Goat Droppings Research Articles

The Comparative Effects Of Organic Manure On The Vegetative Growth Of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia Occidentalis): Implication For School Farm Management

The study was to investigate the comparative effects of organic manure on the vegetative growth of Fluted Pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) and it’s implication for School Farm Management. The treatments used for the study were 70 kg of poultry droppings, cow dung, goat dropping, pig dung respectively and zero application manure (control). The experimental design was a Randomized Complete Block Design replicated three times. The parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, numbers of vines, stem girth, and leaf area. Mean (x) scores were used to analyse research questions. ANOVA was used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study. Fisher’s least significant difference (F-LSD) test was used to compare the means ( `X ) at 0.05 level of significance. Application of poultry droppings (PD) had the highest significant (P < 0.05) effects of plant height on fluted pumpkin when compared with other treatments of Cattle dung, Goat droppings and Pig dung from 4 – 12 WAP. Application of poultry droppings and cattle dung significantly (P < 0.05) produced highest number of vines in most stages of the experiment (4 – 12 WAP) when compared to other treatments such as pig dung and zero application. Significantly (P < 0.05), application PD produced higher number of leaves when compared to other organic manure treatments at 4 and 5 WAP. However, PD and CD (cattle dung) significantly (P < 0.05) had the same effect on number of leaves of fluted pumpkin but significantly higher when compared with other organic treatments at 11 and 12 WAP. Application of PD and CD consistently produced significant (P > 0.05) higher stem girth on fluted pumpkin when compared with other organic treatments used for the study especially from 6 – 12 WAP. Poultry manure produced highest leaf area in all the stages of vegetative growth (4 – 12 WAP). However, application of PD, CD and GD at 12 WAP produced significantly (P > 0.05) the same leaf area but significantly higher than the production of pig manure and zero application of manure. The study recommended that Poultry and cow manure should be used for Telfairia occidentalis production in the tropical rainforest especially in growth and herbage improvements. The use of poultry or cow manure as source of nutrients to the soil will ensure quick returns when used to cultivate fluted pumpkin in school farms

The Influence of Organic Manures on Proximate Composition, Minerals, Anti-nutrients and Vitamins of Selected Legume Forage

This study investigated the influence of three organic manure on the nutritional composition of three leguminous forages - Soybeans, Cowpeas, and Groundnuts, cultivated in the coastal Rainforest of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The four different organic manure used were poultry droppings, goat droppings, pig dung and a control (no manure application). Each organic manure represented a treatment group. Each group was replicated three times making a total of 12 experimental units. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Proximate analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy content. Manure type significantly (p<0.05) affected protein, carbohydrate, and moisture content. Poultry Manure had superior performance in Cowpea Forage, while Control excelled in Soybean Forage. The anti-nutrient analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate content, impacting nutritional quality. Tannin content varied significantly (Groundnut: 65.78 mg/100g, Soybean: 109.78 mg/100g, Cowpea: 37.62 mg/100g), as did oxalate (Groundnut: 393.18 mg/100g, Soybean: 185.20 mg/100g, Cowpea: 357.13 mg/100g), saponin (Groundnut: 5.71 mg/100g, Soybean: 6.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 6.63 mg/100g), and phytate (Groundnut: 160.89 mg/100g, Soybean: 30.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 21.22 mg/100g). Vitamin analysis revealed variations in vitamin C (Groundnut: 57.94 mg/100g, Soybean: 58.31 mg/100g, Cowpea: 63.17 mg/100g) and β-carotene (Groundnut: 9.73 mg/100g, Soybean: 9.46 mg/100g, Cowpea: 7.51 mg/100g), indicating nutritional attributes of the studied leguminous forages. Based on the results, the treatment involving poultry dropping, goat dropping, pig dung and control all demonstrated good performance in terms of contributing to the nutritional composition of cowpea, groundnut and soybean. Thus, the use of poultry dropping and pig dung as organic manure for farmers in the region could be recommended.

