Prevalence Of Goiter Research Articles

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis - a retrospective study from Southern India.

Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis is a rare manifestation of thyrotoxicosis. Here, we describe the clinical and biochemical features and treatment outcomes of this disorder. This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in southern India. The clinical and biochemical features, treatment received, and therapeutic outcomes of all patients with thyrotoxicosis and acute flaccid paralysis without any other identifiable causes (cases for the study) were compared with an equal number of consecutively selected patients who presented with thyrotoxicosis but without features of paralysis (controls for the study) during the same period. In total, 41 cases and controls were included in this study. The proportion of males was 92.6% and 43.9% in the cases and controls, respectively. The mean age was 32.8 (±7.6) years (cases) and 39.7 (±11.3) years (controls). In the cases, 20% of patients presented without clinical thyrotoxic features. Graves' disease was the most common aetiology of thyrotoxicosis in both groups (92.6% of cases and 87.8% of controls). The prevalence of goitre was significantly higher among controls (90.2%) than among cases (53.7%). The mean serum potassium, free T4, total T4 and total T3 levels were significantly lower in the cases than in the controls. In these cases, two patients had an additional aetiology for persistent hypokalaemia, likely Gitelman's syndrome. This is one of the largest series of thyrotoxic periodic paralysis cases in India. In subjects with thyrotoxicosis, serum potassium, free T4, total T4 and total T3 levels were significantly lower in those with periodic paralysis than in those without.

Goiter, iodine bioavailability and intrauterine growth restriction in Indigenous and Afro-descendant pregnant women from six non-metropolitan areas of Colombia (2019-2020).

Iodine is an essential mineral for fetal growth and brain development. The aim of this research was to evaluate goiter, iodine deficiency and intrauterine growth restriction in pregnant women of minority ethnic groups in Colombia. A cross-sectional study was performed in six non-metropolitan areas of Colombia. A total of 318 Indigenous and Afro-descendant pregnant women were invited to participate: 248 (83.2%) Indigenous and 50 (16.8%) Afro-descendants were studied. The mean age was 24 years (range 13-44 years). Of the women, 130 (43.5%) were from the department of Cauca, 72 (24.1%) were from C&oacute;rdoba, 28 (9.4%) were from Guajira, 26 (8.8%) were from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 22 (7.4%) were from Amazonas, 16 (5.4%) were from Meta and 4 (1.3%) were from the department of Cesar. A total of 244 (81.8%) were illiterate and 291 (97.7%) were of very low socioeconomic level. Goiter was observed in 69 (23.3%) pregnant women (38 (41.7%) from the department of Cauca, 10 (35.7%) from Guajira, 5 (31.2%) from Meta, 6 (27.2%) from Amazonas and 10 (13.8%) from C&oacute;rdoba). Iodine deficiency (<100 &micro;g/L) was observed in 42 (14.9%) pregnant women (16 (11.6%) mild (50-99 &micro;g/L), 19 (13.8%) moderate (20-49 &micro;g/L) and 7 (5.1%) severe (<20 &micro;g/L)). Being literate was a protective factor for iodine deficiency (odds ratio (OR)=0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04-0.84, p=0.016). Being illiterate and iodine deficient was only a risk factor for goiter (OR=6.72, 95%CI 3.9-9.5, p=0.038) in the department of Cauca. A high prevalence of goiter, iodine deficiency and intrauterine growth restriction was observed in minority ethnic groups of Colombia. The highest prevalence and risk was observed in the department of Cauca.

Role of Iodine Status and Lifestyle Behaviors on Goiter among Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study in Zhejiang Province, China.

Iodine deficiency is a well-established cause of goiter, while the impact of lifestyle factors on goiter development remains underexplored. The study aims to explore the associations between iodine status, lifestyle factors, and the prevalence of goiter among children and adolescents in Zhejiang Province, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2022 using a stratified multistage sampling, involving 2261 children aged 6-17. Among these 1562 participants underwent both urinalysis and thyroid ultrasound. Lifestyle factors were assessed through self-reported questionnaires. The prevalence of goiter in the study population was 10.8%. A high urinary iodine concentration (UIC) (>300 μg/L) was significantly associated with a decreased risk of goiter (OR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.27-0.88). Excessive recreational screen time and a high frequency of dining out were associated with an increased Tvol, while adequate physical activity and sleep were inversely associated with goiter risk, while the combined effect of high UIC and healthy lifestyle showed a protective effect against goiter. Ensuring adequate iodine status and promoting healthy lifestyles are crucial for preventing goiter and enhancing thyroid health in children and adolescents, suggesting that public health strategies should integrate nutritional and lifestyle interventions.

