Goblet Cell Hypertrophy Research Articles

Acute toxicology on Danio rerio embryo and adult from Chinese traditional medicine preparation Danggui Shaoyao san

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlthough the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription of Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) presents substantial clinical efficacy and promising clinical prospects, the safety of DSS and its extracts have been inadequately investigated. The larva-adult duality of the zebrafish model offers a more efficient approach for evaluating the safety of herbal preparations in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. Aim of the studyTo investigate the acute toxicity of the extract derived from Danggui Shaoyao San, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, on both Danio rerio embryos and adult organisms. Materials and methodsThe components of DSS were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The hatching rate of Danio rerio juveniles with different concentrations of DSS was calculated and the morphological changes of juveniles after administration were observed through a microscope. The behavioral trajectory of the adult fish was recorded by the observation tower of the automated Danio rerio analysis system, and DSS's effects on the behavior was analyzed. The pathological changes of Danio rerio gills, livers, kidneys, intestines and spermaries were examined using HE staining. ResultsCompared with the control group, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L of DSS did not elicit any significant impacts on the hatching rate and morphology. Both 200 mg/L and the propylene glycol 2% reduced the hatching rate and caused the morphological teratogenic changes of the juvenile fish. The dosage of DSS below 100 mg/L had no discernible effect on the behavior of the adult fish, whereas the application of propylene glycol 2% was found to stimulate the adult fish, resulting in a notable increase in high-speed movement distance. 100 mg/L DSS group was not observed to cause any noticeable damage to the gills, livers, intestines and spermaries of Danio rerio, only mild nephrotoxicity was detected. The propylene glycol 2% group was found to result in pathological changes such as hyperplasia of epithelial cells on secondary lamellae, liver cell outline loss or atypia, tubal disorganization, goblet cell hypertrophy and irregularly arranged spermatozoa. ConclusionA viable approach for conducting toxicological studies on TCM preparations was developed and tested in this research. The findings showed that Danggui Shaoyao San has minimal acute toxicity to embryos and adult organisms at concentrations up to 100 mg/L. These results indicate that Danggui Shaoyao San is a safe TCM preparation.

Association between neuropeptides and mucins in Crohn’s disease mucous cells

Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Unlike UC, which is limited to the mucosa of the colon, CD inflammation is characterized by chronic mucosal ulcerations affecting the entire gastrointestinal tract. Goblet cells (GCs) can be found in some lining epithelia, particularly in the respiratory and digestive tracts. GCs represent the main source of mucin that are the significant components of the mucus layer; hypertrophy of GCs and an increase in mucin production are observed in many enteric infections. The cytoplasm of goblet cells may also contain neuropeptides, such as serotonin, that can be altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The defense system of the gut is represented by the intestinal mucosal barrier, its protective function is strictly connected to the regulation of the mucus layer and the coordination of the neuro-immune response. Paraformaldehyde-fixed intestinal tissues, obtained from fifteen patients with Crohn’s disease, were analyzed by immunostaining for MUC2, MUC4, 5-HT, and VAChT. This study aims to define the link between neuropeptides and mucins in mucous cells and their involvement in the inflammation process. Our results showed in mucous cells of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients a high expression of MUC4 and a decrease in the expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) demonstrating the presence of an inflammatory state.

The Impact of Two Types of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccines on Broiler Chicken Respiratory System.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccinating 1-day-old broilerchicks with two commercial vaccines such as live chronic respiratorydisease F strain (CRDF) and killed Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG)vaccines on the respiratory system. For this purpose, one-day-old broilerchicks (n=120) were randomly divided into four groups; (n=30 birdseach). All groups were treated as followed: G1(CRDF): chicks werevaccinated with live CRDF vaccine (eye drop one drop 0.03ml/dose/10 5 ),G2 (killed MG): chicks were vaccinated with killed MG vaccine injectionwith 0.3ml s.c /3 x10 10 C.F.U/ml), G3: chicks were combined vaccinatedwith killed MG and CRDF live vaccines G4: served as controlunvaccinated group. The vaccination was performed at one day old in G1(CRDF), G2(killed MG), and G3 (killed MG and live CRDF). Thehistopathological changes of the trachea and air sacs were examined andevaluated at 35 days old. The results of histopathological examination ofair sacs in the G1(CRDF) revealed various mild epithelial hyperplasiawith papillary-like growth, subepithelial lymphocytic infiltration, in G2
 (killed MG), showed hyperplastic epithelial surfaces with moderatelymphocytic infiltration mainly around congestion capillaries. While G3(killed MG and CRDF) showed focal epithelial hyperplasia (villus-like),and perivascular lymphocytic aggregation in laminar C.T. Whereas G4(control) showed normal structures without any histopathological lesions.In the trachea the histopathological changes in G1(CRDF) showed focallymphocytic aggregation with a follicle-like appearance, another sectionshowed focal epithelial and cilia loss with goblet cell hypertrophy of theadjacent gland. G2 (killed MG) showed partial loss of thin mucosa withmild and desquamation lymphocytic infiltration in lamina propria,G3(killed MG and CRDF) showed diffuse mononuclear cells (MNCs)infiltration in tracheal mucous and submucosa with evidence of cysticdilution of adjacent gland together G4 control tracheal tissue showednormal structure without any lesions. Finally, it was determined thatvaccination with killed MG and live CRDF vaccines caused a moreobvious immune reaction (lymphoproliferative infiltration) in therespiratory system, including the trachea and air sac than the vaccinationwith combined killed and live vaccines, while the live Mycoplasmavaccines individually caused minor damage, particularly in the trachea.