The Influence of Organic Manures on Proximate Composition, Minerals, Anti-nutrients and Vitamins of Selected Legume Forage

This study investigated the influence of three organic manure on the nutritional composition of three leguminous forages - Soybeans, Cowpeas, and Groundnuts, cultivated in the coastal Rainforest of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The four different organic manure used were poultry droppings, goat droppings, pig dung and a control (no manure application). Each organic manure represented a treatment group. Each group was replicated three times making a total of 12 experimental units. The data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Proximate analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in moisture, fat, ash, protein, fiber, carbohydrates, and energy content. Manure type significantly (p<0.05) affected protein, carbohydrate, and moisture content. Poultry Manure had superior performance in Cowpea Forage, while Control excelled in Soybean Forage. The anti-nutrient analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) differences in tannin, oxalate, saponin, and phytate content, impacting nutritional quality. Tannin content varied significantly (Groundnut: 65.78 mg/100g, Soybean: 109.78 mg/100g, Cowpea: 37.62 mg/100g), as did oxalate (Groundnut: 393.18 mg/100g, Soybean: 185.20 mg/100g, Cowpea: 357.13 mg/100g), saponin (Groundnut: 5.71 mg/100g, Soybean: 6.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 6.63 mg/100g), and phytate (Groundnut: 160.89 mg/100g, Soybean: 30.63 mg/100g, Cowpea: 21.22 mg/100g). Vitamin analysis revealed variations in vitamin C (Groundnut: 57.94 mg/100g, Soybean: 58.31 mg/100g, Cowpea: 63.17 mg/100g) and β-carotene (Groundnut: 9.73 mg/100g, Soybean: 9.46 mg/100g, Cowpea: 7.51 mg/100g), indicating nutritional attributes of the studied leguminous forages. Based on the results, the treatment involving poultry dropping, goat dropping, pig dung and control all demonstrated good performance in terms of contributing to the nutritional composition of cowpea, groundnut and soybean. Thus, the use of poultry dropping and pig dung as organic manure for farmers in the region could be recommended.

The Pathogenicity of Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus Niger Isolated from Accumulated Poultry and Goat Droppings in Immuno-Competent Albino Mice

The pathogenicity of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger isolated from poultry and goat droppings in immuno competent albino mice was investigated. A total of 12 soil samples of both poultry and goat droppings were collected and screened for the presence of Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger using microbiological standard method. The pathogenicity of the isolates on immuno-competent albino mice were investigated by challenging the mice subcutaneously using 0.5 ml of the inoculum. All mice were kept under complete observation for four (4) weeks for pathological signs and symptoms, mortalities and gross morphological lesions of the internal organs were observed and recorded. The study revealed that the total mean plate count of Aspergillus fumigatus was higher than that of Aspergillus niger and also, there were significant pathological lesions among some organs of the infected mice after a pathological cross examination. Thus, the result of the examination shows that congestion, haemorrhage, air sacculitis, pericarditis, perihepatitis and hypertrophy were observed from the immuno-competent mice under study. The obvious pathological features of these fungi on immuno-competent albino mice shows invariably that they can pose a high level life-threatening infections in immuno-compromised individuals particularly farmers handling the animals. Thus, there is need for good healthy hygiene practices, maintenance of environmental sanitation and managing the environmental factors that supports the multiplication of these fungal infections.