Evaluating iodine deficiency and goiter in hilly areas of District Poonch Azad Jammu Kashmir.

Iodine deficiency is considered as a global challenge, even after decades of efforts to solve the issue. Our objective was to assess the iodine deficiency status and associated prevalence of goiter in population groups (school-age children and women) from rural areas of District Poonch, and to assess the determinants of iodine deficiency in the area. Cross-sectional study was conducted in District Poonch Azad Jammu and Kashmir from 25 April 2022 to 30 June 2023. A total of 150 goiter patients from different villages of the District Poonch was included. Their urinary iodine concentration and goiter prevalence was assessed. Using palpation techniques, a trained and experienced public health officer assessed the presence of goiters based on WHO/ UNICEF/ICCIDD criteria. Descriptive statistics were computed for continuous variables and presented in frequency and percentage, based on the distributional characteristics of the data. chi-square was used to check association between socio-demographic factors and goiter. It was a HEC Project No.: 20-16988/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2021. Iodine status and associated goiter prevalence was high and 59.3% of them were severely iodine deficient. Within the district, the highest severe iodine deficiency was observed in 81.1% goiter patients of the Rawalakot subdivision, Hajira and Abbaspur subdivisions. Regarding goiter status 40% of the patients were classified with palpable-visible goiter and 56% were characterized with visible but nodular goiter. Study showed that there was a severe iodine deficiency and associated goiter prevalence in the area. Policymakers should take actions for future to overcome iodine deficiency in future.

Exploring the Incidence of Malignancy in Thyroid Swelling: A Cross-Sectional Perspective

Introduction: Thyroid malignancy is a global health problem. It is the most common among all endocrine malignancies. The incidence of thyroid cancer is increasing all over the world. Bangladesh is not exempted. The worldwide prevalence of goiter in the general population is estimated at 4-7%. The incidence of malignancy in goitrous thyroid is about 10%. An increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma has been noted in endemic goiter zones. Bangladesh also has some goitrous zones. The frequency of carcinoma is two times higher in solitary thyroid nodules than in multinodular goiter. Male patients with thyroid swelling showed a high incidence of malignancy. Objective: The study aims to find out the incidence of malignancy in thyroid swelling in a tertiary level hospital of Bangladesh. Materials and Methods: It is a cross-sectional observational study done in the department of ENT &amp; HNS, Cumilla Medical College Hospital from January 2023 to December 2023 with 60 hospitalized patients of different thyroid swelling undergone surgery. Results: In this series of 60 patients of thyroid swelling the age of the patients ranged from 15 to 80, the mean age was 37.73. There were 53 females (88.33%) and 07 males (11.66%) with female to male ratio of 7.6:1. Among the non-neoplastic group (n=33;55%) nodular goitre had the highest incidence (n=20;33.33%) followed by multinodular goitre (n=11;18.33%). The incidence of papillary cell carcinoma was predominant. Among 60 patients with thyroid swelling, it was 28.33% (n=17) and among the malignant lesions (n=22) it was 77.27%. (n=17). The incidence of malignancy (n=22;36.66%)) is more than that of benign (n=5;8.33%). A high incidence of malignancy is observed in male sex. 05 male patients out of 07 were malignant bearing an incidence of 71.42%. In relation to the age of the malignant patients, the incidence is high in 31–40-year group (27.27%). The incidence of malignancy is high in extreme ages also noted. Conclusion: The incidence of thyroid malignancy in thyroid swelling is high. Females of middle age are in a risk group and papillary carcinoma is the commonest of all thyroid malignancies. Appropriate medical attention is warranted for early diagnosis and proper management to reduce morbidity and mortality. Medicine Today 2024, Vol.36 (2): 99-103

Correlation between estradiol-to-testosterone ratio and thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity in men with treatment-naïve primary hypothyroidism or euthyroidism.

