. The HVL and TVL values increased with the increase in energy range, indicating effective gamma-ray shielding potential. These findings suggest that optimizing the dispersion and concentration of gold nanoparticles in bismuth borate glasses could enhance their performance as radiation shielding materials, making them promising candidates for various applications.

Rational design of self-assembling ultrashort peptides for the shape- and size-tunable synthesis of metal nanostructures.

Peptides have attracted great interest as platforms for the design of nanocomposite hydrogels due to their distinct bioactivity, biofunctionality and biocompatibility. Previously, we have reported on a family of peptides that self-assembled to form stabilised three-dimensional hydrogel networks, displaying potent antimicrobial activity. In this paper, we report on the use of these hydrogelator sequences and their analogues as stabilisers and growth controllers to synthesise anisotropic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes and shapes. In particular, hollow spherical nanoparticles were obtained for HG2.81-AuNPs, whereas hexagonal nanoparticles were observed for TOH_1N-AuNPs and PentaOH-AuNPs in their respective hydrogel networks. The PentaOH-AuNPs' hydrogel exhibited excellent results with high antimicrobial potency against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and negligible cytotoxicity. On the other hand, TOH_1N-AuNPs showed no antibacterial activity and no cytotoxicity, demonstrating the versatility of these peptides. This work gives credence towards the development of these materials towards further applications such as in tissue culture technology and wound dressing materials.

Polyvalent Glycomimetic-Gold Nanoparticles Revealing Critical Roles of Glycan Display on Multivalent Lectin-Glycan Interaction Biophysics and Antiviral Properties.

Multivalent lectin-glycan interactions (MLGIs) are widespread and vital for biology, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Unfortunately, the structural and biophysical mechanisms of several key MLGIs remain poorly understood, limiting our ability to design spatially matched glycoconjugates as potential therapeutics against specific MLGIs. We have recently demonstrated that natural oligomannose-coated nanoparticles are powerful probes for MLGIs. They can provide not only quantitative affinity and binding thermodynamic data but also key structural information (e.g, binding site orientation and mode) useful for designing glycoconjugate therapeutics against specific MLGIs. Despite success, how designing parameters (e.g., glycan type, density, and scaffold size) control their MLGI biophysical and antiviral properties remains to be elucidated. A synthetic pseudodimannose (psDiMan) ligand has been shown to selectively bind to a dendritic cell surface tetrameric lectin, DC-SIGN, over some other multimeric lectins sharing monovalent mannose specificity but having distinct cellular functions. Herein, we display psDiMan polyvalently onto gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of varying sizes (e.g., ∼5 and ∼13 nm, denoted as G5- and G13 psDiMan hereafter) to probe how the scaffold size and glycan display control their MLGI properties with DC-SIGN and the closely related lectin DC-SIGNR. We show that G5/13 psDiMan binds strongly to DC-SIGN, with sub-nM K ds, with affinity being enhanced with increasing scaffold size, whereas they show apparently no or only weak binding to DC-SIGNR. Interestingly, there is a minimal, GNP-size-dependent, glycan density threshold for forming strong binding with DC-SIGN. By combining temperature-dependent affinity and Van't Hoff analyses, we have developed a new GNP fluorescence quenching assay for MLGI thermodynamics, revealing that DC-SIGN-Gx-psDiMan binding is enthalpy-driven, with a standard binding ΔH 0 of ∼ -95 kJ mol-1, which is ∼4-fold that of the monovalent binding and is comparable to that measured by isothermal titration calorimetry. We further reveal that the enhanced DC-SIGN affinity with Gx-psDiMan with increasing GNP scaffold size is due to reduced binding entropy penalty and not due to enhanced favorable binding enthalpy. We further show that DC-SIGN binds tetravalently to a single Gx-psDiMan, irrespective of the GNP size, whereas DC-SIGNR binding is dependent on GNP size, with no apparent binding with G5, and weak cross-linking with G13. Finally, we show that Gx-psDiMans potently inhibit DC-SIGN-dependent augmentation of cellular entry of Ebola pseudoviruses with sub-nM EC50 values, whereas they exhibit no significant (for G5) or weak (for G13) inhibition against DC-SIGNR-augmented viral entry, consistent to their MLGI properties with DC-SIGNR in solution. These results have established Gx-psDiMan as a versatile new tool for probing MLGI affinity, selectivity, and thermodynamics, as well as GNP-glycan antiviral properties.