Growth Performance of Sterculia setigera (Del.) to Different Organic Manures

A nursery experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic manures on the growth and development of Sterculia setigera (Del.). One hundred and sixty viable seeds were collected from Sterculia setigera tree around Federal College of Wildlife Management Estate, New Bussa, Nigeria. Each soil treatment of 40 kg was thoroughly mixed with 1 kg of each of different organic manure and filled into ten polypots. Ten seeds of S. setigera were sown in each polypot and later thinned to three after sprouting. The experiment was laid in a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments consisting of poultry droppings (T1), cow dung (T2), goat droppings (T3) and top soil only (T4) as control. The experiment was replicated four times. The polypots were watered twice daily and data taken fortnightly for three months. The parameters measured included germination rate, seedling height, number of leaves, and collar girth. Results were analysed using one-way ANOVA. Results showed that the overall performance of S. setigera seedlings were not significantly affected by organic manures at p ≤ 0.05. Soil treated with poultry droppings had highest germination rate (86%) and seedling height of 18.6 cm. Poultry droppings had the highest mean number of leaves (12) and highest mean collar girth of 3 cm with cow dung. Goat droppings and top soil bot had mean value of 2 cm of collar girth. Goat droppings did not perform optimally as it had the lowest mean germination rate (53%) and leaf count (8.4). The use of organic manure to improve growth performance of seedlings should be encouraged though, using poultry and cow-dung for S. setigera may be better than others

Sustainable nano-interventions to enhance crop yield, anthocyanin content, and marketability of onion (Allium cepa)

Introduction: Agriculture predominantly follows three farming systems: natural, organic (organic manures for soil nutrition), and agrochemical intensive. Agrochemical-intensive farming uses synthetic fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and weedicides. It holds the most prominent place in the modern agriculture business. Humankind realizes that over-reliance on synthetic agrochemicals has resulted in the declining health of the ecosystem’s soil, water, and living species. It must explore strategies to reduce synthetic agrochemicals without compromising agricultural production to restore the ecological balance. Nano-formulations help lower dosages of agrochemicals, leading to the emergence of nano-agriculture. However, the critical challenge is how we could exploit nanomaterials’ power to selectively improve crop plants’ metabolic performance so that it has a better competitive edge in the field to withstand the nutrient-seeking pressure exerted by other plants.Methods: Here we have achieved the same by root treatment of the onion crop and then growing them in the presence of organic goat manure.Results: In a 2 years field trial with onion crops, we report an increase in yield through root treatment with nano-pyrite (FeS2) plus soil application of goat dropping (Test) as compared to the use of goat dropping alone (Control). In the first-year field trial (November 2018- April 2019), the total biomass (bulb + leaf) weight of the test sample was 4.75 kg (n = 86), while control samples weighed 3.5 kg (n = 83). The total bulb weight for the control and test was 2.6 and 3.6 kg, respectively. In the second-year field trial (December 2019- April 2020), the total biomass of the test sample was 2.65 kg (n = 64), while control samples weighed 2.30 kg (n = 64). We observed a yield-boosting effect of root treatment with nano-pyrite plus soil application of goat dropping in onion crops. As monitored by spectroscopic absorbance, there is a significant increase in the anthocyanin content in test bulbs (0.069) compared to control bulbs (0.02). Similarly, the relative flavanol content in test leaves (0.253) was significantly higher compared to the control samples (0.086). We have integrated nano-agriculture and organic farming, resulting in a hybrid form; nano-organic farming bolsters the metabolic fitness of the onion (Allium cepa) to achieve sustainable food production.

Development of a Simple Bioponic Method Using Manure and Offering Comparable Lettuce Yield than Hydroponics

Using locally accessible organic materials as fertilizers in hydroponics can represent a sustainable alternative to the synthetic mineral fertilizers typically used. This study aimed at developing a simple bioponic method using chicken or goat manure on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) in the nutrient film technique, requiring few inputs. The first experiment compared nutrient solutions made from chicken or goat droppings and mineral fertilizers in terms of physico-chemical parameters, plant yields, and shoot mineral content. Organic solutions were produced in two main stages before being used on plants: (1) a simple manure maceration in water to produce stock solution, followed by (2) an aerobic digestion of the filtrated and diluted stock solution according to the total mineral nitrogen (TMN). The second experiment compared different concentrations of chicken manure stock solution (60, 80, 100, or 120 mg/L TMN) to a control mineral solution. In the first experiment, both organic treatments resulted in yields significantly lower than those of the control, probably due to nitrogen scarcity. In the second experiment, all organic treatments resulted in wet and dry shoot masses similar to those obtained with the inorganic control treatment. Produce quality was also improved, with lower shoot nitrate content. Important nitrogen losses occurred in the organic solutions during aerobic digestion, particularly in the goat treatment and in the highly concentrated treatments in stock solution during the 2nd experiment (~50–65% TMN losses). This was probably caused by the presence of residual organic matter, which resulted in excessive microbial development. It can be concluded that chicken and goat manure are suitable fertilizers for lettuce hydroponic production using this method; however, further research should be carried out to improve mineralization during digestion steps.