Морфофункціональний стан келихоподібних клітин та зміни мікробіоти товстої кишки щурів при ожирінні

Changes between the main types of mucins in the goblet cells and colonic microbiota in obese rats were studied. Paraffin histological slides of the colon of control and obese rats were stained with periodic Schiff (to visualize all mucins in the goblet cells), alcian blue with pH 2.5 (to visualize acidic mucins), aldehyde fuschin (to visualize sulphomucins), alcian blue and periodic Schiff (to distinguish between neutral and acidic mucins), alcian blue and aldehyde fuschin (to distinguish between sialo- and sulphomucins). Also, the composition of microbiota in feces was determined on selective and differential media. It has been shown, that obesity is accompanied by hypoplasia and hypertrophy of goblet cells in the crypts of the colon. The decrease in the total number of goblet cells in obese animals occurs due to cells producing mixed mucins with a predominance of acidic mucins, as well as cells producing sulphomucins or mixed sulphomucins and sialomucins. As result, the percentage of goblet cells producing neutral, mixed neutral-acidic or sialomucins increases. The percentage of cells producing acidic-neutral mucins, sulfomucins or mixed sialo- and sulfomucins decreases. At the same time, the number of Bifidobacterium and lactose-fermenting E. coli (sucrolytic bacteria) decreases in feces. The number of mannitol-negative staphylococci (transient microbiota) increases. The number of Clostridium, Staphylococcus aureus and yeast-like fungi Candida does not change.

Surtos de infecção por Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala) em Colossoma macropomum cultivado semi-intensivamente em Theobroma, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental

The aim of this study was to describe two outbreaks of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae parasitizing Colossoma macropomum raised semi-intensively in the Theobroma municipality, Rondônia state, Brazil. It was reported by owner that the animals had a history of poor weight gain and decreased food intake. C. macropomum that weighed around 1.5 kg were clinically evaluated where the body surface, fins, buccal and brachial cavity were carefully analyzed and no changes were found. N. buttnerae was the only intestinal parasite found in the specimens studied, and its distribution pattern showes a preference for the posterior portion of the intestine of C. macropomum. All 50 fish examined were parasitized by at least one N. buttnerae. This parasite was found in the digestive system of the examined fish. 100% of prevalence, 430 of intensity, 8.6 of average intensity and average abundance were found. Although there was no record of mortalities due to acanthocephalosis, damage that compromised the feed conversion of the fish was recorded. C. macropomum were infected by ingesting a crustacean containing cystacanth, the infective larval form of the parasite. Damage, such as presence of nodules, hypertrophy of goblet cells, thickening of the muscle layer, metaplasia in muscle tissue, severe edema from leukocyte infiltration in blood vessels and necrotic foci, were found in the intestine due to high infection rates of N. buttnerae. That said, inspection activities are essential for the preservation of consumer and animal health.