Thyroid diseases pose a substantial socioeconomic burden globally. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between estradiol-to-testosterone (E2/T) ratio and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity in male patients with hypothyroidism or euthyroidism. Cross-sectional observational study including 115 male patients with hypothyroidism or euthyroidism. The patients were divided into two groups based on positive or negative TPOAb results, with TPOAb positivity defined by a serum TPOAb value ≥ 35 IU/mL. Patients with positive TPOAbs, compared with those with negative TPOAbs, had a higher prevalence of goiter and obesity and higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The median estradiol level was higher, and the median total testosterone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels were lower in the TPOAb-positive versus the TPOAb-negative group (p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis including only patients with hypothyroidism (n = 80), the median E2/T ratio was higher in the TPOAb-positive group (p = 0.016). The prevalence of TPOAb positivity increased with the increase in E2/T ratio quartiles, from 37.9% in the lowest quartile to 96.2% in the highest quartile (p value for trend across all quartiles < 0.001). On adjusted multivariate analysis, the E2/T ratio emerged as an independent predictor of TPOAb positivity. An E2/T ratio cutoff value of 6.565 x10-3 demonstrated the best diagnostic accuracy, with a sensitivity of 78.2% and specificity of 67.6%. The present study provides insights into the role of the E2/T ratio as a predictor of thyroid disorders.

Following the footsteps of goiter expeditions in the Urals

Historically, regions with low levels of iodine in soil and water have been associated with a higher prevalence of goiter. The link between iodine deficiency and goiter has led to innovative efforts to address this problem. The article discusses the history of the study of endemic goiter in the Urals, presents the results of a large complex work of goiter expeditions of 1929-1934, thanks to which numerous data were obtained that served as the basis for the organization of therapeutic and mass preventive anti-goiter measures in places where goiter is endemic.

Goiter Prevalence and Associated Factors among Women in Hargeisa, Somalila

Background: Goiter, which is associated with various risk factors, is highly prevalent in Hargeisa region of Somalia and is a serious health problem among women living in the region.Objective: This study aims to reveal the true extent of the problem, identify the causative factors and suggest preventive methods accordingly.Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 270 female patients randomly selected from 1659 patients at Hargeisa Group Hospital (HGH), in Somalia, between January and August of 2022. The study sample was equally distributed between those with and without a diagnosis of goiter. Independent risk factors were identified by making comparisons between groups.Results: For the study group, dietary habits were identified as an important risk factor for the development of goiter. Patients who regularly consumed ‘cabbage’ - 188 (87.4%) had a higher rate of goiter compared to those who did not - 64 (47.4%); (p&lt;0.001). Furthermore, those who consumed iodized salt regularly or more frequently - 54 (40%) were less likely to have goiter compared to those who did not - 128 (94.8%); (p&lt;0.001). The use of non-iodized salt and cabbage consumption were identified as predictive factors for the development of goiter.Conclusion: Randomized studies with larger study groups should be conducted. The Minister of Health, health professionals and the media should work in cooperation to raise public awareness and take necessary precautions.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 192-197

A Clinico-epidemiological Study to Evaluate the Status of Iodine Deficiency Disorder in North 24 Pargana District of West Bengal

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) being major public health problems in India, including WestBengal needs to be continuously monitored through recommended methods and indicators.Present study is aiming to assess the total goiter rate, urinary iodine excretion, iodine content of salts at households’ level among primary school children and to find association with the socio-demographic characteristics of the study population.Method: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted during March 2019 to August 2019 among 540schoolchildren of class three and four. Goiter was assessed by standard palpation technique, urinary iodineexcretion (UIE) was analyzed by wet digestion method and salt samples were tested by spot iodine testing kits.The total goiter rate (TGR) was 10.56 %. About 97.22 % of the salt samples tested were adequately iodized. Though consumption of iodized salt was adequate irrespective of socio demographic characteristics; goiter prevalence was significantly different with respect to mother’s education level. Median urinary iodine excretion was found to be with in normal range. Lastly, a comparison is made between indicators of IDD over years which showed significant fall of TGR % of North 24 Pgs and a significant increase of adequately iodized salt consumption from 2004 to 2019.Conclucion: 2019 resurvey of North 24 parganas indicates that the district achieved close to the goal of NIDDCP i.e. prevalence of IDD should be below 10%. It also proved that universal salt iodinization program has increased the household’s iodine consumption above national goal of 91.2%. Goiter prevalence is found to be less in children whose mother attend the education up to 12th standard and beyond.

