Gold Coast Of Australia Research Articles

Implications of Working from Home for the Design of Healthy Work Environments in the Post-Pandemic City

Remote work in cities is growing in popularity, fuelled by ongoing technological advances, the globalized knowledge economy, changing lifestyle preferences, the need to empower individuals, and – more recently – the eff ects of COVID-19. Social distancing measures introduced during the pandemic have inadvertently shown that a substantial proportion of work can be done from home or from third spaces such as co-working spaces. This paper off ers a critical appraisal of the implications of this trend for neighbourhood planning and workplace design. The appraisal is in three parts. First, to set the scene, we review recent scholarship on changing work practices in the post-pandemic city. Second, we offer a summative account based on empirical data from a survey conducted by the City of Gold Coast in Australia. This survey explored the spatial distribution of remote, nomadic, and home-based workers in cities in order to discover certain socio-economic, design and built environment features that relate to this distribution. This illustrates the impact that an uptake of home-based work has for urban planning and community design. Third, we look at some of the working from home implications for career progression and productivity, as well as physical and mental health. Based on perspectives from architectural science, environmental psychology and design, this part of the paper employs human-building interaction design scholarship to argue for the design of healthy work environments – both at home and in neighbourhoods – that increase productivity, reduce sick days, and yield be er health outcomes for the home-based workforce.

Sediment pathways and morphodynamic response to a multi-purpose artificial reef – New insights

Multi-purpose Artificial Reefs (MPARs) are structures that may provide aesthetically acceptable coastal protection and improve recreational outcomes. Twenty years after construction of the first MPAR, Narrowneck Reef on the Gold Coast of Australia, most of the available literature is still focused on the planning, design and construction of such structures and peer-reviewed publications on their post-construction monitoring, interaction with sediment transport and impacts on coastal morphology are lacking. The aim of this paper is to evaluate how does Narrowneck Reef influence the sediment transport, and morphological changes around the anthropogenic structure, two decades after construction. To do so, a combination of ten high spatial resolution topo-bathymetric surveys from the top of the dune to the 10 m depth captured over 21 months and a series of 60 simulations using a calibrated numerical model were used. Our results demonstrate that: although not expected during design or reported in similar structures, sand can bypass the MPAR around its offshore end; under oblique waves, the longshore currents are deflected as they pass the reef, resulting in a shadow zone on the downdrift side where sand deposits; the bar crest tends to be higher on the reef's updrift side compared to downdrift, indicating that the MPAR can act as a store for sediments, as initially designed. Furthermore, the MPAR can act to stabilise the bar as it moves onshore with a downdrift offset of the inner bar as a result of low oblique wave incidence. The results presented here demonstrate that the short-term response to the MPAR twenty years after construction is more closely related to the updrift build up of sand and the deflection of longshore currents as they encounter the reef than to the dissipation of wave energy. This is because MPARs are designed to dissipate just enough wave energy so that they can achieve their recreational goal (surfing).

Making the Gold Coast a Smart City—An Analysis

In recent times, there has been a worldwide trend towards creating smart cities with a focus on the knowledge economy and on information and communication technologies. These technologies have potential applications in managing the built and natural environments more efficiently, promoting economic development, and actively engaging the public, thus helping build more sustainable cities. Whilst the interest in smart cities has been widespread predominantly amongst metropolitan cities, several regional cities such as the Gold Coast in Australia have also recently endeavoured to become smart cities. In response to this emerging trend, this study aimed to investigate key opportunities and challenges associated with developing regional cities into smart cities using the Gold Coast as a case study. It identified key factors critical to the planning and development of smart cities. These factors fall under five broad themes: cultural and natural amenities, technology, knowledge and innovation precincts, people and skills, and governance. The factors were applied to the Gold Coast to analyse the key opportunities and challenges for its development into a smart city. Finally, key lessons, which are potentially applicable to other regional cities seeking to develop into smart cities, are drawn from the case study.