Quercetin/polyethyleneimine modified gold nanoconjugates inhibit apoptosis and ROS production induced by hydrogen peroxide in DRG sensory neurons

The basis of most neurological syndromes is the accumulation of free radical molecules. Quercetin is a polyphenolic bioflavonoid molecule and it has a very strong antioxidant effect by maintaining oxidative balance. There are many difficulties in the clinical use of quercetin due to its hydrophobic structure, low solubility, instability, poor oral bioavailability, and limited tissue-barrier penetration. Its synergistic use in complex with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could overcome these problems. AuNPs have recently emerged as an attractive candidate for delivery applications of various biomolecules and drugs. The aim of this study was to synthesize two different sized gold nanoparticles (AuNP20 and AuNP50) modified with polyethyleneimine (PEI) and quercetin, evaluate their potential neuroprotective effects on the in vitro oxidative stress model using DRG primary sensory neurons. It was shown that the antioxidant and anti-apoptotic ability of the bioflavonoid was preserved after exposure to the designed quercetin modified AuNPs. The PEI surface coating increased the stability and biocompatibility of the AuNPs in both sizes. It also potentially enables additional surface functionalization. This study indicates that designed nanoparticles (AuNP-Q-PEI) with different sizes could be a useful potential platform for the treatment of neurodegenerative syndromes or cancer diseases.

Influence of the Gold Nanoparticle Size on the Colorimetric Detection of Histamine.

Histamine is a well-known biogenic amine (BA) that is often associated with allergic reactions and is a significant cause of foodborne illnesses resulting from the consumption of spoiled food. Detecting histamine is essential for maintaining food safety standards and preserving the quality. In this work, we developed a simple, low-cost, and rapid colorimetric method for detecting histamine. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of different sizes (16, 25, and 40 nm) were synthesized by using the citrate reduction method. The particle size was controlled by adjusting the precursor molar ratio (MR), with smaller ratios leading to larger particles and a red-shift in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak (520, 524, and 528 nm). The nanoparticles were allowed to interact with increasing concentrations of histamine (ranging from 1 to 100 ppm), and the changes in the absorbance spectra and color of the solution were monitored. AuNP aggregation was induced by interaction with histamine through amino and imidazole groups that will coordinate with the AuNP's surface via electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions, causing the solution to turn blue from red. The size variations of AuNPs significantly affected the colorimetric response to histamine. Among the varied sizes, 25 nm AuNPs exhibited the lowest detection limit of 0.72 μM and a linear detection range of 1-10 ppm. Notably, this sensor offered rapid detection (under 1 min) and a remarkable selectivity toward histamine analyte, highlighting its potential for practical applications.

In Vitro Evaluation of DNA Damage Induction by Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Silica (SiO2), and Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) Nanoparticles in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly applied in a wide range of technological and medical applications. While their use offers numerous benefits, it also raises concerns regarding their safety. Therefore, understanding their cytotoxic effects and DNA-damaging properties is crucial for ensuring the safe application of NPs. In this study, DNA-damaging properties of PVP-coated silver, silica, aluminum oxide (13 nm and 50 nm), and gold (5 nm and 40 nm) NPs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were investigated. NPs' internalization and induction of reactive oxygen species were evaluated using flow cytometry. Cytotoxic properties were determined using a dual acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining technique while DNA-damaging properties were assessed using an alkaline comet assay. We observed that Ag, SiO2, and both sizes of Al2O3 NPs were efficiently internalized by human PBMCs, but only PVP-AgNPs (at 10-30 µg/mL) and SiO2 NPs (at concentrations > 100 µg/mL) induced significant DNA damage after a 24 h exposure. In contrast, the uptake of both sizes of gold nanoparticles was limited, though they were able to cause significant DNA damage after a 3 h exposure. These findings highlight the different responses of human PBMCs to various NPs, emphasizing the importance of their size, composition, and internalization rates in nanotoxicology testing.

The influence of branched polyethyleneimine concentration on the spectroscopic and morphology of BPEI/AuNPs for photocatalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

In this work, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were synthesized and stabilized by branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) due to their amine groups as a low-cost alternative method. The concentration of BPEI as a critical factor can be used to optimize stable AuNPs with varying sizes. To evaluate BPEI concentrations on surface plasmonic resonance (SPR), size distribution, chemical coordination, and photocatalytic activity of BPEI-AuNPs products, UV–visible, transmission electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used. The SPR bands appeared at 524, 520, and 517 nm as the BPEI concentration increased (10–30 µL), and the band remained stable as BPEI increased. TEM images show a wide range of sizes (polydisperse) for BPEI/AuNPs were formed. According to TEM images, gold nanoparticle sizes were calculated at (18, 12, and 5 nm) for BPEI concentrations 10, 20, and 30 µL. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that amine groups from BPEI play an important role in stabilizing AuNPs. For accessing the photocatalytic activity of BPEI-AuNPs, the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by borohydride is a widely used model reaction. As the AuNPs sizes decreased from 18 to 5 nm, the reduction rate was accelerated and the reaction time of 4-NP to 4-AP conversion decreased from 270 to 150 s.

