ABSTRACT The Noemacheilinae of Israel are revised and placed in two genera: Orthrias Jordan & Fowler (until now considered a synonym of Noemacheilus) and Nun, a new genus. The most common species in Israel is O. jordanicus, raised here to species status, and distinct from both O. angorae and O. insignis. Its geographical variation is analyzed; no subspecies are recognized. Sexual dimorphism is recorded for the first time in O. panthera and O. tigris. Three new species are described: O. dori, from the Bet She'an Valley, differing from O. jordanicus in having a much deeper body, an elevation at the nape and different colour pattern; O. pantheroides, from the Golan Heights, differing from O. panthera in having a more slender body, forked caudal fin and straight dorsal fin; O. israeliticus, from the Bet She'an Valley and Upper Galilee, differing from O. panthera and O. pantheroides in having an almost complete lateral line and a moderately developed dorsal keel on the caudal peduncle, and in colour pattern. T...