The Effects of the 2018 Commonwealth Games Service Environment on Athlete Satisfaction and Performance: A Transformative Service Research Approach

Competing at major sport events represents a significant experience for elite athletes. Research has determined that event services can affect athlete satisfaction, yet little is known about any influence on athlete performances. This study adapted the lens of transformative service research to examine, through survey research, the athletes’ perceptions of the impact that the service environment of the Commonwealth Games 2018 on the Gold Coast in Australia had on their satisfaction and subsequent performance. The results from 430 athlete surveys showed the significant relationships between service environment factors and athlete satisfaction and the indirect effects of the service environment on performance, through satisfaction. Thus, satisfaction acts as a mediator between the service environment and athlete performance. The effects of the service environment on athlete satisfaction and performance highlight the areas for future development across the athletes’ experience, from accommodations to social activities, that managers and event planners can enhance.

Global Planting Status of Korean Hibiscus (<i>Hibiscus syriacus</i> L.) as a Garden Plant

To identify the current planting status of Mugunghwa (Korean Hibiscus, Hibiscus syriacus L.) around the world as a garden plant and the planting marginal area, we have collected the big data from the field research, expert exploration, georeferencing, surveys conducted by major botanical gardens in each country, and analyzed various literature with local photos. The summarized results are as follows: 1. Mugunghwa which currently grows at the highest altitude in South Korea, is located at 710 meters above sea level in Jinbu-myeon, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon Province. The region with the highest latitude for cultivation of Mugunghwa has been identified as Pyongyang in North Korea. 2. The limit for planting Mugunghwa in the Asian continent, which is presumed to be the origin of Mugunghwa, lies to the east side of the line linking Qindao (靑島) in Shandongsheng (山東省), Jinan (濟南), Beijing (北京) in Hebeisheng (河北省), Xian (西安) in Shanshusheng (山西省), Hanzhong (漢中), Shengtu (成都) in Sichuansheng (泗川省), Lijiang (麗江) in Yunnamsheng (雲南省), Baoshan (保山), and Jinghong (景洪). In addition, the planting limit is within the line connecting Taishan (臺山) in Quangdongsheng (廣東省), Hongkong (香港), and Ningbo (宁波) in Zhejiiangsheng (浙江省). The planting limit of the coast lies on the line between Kaoshung (高雄) at the southern end of Taiwan (臺灣), Taipei (臺北) at the north of Taiwan, and Shendai (Japan) and Hokkaido. 3. Mugunghwa that grows on the northernmost region of the European continent is planted in Stockholm, Sweden, with an exact location of 58.4 degrees north latitude and 18.0 degrees east longitude. In Western Europe, Lisboa in Portugal and Valencia in Spain are the limits. In Southwestern Europe, Mugunghwa has been found in Agion Oros (40.5 N, 24.3 E) in Greece. 4. In the Middle East, Mugunghwa is cultivated in Palmyra (35.0 N, 38.5 E) in Syria and Jerusalem (31.4 N, 35.1 E) in Israel. It also grows from Slovenia to Albania on the Mediterranean coast and Azerbaijan, Geogia and Armenia in the Caucasus region in Southwest Asia. 5. In North America, the limit for planting Mugunghwa is the southern part of the line between Vancouver in Canada, Denver in Colorado, Kansas City in Kansas, Chicago in Illinois, Detroit in Michigan, Swego and Burlington in New York, and Boston in Massachusetts. It has also been confirmed that Mugunghwa has grown well in Toronto, Canada. In addition, Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, and Puerto Rico in Central and South America, and Olavarria (36.9 S, 60.3 W) in Argentina in South America are the southernmost cultivation limits. 6. We have identified that Mugunghwa is planted in Auckland and Wellington in New Zealand and from Melbourne to Gold Coast in Australia. In Africa, Mugunhwa is planted in Johannesburg (26.6 S, 27.4 E) in South Africa, and further research should be conducted in the region.

Outdoor thermal environments and related planning factors for subtropical urban parks

Tropical or subtropical climates result in considerable heat stress in outdoor environments, which handicaps social activities in public spaces such as urban parks. This study aims to find out the effects of park planning factors on thermal environments. The research measured 18 urban parks around the city of Gold Coast in Australia from January to March 2018 which is the summer time of the Southern Hemisphere. Climate data were collected for each park, based on which park cooling intensity, mean radiant temperature and physiological equivalent temperature were calculated as thermal environment indicators. Meanwhile, park planning factors such as park tree coverage, park size and distance to major water bodies (the sea) were selected for multiple linear regressions with the thermal indicators. Our findings have confirmed that the park planning factors had significant effects on the thermal indicators. The effect of park tree coverage was most significant. This study provides important evidence and guidance for urban planning to create better outdoor thermal environments in parks to facilitate social activities.