Tracking Progress Towards Sustainable Elimination of Iodine Deficiency Disorders in Selected four Districts of Bihar: An Epidemiological Study

Introduction: Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDDs) remain a significant global public health challenge, with severe consequences ranging from congenital anomalies, Goitre to mental deficiency. Preventing these disorders through iodized salt consumption is cost-effective and efficient.Aims/ objective: To assess the prevalence of goitre and the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt in selected four districts (Saran, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Patna) of Bihar (a state in eastern India) using WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD criteria.Materials and Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among children aged 6-12 years.A multi-stage sampling method was employed, and iodine content in household salt samples were analysed.Results: The results showed that the prevalence of goitre ranged from 0.9% to 4.63% across districts, indicating that goitre is not a public health problem. Adequate iodized salt consumption varied from 71.95% to 86.72%,falling short of the 90% USI goal. Urinary iodine excretion data were not available due to ongoing laboratory setup in PMCH, Patna.Conclusion: The study underscores the need for strengthened monitoring and evaluation to ensure thesustainability of IDD control activities for achieving sustainable elimination of IDD in Bihar.

Thyroid volume and its correlation with thyroid function in Central India

Objectives Due to its strong correlation with age, gender, anthropometric parameters, and geographic location, thyroid gland volume varies widely. Finding the reference range of a healthy individual’s normal thyroid gland volume has become crucial for every community. Thus, the public will be better able to grade goiter, and large-scale iodine monitoring initiatives will be guided by this. Ultrasound (US) eliminates the issues of overestimation of goiter prevalence and significant interobserver variability associated with palpation estimates, as it is more accurate than clinical examination in diagnosing enlarged thyroid glands. This research aimed to use ultrasonography to determine reference ranges for total thyroid volume in the normal adult population in central India and to connect the results with thyroid function tests. Material and Methods A tertiary-care hospital hosted a prospective cross-sectional study. There were 410 healthy subjects in total. B-Grey scale imaging US was utilized to assess the overall thyroid volume by adding the volume of both lobes, which was calculated using the ellipsoid formula. In order to examine thyroid function, blood samples were obtained. Age-appropriate thyroid volume reference values were found. Results The average thyroid gland volume across all research participants was 6.90 ± 1.74 ml. The gland volume of males was considerably greater (7.30 ± 1.86 ml) than that of females (6.63 ± 1.61 ml) (P&lt;0.001). In both genders, the right lobe’s volume was considerably higher than the left lobe’s (3.76 ± 0.96 ml vs. 3.14 ± 0.89 ml, P &lt; 0.001). There was no discernible relationship between thyroid function tests and gland volume. Conclusion We made an effort to help set the reference values for our community, but more extensive research is needed to set the thyroid gland volume reference values for the entire country.

Burden of Goitre and Urinary Iodine Status among Primary School Children in Kashmir, India-Evidence from a Population-Based Iodine Deficiency Disorder Survey.

Iodine deficiency is the leading cause of preventable brain damage, with 30% of the world's population suffering from iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). The objectives of the study are to estimate the prevalence of goitre among schoolchildren in the age group of 6-12 years, to find out the proportion of households with adequately iodised salt, and to assess the dietary iodine intake by measuring urinary iodine levels in the urine samples of school-going children. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four pre-selected districts of the Kashmir division of Jammu and Kashmir in school-going children aged 6 to 12 years. Multi-stage 30 cluster sampling was used to select the study sample. For the selection of 30 clusters in each district, probability proportional to size (PPS) was employed. From each cluster, 90 children were selected. From a sub-sample of children in each district, 540 salt samples and 270 urine samples were also collected. A total of 10,800 children aged 6-12 years were examined. Grade I goitre was present in 1382 (12.8%) and 116 (1.07%) which were having Grade II goitre. The weighted prevalence of goitre for four districts was 12.6%, lowest for district Ganderbal and highest for district Shopian. Half of the population in all the districts consumed salt with iodine levels of <15 ppm. Urinary iodine levels <99.9 mg/L were present in 15.7% indicating mild to moderate iodine deficiency. Though the present survey showed some decline in the total goitre rate (TGR) from a prevalence of 14.8% in 2017 to 12.6% in 2022, it continues to be a public health problem of mild to moderate intensity in Kashmir. The salt consumed at the household level was inadequately iodised. Hence, efforts in IDD elimination activities need to be scaled up further with emphasis on iodised salt quality control and intensive education at the community level.

Thyroid volume in Turkish school-age children living in an iodine-sufficient region.

