Goat Infant Formulas Research Articles

3-Chloropropane-1,2-diol exposure adversely influenced the bio-accessibility signatures of digested infant foods by suppressing the destabilization of α-lactalbumin and d-aspartate oxidase in a dose-dependent manner.

The potential mechanisms about the health risks of endogenous 3-MCPD remain elusive. Here, we researched the influences of 3-MCPD on the metabolic landscape of digested goat infant formulas via integrative UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS-MS/MS-based peptidomics and metabolomics (%RSDs≤7.35%, LOQ 2.99-58.77μgkg-1). Digested goat infant formulas under 3-MCPD-interference caused metabolic perturbation by down-regulating levels of peptides VGINYWLAHK (5.98-0.72mgkg-1) and HLMCLSWQ (3.25-0.72mgkg-1) pertained to health-promoting bioactive components, and accelerated the down-regulation of non-essential amino acids (AAs, l-tyrosine 0.88-0.39mgkg-1, glutamic acid 8.83-0.88μgkg-1, and d-aspartic acid 2.93-0.43μgkg-1), semi-essential AA (l-arginine 13.06-8.12μgkg-1) and essential AAs (l-phenylalanine 0.49-0.05mgkg-1) that provide nutritional value. Peptidomics and metabolomics interactions elucidated that 3-MCPD altered the stability of α-lactalbumin and d-aspartate oxidase in a dose-dependent manner, and affected the flavor perception of goat infant formulas, leading to a decline of nutritional value of goat infant formulas.

Effects of infant feeding with goat milk formula or cow milk formula on atopic dermatitis: protocol of the randomised controlled Goat Infant Formula Feeding and Eczema (GIraFFE) trial

IntroductionAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition significantly affecting quality of life. A small randomised trial showed an approximately one-third lower incidence of AD in goat milk formula-fed...

Rapid detection of adulteration of goat milk and goat infant formulas using near-infrared spectroscopy fingerprints

This study aimed to establish near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) fingerprints of goat milk and goat infant formulas to detect their adulteration, and thus protect infants from allergic reactions to bovine milk proteins. Principal component analysis combined with the fingerprint method can discriminate adulterated goat milk from goat milk, and desalted bovine whey powder from desalted goat whey powder in goat infant formulas, as well as differentiate Stage 1, Stage 2, and Stage 3 goat infant formulas. The NIRS fingerprint combined with the PCA method can quickly distinguish goat milk, goat infant formulas, and their adulteration, then achieve quality control.

Exposure to short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins for infant via cow infant formula, goat infant formula and baby food

Dietary exposure is an important pathway for many pollutants from external exposure to human beings. In this study, we investigated the exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (LCCPs), which are a class of industrial compounds that are of significant concern, in different infant foods (cow infant formula, goat infant formula and baby food are collectively called infant food in this study) in Chinese market. The concentrations of ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and ∑LCCPs in infant foods were in the ranges of 6.22–273 ng/g, 13.1–2020 ng/g and 0.80–1280 ng/g, respectively. Especially, for the first time, we found that the proportion of ∑LCCPs (22.0%) in goat infant formula is almost equivalent to that of ∑SCCPs (25.0%), implying that LCCPs should also be further concerned since the related information is very scarce. There were differences between CP profiles among imported cow infant formula and Chinese cow infant formula due to the different sources of CPs to the infant formula. Imported infant foods were characterized by higher proportion of SCCPs, while Chinese infant foods were characterized by higher proportion on LCCPs. Margin of exposure results demonstrated that there was no significant health concern for the infant, but that large variation of CP concentrations and excessive feeding in practice may cause potential health threats to the infant. LCCPs were detected in all infant food samples, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of LCCPs in cow infant formula, goat infant formula and baby food. This study could provide important data of infant exposure to CPs, especially, LCCPs.

Mathematical approach to lipid oxidation of goat infant formula powder

Oxygen reacts with unsaturated fatty acids from goat milk powder to produce primary oxidation products, which break down further to secondary oxidation products causing off flavours. Milk powder oxidation experiments were conducted under accelerated storage conditions using a range of higher temperatures from 37 °C to 57 °C over a period of 12–24 weeks. The depletion of headspace oxygen concentration and the formation of hexanal concentration were found to be highly correlated (R2 0.91–0.92). The chemical kinetic constants were estimated by fitting a general nth order reaction with an Arrhenius law model with the concentration of oxygen obtained experimentally. The model was used to predict the shelf life of the milk powders under standard storage conditions at 25 °C using the relationship of oxygen consumption to hexanal production and using the results of the sensory trials that gave the limits of hexanal concentration when rancidity was detected.