3rd International Symposium on Renewable Energy Technologies

As global population growth, economic development and technological advances continue to ramp up, the demand for sustainable and renewable energy supply and devices is emerging as one of the most critical and challenging issues of modern society. The 3rd International Symposium on Renewable Energy Technologies (ISRET) was organized by the Centre for Clean Environment and Energy (CCEE) and Griffith University and held at the beautiful Gold Coast in Australia, from 19th to 22nd July 2019. The 3rd ISRET brought together top scientists to discuss the latest advances in functional materials for sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies with the aim to promote international cooperation and partnership between world leaders in the fields of nanomaterials for clean energy applications. A total of 106 impressive oral presentations were delivered with notable plenary and keynote lectures given by Australian, American and Chinese academicians. Specific topics covered in the symposium include low dimensional nanomaterial design and developments, photocatalysts and photoelectrochemical devices for solar fuel production and environment, semiconductor materials for new generation solar cells, electrode materials for efficient energy storage systems including batteries and supercapacitors, new nanomaterials for electrocatalysis and fuel cell applications, magnetic materials for energy conversion and storage systems, computational nanomaterial science, etc.

Universal Medicine Associated with Improved Physical and Mental Health in Women: Results from a Regression Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey

Universal Medicine Associated with Improved Physical and Mental Health in Women: Results from a Regression Analysis of a Cross-Sectional Survey

Professor Hu Zhihong: The New President of the Society for Invertebrate Pathology.

The Society for Invertebrate Pathology (SIP) is foremost in the world covering all aspects of related research in insect virology, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology and microbial control. The SIP has a wide scientific appeal with members from many countries spanning every continent in the globe. Election of members to the Society's Governing Council is based on scientific standing, contributions, reputation and involvement in the activities of the Society. At the recent annual meeting in August 2018, in the Gold Coast of Australia, Prof. Hu Zhihong was inaugurated as the President of the SIP having been elected by worldwide members to take charge of the Society's activities, direction and scientific standing. Prof. Hu's qualifications as a scientist and a leader are impeccable and far-reaching. Her outstanding scientific achievements, salient contributions to the field of virology and innovative approaches to research made her a world-renowned scientist. She has so far published no less than 150 manuscripts, mostly in internationally refereed scientific journals. Her contributed and invited presentations at the annual meetings of the Society often reflected the state-of-the-art in molecular virology. All this gave members of the SIP ample reasons to elect her as the President. Her experience as a past Director General of the Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences will help her immensely in running and directing the SIP to achieve even greater heights. No doubt, she will be an exceptional President.

Shoulder pain cost-of-illness in patients referred for public orthopaedic care in Australia.

Objective The aim of this study was to calculate the societal economic burden of shoulder pain in patients on the orthopaedic waiting list at an Australian public hospital and calculate the cost (from the government's perspective) of care delivered by the hospital for those patients. Methods A cost-of-illness analysis was undertaken in a cohort of 277 orthopaedic patients on the Gold Coast in Australia. Outcomes included a health care costs and impacts questionnaire, work absenteeism, presenteeism questionnaires (Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI)) and hospital care provision over a 2-year period. Results The mean societal cost of healthcare and domestic support was AU$20.72 per day (AU$7563 annually) per patient on the orthopaedic waiting list. When absenteeism and presenteeism were included, the cost per patient who was employed was AU$38.04 per day (AU$13885 annually) calculated with the WLQ and AU$61.31 per day (AU$22378 annually) calculated with the WPAI. The mean per-patient cost to government of public hospital care was AU$2622 in Year 1 and AU$3835.78 (s.d. 4961.28) over 2 years. The surgical conversion rate was 22%, and 51% of hospital care cost was attributable to outpatient services. Conclusions Public orthopaedic shoulder waiting lists create a large economic burden for society; few referrals require surgery and just over half the hospital care costs are for out-patient services. New models of care that better manage shoulder pain and identify surgical candidates before orthopaedic referral could reduce this burden. What is known about the topic? Little is known about the cost of shoulder pain in Australia, or the cost of patients referred for public orthopaedic care. What does this paper add? This article quantifies the costs of shoulder pain and the value of lost production from shoulder pain. The time spent waiting for public hospital orthopaedic appointments and the costs associated with waiting demonstrate that the time spent on a waiting list is a key driver of the economic burden. What are the implications for practitioners? Greater resourcing to reduce public orthopaedic shoulder waiting lists may be helpful, but system change is also required. Earlier and more accurate identification of surgical cases could reduce inefficient referrals and improve hospital productivity. Collaboration between clinicians and policy makers is needed to design more economically efficient shoulder care.