We aimed to obtain local normative data on thyroid volume evaluated by ultrasonography and iodine status by measuring urine iodine levels in school-age children living in Aydın province. In this cross-sectional study, a sample comprising 1,553 cases was meticulously selected from a total cohort of 170,461 children aged 6-17, drawn from 21 distinct educational institutions located within the Aydın region, as participants in the investigation. Those with a known chronic disease or thyroid disease were excluded from the study. The children underwent physical examinations and ultrasonography imaging of the thyroid gland, and urine samples were collected to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC). The median UIC was 189.5 (IQR=134.4) μg/L, which was optimal according to WHO criteria. Thyroid volume was found to be 4.6 (IQR=3.5) mL in girls and 4.2 (IQR=4.0) mL in boys (p=0.883). The thyroid volumes in our study were found to be smaller when compared to the WHO. According to WHO age and body surface area criteria, thyroid volume was over 97 % in 0.9 % (n=15) of cases. Thyroid volume was found to have a positive correlation with age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA) in both genders (p<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between thyroid volume and UIC. This cross-sectional study provides normative data on thyroid volume and iodine status in school-age children in iodine-sufficient population, revealing a low prevalence of goiter and correlations between thyroid volume and anthropometric measures.

Thyroid Disorders in Saudi Patients With Acromegaly: A Tertiary Care Center Experience.

Background Acromegaly is a rare disease that is frequently associated with thyroid diseases. The exact prevalence of goiter and thyroid dysfunction remains uncertain. Objectives This study aims to provide a comprehensive description of the clinical, morphological, and biochemical features of thyroid disorder in Saudi patients with acromegaly and to establish its correlation with the activity and duration of the disease. Methods This retrospective study involved patients who were diagnosed with acromegaly during the period 2006-2023 in an outpatient endocrine clinic at a tertiary hospital. Results A total of 40 patients with acromegaly (27 males and 13 females) were identified and included in the analysis, with a mean age of 46.78 ± 13.76 years and an estimated duration of disease of 8.08 ± 6.43 years.Goiter was diagnosed in 28 patients (70.0%), including multinodular goiter (MNG) (70.0%), solitary thyroid nodules (14.2%), and thyroid cysts (14.2%). Primary hypothyroidism was present at 40.0%. Goiter was not correlated with estimated insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels or disease duration. In 40 patients with nodular goiter, fine needle biopsies were performed in six cases; five nodules were benign, and one nodule was a follicular lesion of unknown significance (Bethesda III). Conclusions The patients with acromegaly have a high prevalence of nodular thyroid disorders and thyroid dysfunction. No cases of thyroid cancer were found in our study. The periodic ultrasonography assessment of the thyroid is needed for evaluating patients with acromegaly.

Analysis of iodine nutritional status of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021

Objective: To analyze the iodine nutrition status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province from 2016 to 2021. Methods: A multi-stage stratified sampling method was used to select non-residential children aged 8 to 10 years from 90 counties in Zhejiang Province. A total of 114 103 children were included in the study from 2016 to 2021. Direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry were used to detect salt iodine content and urinary iodine level, respectively, to evaluate the iodine nutritional status of children. Ultrasound was used to detect thyroid volume and analyze the current prevalence of goiter in school-age children. Results: The age of 114 103 children was (9.04 ± 0.81) years old, with 50.0% of (57 083) boys. The median of iodine content M (Q1, Q3) in children's household salt was 23.00 (19.80, 25.20) mg/kg, including 17 242 non-iodized salt, 6 173 unqualified iodized salt, and 90 688 qualified iodized salt. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 84.89%, and the coverage rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.48%. The proportion of non-iodized salt increased from 11.85% in 2016 to 16.04% in 2021 (χ2trend=111.427, P<0.001). The median of urinary iodine concentration M (Q1, Q3) in children was 182.50 (121.00, 261.00) μg/L, among which the proportions of iodine deficiency, iodine suitability, iodine over suitability, and iodine excess were 17.25% (19 686 cases), 39.21% (44 745 cases), 26.85% (30 638 cases), and 16.68% (19 034 cases), respectively. The median of urinary iodine concentration in children in inland areas [M (Q1, Q3): 190.90 (128.80, 269.00) μg/L] was significantly higher than that in children in coastal areas [M (Q1, Q3): 173.00 (113.00, 250.30) μg/L] (P<0.001). From 2016 to 2021, a total of 39 134 ultrasound examinations were conducted, and 1 229 cases of thyroid enlargement were detected. The goiter rate was 3.14% (95%CI: 2.97%-3.32%). The incidence of goiter in children in coastal areas [3.45% (95%CI: 3.19%-3.72%), 641/18 604] was higher than that in children in inland areas [2.86% (95%CI: 2.64%-3.10%), 588/20 530] (P=0.001). Conclusion: From 2016 to 2021, the iodine nutrition level of children aged 8-10 years in Zhejiang Province is generally suitable, and the rate of goiter in children meets the limit of iodine deficiency disease elimination standards.