A sensitive gold nanoflower-based lateral flow assay coupled with gold staining technique for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen.

Anenhanced lateral flow assay (LFA) is presentedfor rapid and highly sensitive detection of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens with gold nanoflowers (Au NFs) as signaling markers and gold enhancement to amplify the signal intensities. First, the effect of the morphology of gold nanomaterials on the sensitivity of LFA detection was investigated. The results showed that Au NFs prepared by the seed growth method showed a 5-fold higher detection sensitivity than gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of the same particle size, which may benefit from the higher extinction coefficient and larger specific surface area of Au NFs. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the Au NFs-based LFA exhibited a detection limit (LOD) of 25 pg mL-1 for N protein using 135nm Au NFs as the signaling probes. Thesignal was further amplified by using a gold enhancement strategy, and the LOD for the detection of N protein achieved was5 pg mL-1. The established LFA also exhibited good repeatability and stability and showed applicability in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Surface enhanced Raman scattering in thin films: the importance of Raman analyte-plasmonic particle inverse geometry

Most of the successful applications of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) involves placing the Raman analyte molecule over the SERS substrate. This conventional geometry of SERS does not work when the Raman analyte is in the form of a thin film. In this report, we experimentally demonstrate the importance of the rarely explored inverse geometry wherein a plasmonic particle is placed over an analyte thin film for SERS study. Initially, as a case study, the effect of size, concentration, and distribution of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the SERS of Si wafer was performed. The AuNPs, prepared by optimized annealing of direct current sputtered Au, were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. Finally, as an application, SERS in inverse geometry was successfully performed with an electron-beam evaporated Si thin film. For the first time, a working formula has been proposed to determine the experimental enhancement factor (EEF) for the inverse geometry of SERS. The values of EEF were estimated to be 1526 and 3274 respectively for Si wafer and Si thin film for the similar distribution of AuNPs of average size 52 nm. This study provides an insight into the characterization of thin films.

Controlling In Planta Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis and Size for Catalysis.

Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) are used as catalysts for a diverse range of industrial applications. Currently, Au-NPs are synthesized chemically, but studies have shown that plants fed Au deposit, this element naturally as NPs within their tissues. The resulting plant material can be used to make biomass-derived catalysts. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of specific, short (∼10 amino acid) peptide/s to solutions can be used to control the NP size and shape, factors that can be used to optimize catalysts for different processes. Introducing these peptides into the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), allows us to regulate the diameter of nanoparticles within the plant itself, consequently influencing the catalytic performance in the resulting pyrolyzed biomass. Furthermore, we show that overexpressing the copper and gold COPPER TRANSPORTER 2 (COPT2) in Arabidopsis increases the uptake of these metals. Adding value to the Au-rich biomass offers the potential to make plant-based remediation and stabilization of mine wastes financially feasible. Thus, this study represents a significant step toward engineering plants for the sustainable recovery of finite and valuable elements from our environment.

Effect of Gold Nanoparticle Size on Regulated Catalytic Activity of Temperature-Responsive Polymer-Gold Nanoparticle Hybrid Microgels.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess attractive electronic, optical, and catalytic properties, enabling many potential applications. Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is a temperature-responsive polymer that changes its hydrophilicity upon a slight temperature change, and combining PNIPAAm with AuNPs allows us to modulate the properties of AuNPs by temperature. In a previous study, we proposed a simpler method for designing PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgels, which used an AuNP monomer with polymerizable groups. The size of AuNPs is the most important factor influencing their catalytic performance, and numerous studies have emphasized the importance of controlling the size of AuNPs by adjusting their stabilizer concentration. This paper focuses on the effect of AuNP size on the catalytic activity of PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgels prepared via the copolymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide and AuNP monomers with different AuNP sizes. To quantitatively evaluate the catalytic activity of the hybrid microgels, we monitored the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using the hybrid microgels with various AuNP sizes. While the hybrid microgels with an AuNP size of 13.0 nm exhibited the highest reaction rate and the apparent reaction rate constant (kapp) of 24.2 × 10-3 s-1, those of 35.9 nm exhibited a small kapp of 1.3 × 10-3 s-1. Thus, the catalytic activity of the PNIPAAm-AuNP hybrid microgel was strongly influenced by the AuNP size. The hybrid microgels with various AuNP sizes enabled the reversibly temperature-responsive on-off regulation of the reduction reaction.