Rheological and structural characterization of acidified skim milks and infant formulae made from cow and goat milk

In this study, the viscoelastic properties of goat and cow skim milks and infant formula gels induced by acidification using Glucono-δ-Lactone (GDL) were investigated by small and large deformation rheology. The microstructures of the gels were characterized via the combination of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), ultra-small angle neutron scattering (USANS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). Compared to cow infant formula gels, goat infant formula gels displayed a lower elasticity and breaking stress. Similar differences were also observed in the gels of skim goat milk and skim cow milk. Moreover, for an infant formula from the same animal species, the one with a higher casein to whey ratio exhibited a stronger mechanical gel network. CLSM observations and USANS-SANS analysis indicated that thinner protein strands and more open protein networks with higher porosity were formed in the goat milk gels than in the cow milk gels, confirming the rheological findings. Finally, SAXS revealed that the internal structure of casein micelles from goat and cow milk are different and that as expected the calcium phosphate nanoclusters (CCP) are solubilized upon acidification. The observed differences in mechanical and microstructural properties may impact the digestive behavior, as reported in previous studies.

Association of infant feeding practices in the general population with infant growth and stool characteristics

This was a prospective cohort study of 976 infants from birth to 12 months of age. Infants were fed breast milk, goat infant formula, cow infant formula, or a combination of formula and breast milk during the first 4 months of age. Data on type of milk feeding and infant growth (weight and height) were collected at birth and at 4, 8, and 12 months during routine clinical assessment. The number and consistency of bowel motions per day were recorded based on observational data supplied by the mothers. Infants fed breast milk or goat or cow infant formula during the first 4 months displayed similar growth outcomes. More of the infants fed cow infant formula had fewer and more well-formed bowel motions compared with breast-fed infants. The stool characteristics of infants fed goat formula resembled those of infants fed breast milk.

Composition and distribution of fatty acids in triglycerides from goat infant formulas with milk fat

Most infant formulas use vegetable oils in place of milk fat to provide an overall fatty acid profile similar to that of breast milk. Vegetable oils have 5 to 20% saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides unless they are modified by interesterification. Interesterification is increasingly used for the fat for infant formulas to raise the level of saturated fatty acids in the sn-2 position to 40 to 60%. The objective of this study was to verify an alternative approach to providing the appropriate fatty acid profile, including in the sn-2 position, for a goat infant formula. In this method, 55% of total fat was made from goat milk fat and 45% from a mixture of unmodified high oleic sunflower, canola, and sunflower oils in a ratio of 44:30:26. The fatty acid profile was measured by gas-liquid chromatography and the relative percentage of fatty acids in the sn-2 position of triglycerides was measured via partial deacylation with Grignard reagent using trimethylsilyl derivatives of monoacylglycerols. Mixing goat milk fat with vegetable oils produced a formula with a profile of essential fatty acids and a ratio of linoleic:α-linolenic fatty acids within the required interval of 5 to 15:1 recommended for infant formula. The proportion of palmitic acid in the sn-2 position was 31%.

Amino acid composition determined using multiple hydrolysis times for three goat milk formulations

The amino acid composition of goat milk formulations with varying protein and carbohydrate concentrations were determined. Proteins in goat milk infant formula, goat milk growing-up formula and goat whole milk powder were hydrolysed using multiple hydrolysis time intervals. A least-squares non-linear regression model was used to predict the free and protein bound amino acid concentrations. The amino acid composition of goat infant formula was compared with human milk reference values. There was good agreement between the multiple hydrolysis and single 24-h hydrolysis methods for approximately one-half of the amino acids. Tryptophan, aspartic acid, threonine, tyrosine, isoleucine, valine, serine and alanine contents were underestimated by 10.6, 5.6, 5.6, 4.7, 4.4, 3.7, 3.7 and 3.6%, respectively, by the single 24-h hydrolysis. The study provides accurate reference data on the amino acid composition of goat milk powders. Goat milk infant formula has amino acids in amounts similar to human milk reference values, when expressed on a per-energy basis.