A Meta-Analysis of the Prevalence of Children Goiter in High Water Iodine Areas of China.

Although there are now a large number of studies confirming that high iodine levels can cause goiter, there is controversy and a lack of quantitative data. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, and China Biomedical Database for literature on high iodine and goiter in children was performed with a time limit from January 2013 to October 2023. After screening the literature based on the inclusion criteria, extracting the literature data, and evaluating the risk of bias of the included studies, a single-arm meta-analysis was performed using R 4.0.4 software. Twenty-three studies with a total of 50,980 subjects were included. Meta-analysis showed that the prevalence of goiter among children in water-borne iodine-excess areas was 6.0% [95% CI (4.3%, 7.6%)], and subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of goiter in children with water iodine 100.1-150 µg/L, 150.1-300 µg/L, and > 300 µg/L was 7.5% [95% CI (0.0%, 15.8%)], 5.5% [95% CI (3.1%, 8.0%)], and 10.2% [95% CI (6.7%, 13.6%)], respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01); The prevalence of goiter among children in the northern China (5.8% [95% CI (4.1%, 7.5%)]) was higher than that in the southern China (3.5% [95% CI (1.0%, 6.0%)]) (P < 0.01); the prevalence of goiter in children with urinary iodine levels 100-199 µg/L, 200-299 µg/L, and ≥ 300 µg/L was 2.4% [95% CI (1.9%, 2.9%)], 3.3% [95% CI (1.9%, 4.8%)], and 7.3% [95% CI (4.4%, 9.9%)], respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.01); the prevalence of goiter in children aged 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 years old was 5.1% [95% CI (3.9%, 6.4%)], 8.0% [95% CI (4.0%, 11.9%)], 6.2% [95% CI (3.9%, 8.5%)], 5.5% [95% CI (0.0%, 13.2%)], and 5.4% [95% CI (0.0%, 15.1%)], and when age ≥ 9 years, the relationship between goiter prevalence and age showed a trend toward decreasing with age, but the relationship between different age was no statistical difference in the prevalence of goiter between ages. urinary iodine. The prevalence of goiter in children was higher in areas with high water iodine; the prevalence of goiter in children in the north was significantly higher than that in the south; the prevalence of goiter in children tends to increase with increased urinary iodine levels.

Prevalence of thyroid diffuse goiter and its association with body mass index and the presence of cysts and nodules in children and adolescents: the Fukushima Health Management Survey.

The main cause of diffuse thyroid goiter is autoimmune chronic thyroiditis, otherwise known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid hormones play pivotal roles in growth and development during childhood. However, the prevalence of diffuse goiter and the relationships between diffuse goiter, thyroid volume, cysts and nodules, and anthropometric measurements in children are not well known. Among 789,459 participants who participated in thyroid ultrasound examinations, 320,206 participants (male: 161,728; female: 158,478) aged 1-23 years were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to calculate the odds ratios of the standard deviation score of body mass index (BMI-SDS), the SDS of bilateral width multiplied thickness area (BWTAR-SDS) as a provisional determination of thyroid volume, and the presence of nodules or cysts for positive diffuse goiter compared with negative diffuse goiter after correction for sex and age. The prevalence of diffuse goiter increased in a female-dominant manner with aging. Compared with the absence of diffuse goiter, the age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for BMI-SDS (1 SD), BWTAR-SDS (1 SD), cysts, and nodules were 1.24 (1.21-1.27), 3.21 (3.13-3.29), 0.53 (0.50-0.58), and 1.38 (1.17-1.64), respectively. The odds ratios of nodules for positive diffuse goiter were 4.18 (1.08-16.08), 1.76 (1.01-3.07), 1.80 (1.32-2.45), and 1.34 (1.08-1.67) in the age groups 1-7, 8-11, 12-15, and 16-23 years, respectively. The age-dependent increase in the prevalence of diffuse goiter was independently associated with increased BMI and positive prevalence of nodules in young individuals.

Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among adolescent girls in the highland area of Northwest Ethiopia.