The Cysteine Protease Giardipain-1 from Giardia duodenalis Contributes to a Disruption of Intestinal Homeostasis

In giardiasis, diarrhoea, dehydration, malabsorption, weight loss and/or chronic inflammation are indicative of epithelial barrier dysfunction. However, the pathogenesis of giardiasis is still enigmatic in many aspects. Here, we show evidence that a cysteine protease of Giardia duodenalis called giardipain-1, contributes to the pathogenesis of giardiasis induced by trophozoites of the WB strain. In an experimental system, we demonstrate that purified giardipain-1 induces apoptosis and extrusion of epithelial cells at the tips of the villi in infected jirds (Meriones unguiculatus). Moreover, jird infection with trophozoites expressing giardipain-1 resulted in intestinal epithelial damage, cellular infiltration, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy and oedema. Pathological alterations were more pronounced when jirds were infected intragastrically with Giardia trophozoites that stably overexpress giardipain-1. Furthermore, Giardia colonization in jirds results in a chronic inflammation that could relate to the dysbiosis triggered by the protist. Taken together, these results reveal that giardipain-1 plays a key role in the pathogenesis of giardiasis.

The effects of hydrogen treatment in a cigarette smoke solution-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like changes in an animal model.

Molecular hydrogen, with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, may be suitable for the prevention and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen-oxygen (H2/O2) treatment in cigarette smoke solution (CSS)-induced COPD-like injury in a female BALB/c mouse model. Thirty mice were randomly assigned to three groups: Control (n=8), COPD (n=10), and COPD + H2/O2 (n=12). CSS was administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection twice weekly for 6 weeks during the COPD induction phase. Simultaneously, the COPD + H2/O2 group started received 75 minutes of inhalation therapy (42% H2) delivered by the Oxy-Hydrogen Generator twice daily for 9 weeks. Mice body weights and survival were measured throughout the study period. Neutrophil elastase (NE) activity and lung histopathological changes were also evaluated. The results showed a higher survival rate in the COPD + H2/O2 group compared to the COPD group (100% vs. 80%) during the induction phase. Slight decreases in body weight gains were observed in the COPD and COPD + H2/O2 groups during the first 15 days of the induction phase, but there was no significant difference in mean body weights among the three groups throughout the study period. NE activity was numerically lower in the COPD + H2/O2 group compared to the COPD group. The histopathological evaluation showed significant improvements in the H2/O2-treated mice with respect to mean linear intercept (MLI) and lesion (inflammation and emphysema) scores. Improvements in goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway epithelium were not significant. A 9-week H2/O2 inhalation therapy delivered by the Oxy-Hydrogen Generator to CSS-induced COPD-like injury in mice showed improvement in survival rate, alveolar structural changes, and histopathological lesion scores of the lung.

LUNG AND GUT MICROBIOME DURING EARLY-LIFE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION

LUNG AND GUT MICROBIOME DURING EARLY-LIFE RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS INFECTION

PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR EVALUATION OF CANINE PARVOVIRUS IN SOUTH OF IRAQ

This study is the first in southern Iraq, which shows the diagnosis ofParvovirus disease in young puppies, where the samples were collected fromsmall dogs, and this was done from April 2018 to April 2019 it was conductedon 50 dogs with different breeds ranging between (2-18) months aged of bothsexes. fecal samples were collected from infected dogs from veterinary clinics in(Basrah, Dhi Qar, Maysan and AL-Muthanna provinces) .After the autopsy ofthe dead carcass which died soon during the period (24-72) hours, bleeding inthe intestines and congestion was observed as well as the water content andadhesions, hypertrophy of the heart and necrosis in areas of pale color ofdifferent size focci are surrounded by hyperemic zone. The microscopical resultof enteric CPV lesion showed sever infiltration of inflammatory cells in themucosal layer of intestine ,hypertrophy of goblet cells in the villi andnecrotizing area in the tip of villi as well to hyperplasia of goblet cells alsoedematous fluid in mucosal layer. cardiac CPV lesion showed infiltration ofinflammatory cells in myocardial cell fibers ,also there was an area ofvacculation of some myocardial cells in addition to edematous fluid in themyocardial interstitiaum .significant increases of biochemical cardiacmarkers(cTi-1,AST,LDH and CPK) showed cardiac troponin I (cTnI), aspartatetransaminase AST, creatinine phosphatkinase (CPK), and lactate dehydrogenaseLDH which showed (0.024 ± 0.003),( 50.5±4.49),( 327.9 ± 55.01) and (467.9 ±49.1) respectively when it is compared to healthy group which showed cardiactroponin I (cTnI), aspartate transaminase AST, creatinine phosphatkinase(CPK), and lactate dehydrogenase LDH were (0.004± 0.0003),( 24.2±1.74),(90± 13.58) and (289 ±15.5), the Parvovirus contains 400 bp of matrimonialbases after being diagnosed using the polymerase chain reaction PCR and thistechnical method widely applied to provide rapid diagnosis The current studyconducts that the CPV-2 is endemic in south of Iraq ,the disease shows veryimportant clinical ,pathological and biochemical feature that lead to increasemorbidity and mortality rate.