Crime prevention and reduction programs: How does knowing about community initiatives moderate attitudes towards criminal victimisation?

The current study examines the association between fear of crime and awareness of community programs designed to prevent or reduce crime and social disorder. Data were collected from a community survey of household residents living on the Gold Coast of Australia ( N = 713). Results indicate that those reportedly aware of community initiatives, fear property crime and crimes against persons differently than those reportedly unaware of them. For fear of personal victimisation, awareness of crime prevention programs within an area weakened relationships between (a) perceptions of incivility and social cohesion; (b) perceptions of the consequences of victimisation and likelihood of victimisation; and (c) perceptions of the likelihood of victimisation and worry about personal crime. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications on future research, and strategies for developing crime prevention and fear reduction programs that maximise the positive effects on attitudes towards crime, while minimising their unintended consequences, are also offered.

Development Versus Coastal Protection: The Gold Coast Case Study (Australia)

The Gold Coast in Australia is one of these coastal places, which developed through taking advantage of its environmental assets, such as direct access to the sea, a white sandy shoreline, an extensive and naturally protected broadwater and several large accessible rivers. While many other coastal cities relied on port facilities to develop commercial and naval activities, the City of Gold Coast emerged and grew as a tourism destination. Largely because of this phenomenon, the pattern of settlement and subsequent development of the city differs from most traditional Australian settlement and development patterns. Today, the Gold Coast is one of the most famous tourist cities in Australia and it accommodates more than ten million visitors annually.In the wider Australian context, 85% of the population lives within 50 km of the beach, evidencing popular lifestyle cultural preferences of many Australians. Given this preoccupation with the coast, one may expect that Australia would be at the forefront of coastal tourism developments and coastal protection. There is, however, no overriding jurisdiction covering planning law enforcement in maritime areas and, this situation has led to many social and environmental conflicts. The City of Gold Coast is a case in point and no more so than currently (2017) with proposals to build a cruise terminal or/and a casino, and high rise residential towers on its protected coastal strip (the Spit).This paper demonstrates how the evolution and resolution of development conflicts on the Spit (Gold Coast) are symptomatic of the evolution of place values and the national coastal management and how, this informs a shift towards coastal protection.

From white shoes to bold future: The neoliberalisation of local government in an Australian city?

The City of Gold Coast in Australia has grown rapidly over the last half century to become the sixth largest city in the country and the second largest local government by population. It is seen by many to have become the epitome of neoliberal local government in Australia. This paper critically reviews this assumption of neoliberalisation through an analysis of the changing nature of governance in the city which draws on Saunders’ dual state thesis. This uses three dimensions: institutional structures, forms of politics, and ideological underpinnings, and considers a number of exemplary policies. It concludes that, apart from a brief period in which a set of Keynesian principles of intervention flourished, the city has indeed proceeded along a broadly neoliberal path but will face growing pressures in the future to develop programmes of social as well as economic intervention.

Cosmetex, Gold Coast, Australia: taking a minimalist, natural approach to injecting

Every year, the Australasian College of Cosmetic Surgery hosts an annual conference to provide a forum for surgeons, dermatologists, doctors and nurses to update their knowledge and exchange ideas. This year, aesthetic nurse specialist Leslie Fletcher travelled all the way to the Gold Coast in Australia to speak on neocollagenesis, and learn about rejuvenation strategies and techniques from several international experts

International Conference on Genome Informatics (GIW 2013) in Singapore: introduction to the systems biology contributions