Goiter is a common public health issue in Ethiopia; however, there is not much evidence of it among adolescent girls, especially in Northwest Ethiopia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of goiter in adolescent girls living in the highlands of Northwest Ethiopia. From 5 January to 15 February 2022, 560 adolescent girls participated in this study. A multistage sampling method was used. Participants were checked for goiter using World Health Organization guidelines. Using a quick test kit, the amount of iodine in samples of table salt was determined. After being entered into Epi Info version 7, the data were exported to the SPSS version 22 for statistical analysis. Binary logistic regression was applied. It was decided to set the statistically significant level at p < 0.05. In this study, the total prevalence of goiter among adolescent girls was 33.4% (95% CI: 26.3%-39.4%). The odds of goiter were 5.3 times higher among adolescents whose families had a history of goiter (AOR = 5.34, 95% CI: 3.65-9.74). The likelihood of developing goiter was 3.7 times greater among adolescent girls who consumed cabbage at least once per week (AOR = 3.74, 95% CI: 2.46-8.31). In addition, adolescent girls who did not consume meat at all were 3.3 times more likely to develop goiter (AOR = 3.32, 95% CI: 1.95-6.78). Similarly, the odds of getting goiter among adolescent girls from families who use salt with inadequate levels of iodine (0-14) were 9.84 times greater compared to their counterparts (AOR = 9.84, 95% CI: 5.61-26.24). In the study area, goiter was very common. Therefore, the district's health sector should make an effort to raise community knowledge by spreading important messages regarding the proper use of iodized salt and food sources.

Prevalence of Goiter Disease to the Human Population of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Background: Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, continues to be a significant global health issue, affecting approximately ten million people worldwide. The prevalence of goiter is notably influenced by geographical and environmental factors, such as soil iodine content, especially in hilly terrains. Prior research has indicated a gender and age-related predisposition to the condition, with varied prevalence across different regions. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and demographic distribution of goiter in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to compare these findings with data from other regions to better understand the condition's epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to September 2022. A total of 280 patients from six tehsils within District Buner were investigated through questionnaires and medical examinations by healthcare professionals. Data collection occurred weekly across multiple healthcare facilities, including medical centers, rural health centers, and the District Headquarters Hospital in Buner. Results: Out of 280 patients, 78% were females, indicating a higher prevalence among women. The highest prevalence among males (33%) was recorded at 70 years of age, while for females, it peaked (86%) at 50 years. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 30-60 years. Multinodular goiter was the most common type observed. The data also reflected a higher incidence of goiter in hilly regions compared to plain areas, likely due to iodine deficiency. Conclusion: The study confirmed that goiter is more prevalent among females and tends to increase with age. The high incidence in hilly areas supports the association with low soil iodine content. This research underscores the need for targeted public health strategies, including iodine supplementation and education, particularly in at-risk areas.

Comparison of Thyroglobulin and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women between Counties with a Median Urinary Iodine Concentration of 100–149 μg/L and 150–249 μg/L

ObjectiveThis study explored whether thyroglobulin and thyroid disease prevalence rates were higher in pregnant Chinese women with a median urinary iodine concentration of 100–149 μg/L, compared with those with a median urinary iodine concentration of 150–249 μg/L maintained through sustainable universal salt iodization. MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study in which 812 healthy pregnant women were enrolled to collect samples of their household edible salt, urine, and blood during their routine antenatal care in the 18 counties in Fujian Province, China. The levels of salt iodine concentration, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroid hormone (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody were assessed during the routine antenatal care visits. ResultsThe median UIC (mUIC) in pregnant women was 130.8 μg/L (interquartile range = 91.5–198.1 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 100–149 μg/L (Group I), and 172.0 μg/L (interquartile range = 123.5–244.4 μg/L) in the counties with an mUIC of 150–249 μg/L (Group II). Goiter prevalence and thyroid nodule detection rates showed no difference between Group I and Group II (P > 0.05). Except for FT4 values, the TSH, FT4, FT3, Tg and Tg values > 40 (μg/L) and the thyroid diseases prevalence rate (TDR) showed no significant differences between Group I and Group II (P > 0.05), whether or not iodine supplementation measures were taken. ConclusionCompared with an mUIC of 150–249 μg/L, not only there was no difference in thyroid morphology, but also the Tg value, rate of Tg values > 40 μg/L, and TDR were not higher in pregnant women in the counties with an mUIC of 100–149 μg/L achieved through sustainable universal salt iodization in Fujian Province, China.