Maternal gut microbiome regulates immunity to RSV infection in offspring.

Development of the immune system can be influenced by diverse extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence the risk of disease. Severe early life respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is associated with persistent immune alterations. Previously, our group had shown that adult mice orally supplemented with Lactobacillus johnsonii exhibited decreased airway immunopathology following RSV infection. Here, we demonstrate that offspring of mice supplemented with L. johnsonii exhibit reduced airway mucus and Th2 cell-mediated response to RSV infection. Maternal supplementation resulted in a consistent gut microbiome in mothers and their offspring. Importantly, supplemented maternal plasma and breastmilk, and offspring plasma, exhibited decreased inflammatory metabolites. Cross-fostering studies showed that prenatal Lactobacillus exposure led to decreased Th2 cytokines and lung inflammation following RSV infection, while postnatal Lactobacillus exposure diminished goblet cell hypertrophy and mucus production in the lung in response to airway infection. These studies demonstrate that Lactobacillus modulation of the maternal microbiome and associated metabolic reprogramming enhance airway protection against RSV in neonates.

The effect of volcanic ash from the eruption of mount Sinabung on the survival and tissue structure of Mahseer fish (Tor tambroides)

Volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung enters the Lau Borus River. One of the biota in the river that is affected by volcanic ash is the Mahseer fish. This study aims to determine the LC50 from the exposure of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash to Mahseer fish, water quality, and tissue histology of Mahseer fish. The concentrations of volcanic ash for toxicity tests were 0 mg/L, 66,000 mg/L, 87,000 mg/L, 115,000 mg/L, and 152,000 mg/L. The results of the probit analysis showed that the LC50 values at the exposure time at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours were 135,249 mg/L, 106,741 mg/L, 72,210 mg/L, and 68,798 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentration of volcanic ash given will accelerate the time of death of Mahseer fish, followed by damage to the skin, gill and intestinal tissue. There is muscle necrosis and the epidermis is thinning in the skin. In the gills there is hyperplasia, hypertrophy, fusion, and necrosis of cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of goblet cells, and necrosis of the intestinal villi in the intestine.

Assessment of vital organ histopathology and plasma oxidative conditions of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in earthen saltwater pond

The aim of this study was to compare gill, kidney, liver and gut histopathology, and plasma antioxidant markers of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss reared in saltwater earthen ponds in Gomishan, Iran. To this, 10000 fish were distributed in a three-ha earthen pond and 150 fish in three fiberglass tanks (2000L). Blood samples were taken after 3 months rearing with same commercial feed. The source of fish and feed was similar between the saltwater pond and fiberglass tanks. After the 3-month rearing, gill, kidney, liver and gut samples were taken from the pond fish; whereas, blood samples were taken from both the pond and tank fish. There was no significant difference in water temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH between the pond and tanks; however, water salinity and ammonia was higher in the pond compared to the tanks. Plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity of the fish in earthen ponds were significantly higher than those fish reared in fiberglass tanks; however, there was no significant in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances between the pond and tanks. The fish had various histopathological symptoms including primary and lamella hyperplasia, lamellar fusion and epithelial lifting. In the kidney section, the fish showed glomerulus shrinkage and/or disappearance, melanomacrophage aggregates and hematopoietic tissue necrosis. These fish showed necrosis and melanomacrophage aggregates in liver and goblet cell hypertrophy in gut. The results suggest that the fish in the earthen pond faced stressful conditions, which might be due to water salinity and ammonia; however, other possible factors, such as pollutants and different feeding regimen must be considered.

Патоморфологические изменения жизненно важных органов волжских рыб

The paper presents monitoring of pathological changes in the microstructure of cells and tissues of fish organs living in the lower reaches of the Volga River due to the need to identify the consequences of the environmental impact of oil and gas production enterprises located in the Astrakhan region. There have been revealed the research results of studying the state of some Volga fish species in modern conditions of their habitat. A histological analysis of the organs and tissues of pike, asp and perch was carried out. In the course of studies it was found out that all fish species studied, especially pike, had encapsulated helminthic cysts in the muscles, gills and intestines. In the fish kidneys there have been found signs of nonspecific inflammatory reactions (microcirculatory disorders, alteration and proliferation of tissues) with a predominance of dystrophic and necrotic phenomena. Fatty degeneration of varying degrees of development was detected in the liver of fish; in addition, there were observed growing connective tissues and microcirculation disorders. In all organs of the fish studied, especially in the liver, hemosiderosis was found. Epithelial proliferation and goblet cell hypertrophy were detected in the gills and intestines.