The International Conference on Genome Informatics, popularly known as GIW, is probably one of the oldest, if not actually the oldest annual, regular conference in computational biology that survived all turns of the tempestuous development of this field of research [1]. It is impossible to overestimate its role for establishing and enhancing the computational biology and bioinformatics research community in the Asia-Pacific region and its interaction with the world-wide research effort. Importantly, it has provided a friendly forum where scientists especially from the region could exchange and publish their research findings. It has accompanied and furthered the growth of computational biology and bioinformatics research in both quantity and quality in the Asia-Pacific region. The GIW was first held as an open (Genome Informatics Workshop, thus, GIW) at Kikai Shinko Kaikan in Tokyo during December 3-4, 1990, essentially just before the Japanese Human Genome Project started in the next year. Whereas GIW was originally an intra-Japanese affair, it changed to an international conference in 1993 and the currently used name of the conference was adopted in 2001. During the last ~15 years, the conference was always attended by several hundred participants; thus, it is not really a workshop any longer. Whereas GIW had more the role of a regional incubator in the early years, it has recently become one of the important, truly international conference venues in the bioinformatics field for scientific exchange. It provides unique opportunities to bridge theory and experiment, academia and industry, science from the East and the West. The conference site was in Tokyo or Yokohama exclusively until 2006 (as well as 2009). GIW 2007 (the 18th edition) was the first one held outside Japan, in the Biopolis in Singapore. Other locations in the Asia-Pacific regions were to follow: the 19th GIW at the Gold Coast in Australia (2008), the 21st GIW in Hangzhou (China) in 2010, the 22nd GIW in Busan (South Korea) in 2011 and the 23rd GIW in Tainan (Taiwan). Remarkably, the 24th GIW has been awarded to Singapore again [2] and, notably, is held in the same premises as the conference in 2007, namely in the Matrix Building of Biopolis. Singaporean bioinformaticians might tend to see this as recognition for their research efforts during the last years; though, the geographically central location in the Asia-Pacific region, the excellent transport hub and the infrastructural support of Singapore will lend an alternative, equally important explanation. All events happen only if an activist champions them. The Singaporean community is grateful to Limsoon Wong for his lobbying effort to attract important conferences here. Given the maturity of the research area and today's scientific fashions, efforts that classify as system biology occupy a prominent place in GIW 2013. In total, eighteen submissions have qualified for this special issue of BMC Systems Biology. The systems biology approach aims at a holistic perspective, to explain and to predict phenotypic properties that are influenced by a multitude of factors with complex theoretical, desirably quantitative models. Given the absence of a consistent, predictive biological theory as physicists have been used to since many decades, some might consider the quest for an integrated, system approach grandiloquent and premature. There are serious arguments for this view such as that about 50% of all eukaryote genes lack even tentative functional characterizations and, most likely, not even half of the biomolecular mechanisms are known [3]. Despite full genome sequencing, even a stable reference proteome cannot be deduced [4]. Thus, quantitative and predictive biology has a long way to go. Nevertheless, the large-scale experimental techniques, most prominently nucleic acid sequencing but also epigenetics analyses, large-scale expression studies, proteomics with the large sets of protein-protein interaction data, the ever growing library of biomacromolecular structures and automated methods for analyzing cellular and tissue images [5] open new opportunities and, for carefully selected questions, interesting and important insights can be deduced from this data at the systems level that can even reach out into biomedical and biotechnological applications. The papers collected in this special edition exemplify how far research has moved forward.

Assessing risk associated with sea-level rise and storm surge—Redux

Scholarly, peer-reviewed analyses of reasonable sea-level rise and storm surge scenarios are essential to estimate risks to people and property and to identify sensible choices to reduce these risks. Herein we reply to Boretti and Parker, who suggest that sea levels are rising but not currently accelerating. In this respect, they take positions inconsistent with the majority of peer-reviewed semiempirical and model-based sea-level rise projections. Boretti’s comment largely focuses on an analysis of Australian tide gauges. The analysis, text and figures are basically a reproduction of a comment that he has provided previously to a completely different study from the Gold Coast of Australia (Cooper and Lemckert 2012); we are unclear on the relevance of this replicated Australian analysis to our study in the northeast United States. Both Boretti and Parker have drawn conclusions about sealevel rise trends in the United States through ‘visual scanning’ of graphs and by comparing relative sea-level rise trend estimates from years 1999 and 2006. Visual scanning is not a robust method, and it is highly unlikely that any conclusions based on analysis of such a short and particular period of time would pass peer review.