High-performance separation for ultra-low concentration nanoparticles with mesoporous silica thin membrane

Mesoporous silica thin film membrane (MSTF) emerges as an ideal ultrafiltration membrane for the removal of nanoparticles, ensuring the production of particle-free water. This is mainly ascribed to its uniform and narrow pore size distribution, having vertical nanochannels with low tortuosity, and being ultrathin, which helps enhance its selectivity and permeability. In this study, we demonstrated the potential of MSTF overlayed on macroporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) support for separating gold nanoparticles even at a very low concentration. Moreover, with the addition of pore-expanding agents, E-MSTF⊥AAO (pore size 3.12 nm) and D-MSTF⊥AAO (pore size 5.26 nm) membranes are formed, and both membranes indeed showed high rejection efficiency towards 150 ppb gold nanoparticles of sizes 10 nm and 5 nm, ∼99 %, and ∼96 %, respectively. It is also worth noting that as compared to the state-of-the-art conventional UF membranes, the E-MSTF⊥AAO membrane showed significantly high permeance of 114.1 ± 12.76 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 and 104.1 ± 50.6 L m−2 h−1 bar−1 while efficiently separating 150 ppb and 50 ppb 5 nm gold nanoparticles, respectively. Moreover, the promising long-term stability and chemical stability of the MSTF⊥AAO membrane paved a promising path for applying mesoporous silica membranes for effective nanoparticle separation in wastewater treatment and particle-free water production in industries.

Nanogold Foundry Involving High‐Shear‐Mediated Photocontact Electrification in Water

Controlling the size and morphology of gold nanoparticles occurs in the absence of added reducing agents or other excipients such as surfactants, on UV irradiation (λ 254 nm) of aqueous auric acid (H[AuCl4]) in a thin film of liquid in a vortex fluidic device (VFD) within a rapidly rotating tilted quartz tube. This involves contact electrification (CE), which occurs at the solid−liquid interface with the oxidation of water photoinduced, forming the hydroxyl radical, OH•. In air, the redox couple is reduction of 3O2 to the superoxide radical anion, O2−•, which then reduces Au3+ to elemental gold, as does other reactive oxygen species present, competing with CE reduction of Au3+. The resulting nanogold structures effectively mold the different high‐shear topological fluid flows in the VFD, being isolated as ultrathin 2D sheets, prisms, hierarchical structures comprising nanoparticles embedded within these sheets, and rosette and tubular structures, depending on the VFD processing parameters and the concentration of auric acid. Processing under a nitrogen atmosphere while UV irradiated affords mainly 2D gold through the above reduction of Au3+. The findings establish a paradigm for VFD processing in water involving photo‐CE, generating hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen gas with the surfaces of the gold nanoparticles pristine.

Nanotechnology: “Advancing Material Science and Medicine”

Nanotechnology has been a rapidly growing field of advanced science at the inception of this century. Nanotechnology of advanced materials, polymers, principally revolves around endeavours to plan materials at a sub-atomic level to accomplish alluring properties and applications at a naturally visible level. Nanotechnology can be used for the advancement of technologies, ranging from communication and information, health and medicine, future energy, environment and climate change to transport and cultural heritage, personal protective equipment (PPE), fuels, fuel cells, biosensors, disease sensors etc. Nanomaterials will lead to a new approach to manufacturing materials and devices. Faster computers, advanced pharmaceuticals, controlled drug delivery, biocompatible materials, nerve and tissue repair, crackproof surface coatings, better skin care and protection, more efficient catalysts, better and smaller sensors, even more efficient telecommunication. For example, a low risk solution using antibody modified bismuth nanoparticle, in combination with an X-ray dose equivalent to a chest X-ray specifically, has been shown to kill the common bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a set up designed to resemble a deep wound in human tissue. Nanosized gold particle could catalyse the oxidation of carbon monoxide better than anything previously known. Heparin functionalized nanoparticles have been use for targeted delivery of anti-malarial drugs. Heparin is abundant and cheap, compared to treatments that involve antibodies, an important consideration, since malaria is most common in developing countries. A bone repairing nano-particle paste has been developed that promises faster repair of fractures and breakages. DNA containing two growth genes is encapsulated inside synthetic calcium phosphate nanoparticles. In a remarkable demonstration of the extreme limits of nanoscale engineering, researchers have used the tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope to cleave and form selected chemical bonds in a complex molecule. Many medicinal and industrial endeavours have seen the use of Nanotechnology. Nanoparticles can attach to SARS COV-2 viruses, disrupting their structure and so kill the virus. These and other more recent advances in nanotechnology will be presented at this conference.