СТРУКТУРНІ ЗМІНИ У ТОВСТІЙ КИШЦІ ЩУРІВ ПРИ ОЖИРІННІ ТА ПРИ ЙОГО КОРЕКЦІЇ РАНКОВИМИ ТА ВЕЧІРНІМИ ВВЕДЕННЯМИ МЕЛАТОНІНУ

The effect of morning and evening administrations of melatonin on structural and functional changes in the large intestine of rats with obesity under conditions of the spring-autumn photoperiod (12L:12D) was studied in this work. The obesity was caused with a high-calorie diet for 6 weeks. After that, the morning or evening melatonin administrations were given to normal and obese animals at a dose of 30 mg/kg for 7 weeks. After 13 weeks, two specimens of the colon 1 cm each were taken at a distance of 3 cm from the anus; fixed in 10% formalin and in Carnua solution; paraffin sections of the large intestine were made; stained them with hematoxylin-eosin, alcian blue-carmine, or toluidine blue. Microscopic and morphometric analysis of these sections was performed. It has been shown, that obesity cause hyperactivation of the colonic mucosa, reduction of colonocytes, hypertrophy of goblet cells and overaccumulation of granules in mast cells. Morning administration of melatonin to obese animals normalizes the colonic mucosa, decreases the reduction of colonocytes, but causes the hypotrophy of goblet cells. Evening administration of melatonin significantly decreases the reduction of colonocytes, but does not eliminate other changes caused by obesity. The administration of melatonin (both morning and evening) to animals without obesity causes an activation of the mucosa, hypertrophy of goblet cells, reduction of colonocytes, and does not change the state of mast cells. Consequently, it cannot make a clear conclusion about the possibility of correction of all structural-functional changes in the large intestine during obesity by melatonin. Although, the morning administration of melatonin had some normalizing effects on the colon and it was more effective than evening administration.

Role of inflammatory cells in airway remodeling in COPD.

COPD is characterized by chronic bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, and emphysema, leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. Inflammation is central for the development of COPD. Chronic inflammation in COPD mainly involves the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells into the small airways. The contribution of resident airway structural cells to the inflammatory process is also important in COPD. Airway remodeling consists of detrimental changes in structural tissues and cells including airway wall thickening, epithelial metaplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy, and smooth muscle hyperplasia. Persistent airway inflammation might contribute to airway remodeling and small airway obstruction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we will provide an overview of recent insights into the role of major immunoinflammatory cells in COPD airway remodeling.

Pathological and Clinical Pathological Changes Induced by Four-week, Repeated-dose, Oral Administration of the Wood Preservative Chromated Copper Arsenate in Wistar Rats.

Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is used as a wood preservative worldwide. Exposure to it may adversely affect human health. Some events have increased human exposure to CCA, including the Great East Japan Earthquake, which generated a large amount of lumber debris from CCA-treated woods. We elucidated the toxicity due to daily exposure to CCA over a 4-week period at doses of 0, 8, 40, and 80 mg/kg/day in Wistar Hannover rats. Chromium (Cr) and arsenic (As), but not copper, were detected in the plasma samples of rats treated with various doses of CCA. Males and females showed sedation, and males had poor body weight gain. The clinical pathologies observed in both sexes included hypochromic and microcytic anemia, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and changes in lipid and glucose levels. Histopathologically, males and females showed forestomach hyperkeratosis, mucosal epithelial hyperplasia in the small intestine, rectal goblet cell hypertrophy, and lipofuscin deposition in the proximal renal tubule. Females showed diffuse hepatocellular hypertrophy with increased 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels. These results indicated that oral administration of CCA mainly affected hematopoietic, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems owing to the toxic effects of As and/or Cr. Major toxic effects were observed in both sexes receiving 40 and 80 mg/kg/day.

Aberrant epithelial remodeling with impairment of cilia architecture in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.