Environmental Values and the So-Called True Ecotourist

Scientific understanding about the motivations and behavior of so-called true ecotourists remains incomplete. This study examined the relationship between core values and tourists’ interest in tourism where nature is the focus of the experience, as well as their commitment to environmental conservation and protection. The empirical basis for this research involved a survey of 258 tourists holidaying on the Gold Coast in Australia. This study found that biospheric or biocentric values, focusing on the intrinsic worth of nature, are strongly associated with particular interest in ecotourism, tourism-specific pro-environmental attitudes, and commitment to environmental protection. Conversely, egoistic values, concerned primarily with self-interest, are associated with less interest in nature tourism, greater interest in hedonistic-type tourism activities, and less consumer support for environmental conservation and protection. The authors discuss evidence for the particular importance of values-based research in developing a theoretically grounded model of demand for ecotourism-type experiences.

Leaving MySpace, joining Facebook: ‘Growing up’ on social network sites

In the past decade, the reach of social network sites such as MySpace and Facebook has extended to a point where for many young people, participation is now mandatory for inclusion amongst peer groups. For some of these young people, large parts of their social lives have been played out on these sites. The shift from one site (MySpace) to another (Facebook) can also be understood as marking an important change in the way young people manage their ‘digital trace’. This shift corresponds with narratives in which participants signal their movement towards forms of online sociality that are concerned with their relationships with others on Facebook rather than the often introspective and performative forms of sociality emphasized on MySpace. This article examines elements of each site that participants point towards as contributing to their own shift – both in terms of their functionality and the broader social milieu in which the sites operate. More broadly, this article also considers the ‘trace’ that is generated by participation on these sites (creating profiles, uploading images, commenting on pages and so on) as representing a key mechanism by which young people's transition narratives can be made accessible and visible amongst their network. This article draws on research from two linked small-scale qualitative studies conducted on the Gold Coast in Australia, the first with a group of 10 young people in 2007 and the second with 30 young people in 2009/2010.

How Will We Get There?

Access to essential goods and services is increasingly recognized as a key factor influencing household socioeconomic disadvantage within cities. Socioeconomic status (SES) and spatial location partly determine differential accessibility. Spatial variation of low-SES groups across cities and the travel patterns of these groups have been mostly ignored by strategic transport models, which have been concerned more with traffic volumes on the road network and peak hour travel. This study expanded on a method that used cluster analysis techniques to identify low-SES groups on the Gold Coast of Australia from a large regional household travel survey. This method allowed for the identification of the actual travel behavior of low-SES groups. With this information, the study advanced a new origin–destination-based land use and transport accessibility model. The model used the output from the cluster analysis, in conjunction with 2006 Australian census data, to highlight accessibility to goods and service needs for a set of low-SES groups on the Gold Coast. The method developed provided unique opportunities for research into spatial disadvantage and accessibility in Australian cities. The conceptualization of the transport network with outputs provided at the census collection district level (approximately 200 households) ensured that the model could be run concurrently with conventional transport models.

Environmental, safety and management issues of unauthorised trail technical features for mountain bicycling

Mountain biking is a popular activity in urban areas, including in forest remnants in Australia cities. To increase the technical challenge for riders, trail technical features such as jumps, bridges, mounds and ditches, along with informal trails are often constructed without authorisation. We assessed the social, environmental and management challenges associated with the presence of such features, developed a method for assessing them, and then used this method to examine them in an endangered forest within the Gold Coast in Australia. In a 29 ha remnant of Blackbutt ( Eucalyptus pilularis) forest there were 116 unauthorised features, mostly jumps, ditches and mounds, which collectively resulted in an area of 1601 m 2 of bare soil and 4010 m 2 of undergrowth cleared. Features differed in their size, construction materials used, and their impacts on the environment. Although nearly two thirds had low to moderate safety, most were in moderate to good condition, had fall zones and optional routes for riders. Management options for land managers, in this case a publicly funded University, include (1) feature removal and site rehabilitation, (2) conversion to official features, (3) removal and provision of an alternative location for official features, or (4) maintain the status quo. There are social, financial and environmental benefits and limitations to each of these options highlighting that unauthorised trail technical features are a challenge for planners and managers that often have no easy solution.