Aberrant epithelial remodeling and/or abnormalities in mucociliary apparatus in airway epithelium contribute to infection and inflammation. It is uncertain if these changes occur in both large and small airways in non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (non-CF bronchiectasis). In this study, we aim to investigate the histopathology and inflammatory profile in the epithelium of bronchi and bronchioles in bronchiectasis. Excised lung tissue sections from 52 patients with non-CF bronchiectasis were stained with specific cellular markers and analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to assess the epithelial structures, including ciliated cells and goblet cells morphology. Inflammatory cell counts and ciliary proteins expression levels of centrosomal protein 110 (CP110) and dynein heavy chain 5, axonemal (DNAH5) were assessed. Epithelial hyperplasia is found in both bronchi and bronchioles in all specimens, including hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of goblet cells. The median cilia length is longer in hyperplastic epithelium [bronchi: 8.16 (7.03-9.14) µm, P<0.0001; bronchioles: 7.46 (6.41-8.48) µm, P<0.0001] as compared to non-hyperplastic epithelium (bronchi: 5.60 µm; bronchioles: 4.89 µm). Hyperplastic epithelium is associated with overexpression of CP110 and decreased intensity of DNAH5 expression in both bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. Though infiltration of neutrophils is predominant (63.0% in bronchi and 76.7% in bronchioles), eosinophilic infiltration is also present in the mucosa of bronchi (30.8%) and bronchioles (54.8%). Aberrant epithelial remodeling with impaired mucociliary architecture is present in both large and small airways in patients with refractory non-CF bronchiectasis. Future studies should evaluate the interplay between these individual components in driving chronic inflammation and lung damage in patients.

The Histopathological Effect of Rotavirus in Small Intestine of Mice Isolated from Different Area of Iraq

A total of 125 fecal samples of infants with acute gastroenteritis were collected randomly from November 2015 to March 2016. Their ages ranged from two weeks to six months. Rotavirus was diagnosed with three detection kits as well as tissue culture. The present study results revealed that 59 (47.2%), 51(40.8%), and 44(35.2%) were positive using chromatographic immunoassay, ELISA, and PCR techniques, respectively. The histopathological changes in intestine at 2 days post infection showed congested diluted blood vessels with inflammatory cells particularly neutrophils and mononuclear cells and edema in sub mucosa in addition to necrosis of crypt and hypertrophy of goblet cells.

HVEM expression by intestinal epithelial cells modulates the microbiome and epithelial immunity

Abstract The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF), is highly expressed by intestinal epithelial cells (IEC). Previously, we reported that HVEM expression by epithelial cells was required for innate immune defense from acute infections in the lung and the intestine (Nature 488:222,2012). Here, we demonstrate a novel, constitutive role of HVEM expression by IEC in microbial homeostasis and epithelial immunity. Mice with an epithelial-specific deletion of the gene encoding HVEM (HvemΔIEC) had significantly increased segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). This caused an increase in Th17 cells and IL-22+ILC3s in the intestine lamina propria. HvemΔIEC mice also exhibited increased goblet cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, crypt hyperplasia, villous atrophy as they aged, and they showed a severe defect in fucosylation of cell surface proteins, even at younger ages. Treatment with the antibiotic vancomycin eliminated SFB and decreased Th17 cells and ILC3, but did not reverse the defect in fucosylation. Our findings suggest that epithelial cell expression of HVEM is important at steady state both for shaping the intestinal microbiota and for the homeostasis of IEC in the intestine.

Morphological and histochemical changes associated with massive infection by Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) in the farmed freshwater fish Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818 from the Amazon State, Brazil.

The study describes the morphological changes associated with parasitism by the intestinal acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae in tambaqui juveniles Colossoma macropomum farmed in an excavated nursery, in Manaus (Amazon) in September 2013. After fish biometrics, analysis of macroscopic changes in morphology and counting of parasites, bowel fragments were fixed and submitted to histological and histochemical processing. All fish analyzed had acanthocephalans in the intestine; intestinal loops were milky white in color, with the presence of nodules with heavy parasitism. The changes in tissues that form the intestine varied according to the arrangement of the parasites: either free in the intestinal lumen or fixed by the proboscis on the organ wall. In the first case, the changes found were flaking, abrasion, compression, hypertrophy of goblet cells and disappearance of the villi on the mucosa, leukocytic cell infiltration in the submucosa, and muscle layer thickening. In the second case, in addition to these, other changes were observed as metaplasia in muscle tissue with its replacement by a loose connective tissue with severe leukocytic infiltration, edema in blood vessels, and necrotic foci. The histochemical analysis revealed that positive Alcian Blue mucosal cells (pH2.5) were more expressive in parasitized intestines than in intestines not parasitized by N. buttnerae.