Praktik Pembuatan Pupuk Kandang dan Pemanfaatan Lahan Kosong Sebagai Lahan Produksi Hijauan Makanan Kambing

KKN UNS, located in Kapungan Village, Polanharjo District, Klaten Regency, organized a work program entitled 'Practice of making slurry from goat manure and utilizing vacant land for goat feed production'. The purpose of this program is to increase the knowledge and skills of goat managers in Kapungan Village about the conversion of goat droppings into fertilizer and the management of uncultivated land for plantation to improve the care of goats as feed production for goats. to increase understanding. This activity takes place in Kapungan Village, Polanharjo District, Klaten Regency, Central Java. Methods of activity include lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. The results of the practice of making fertilizer from goat dung in Kapungan village and using uncultivated land as a production area for goat feed were based on the reactions of the participants who showed a high level of interest in the training materials as persons involved in livestock and agriculture. About training goals and methods. Through the training activities, the participants became more aware of the importance of feeding livestock according to their nutritional level. For the residents of Kapungan village, the direct impact of the practice of producing compost from goat dung and using uncultivated land as a goat feed production area is the development of suitable huts to reduce goat mortality. Knowledge of management and effective feeding of goats. Kapungan Village has a very high rate of goat rearing. In addition, the community gained knowledge about land management practices for animal feed and goat dung disposal

Antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability of Veillonella strains

IntroductionVeillonella, known as early colonizers in oral biofilms, take part in some infections in human. Biofilm refers to complex, sessile communities of microbes, which function as strong barriers for bacteria to survive. Biofilm matrixes surrounding bacteria enable them to withstand harsh conditions, protect against immune cells, etc., and also make them resistant to antimicrobial treatments. Thus, the knowledge of antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm formation of Veillonella will shed light on their resistance mechanism. Materials and methodTheir morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). According to the performance standards for antibiotic susceptibility testing of the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute, the Agar dilution method was used to study the susceptibility of Veillonella strains to eight antibiotics (ampicillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, cefoxitin, tetracycline, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin). In addition, we applied the crystal violet staining method to reveal the processes of biofilm formation of these Veillonella strains. ResultsV. rogosae, V. nakazawae, and V. parvula were isolated from oral cavities of healthy adults and V. ratti was isolated from dairy goat droppings. Observations by scanning electron microscopy showed that Veillonella were spherical and arranged in single or short chains. The diameter of a single cell was about 0.3–0.5 μm. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics were determined and the results showed that these four strains were all sensitive to cefoxitin, tetracycline, moxifloxacin, clindamycin and metronidazole. Among the four strains, V. ratti was resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, and V. rogosae and V. nakazawae were resistant to ampicillin. The vancomycin susceptibility of the four Veillonella strains varied greatly. The MICs of vancomycin against V. rogosae and V. ratti were greater than 256 μg/mL but the MICs of vancomycin against V. nakazawae and V. parvula were less than 2 μg/mL. V. parvula had significantly higher biofilm-forming ability than the other three strains (p < 0.05) and V. nakazawae had the weakest biofilm-forming ability. ConclusionIn this study, V. rogosae, V. nakazawae, V. parvula and V. ratti were isolated and identified. The four strains of Veillonella showed differences in MIC values for different antibiotics and biofilm-forming ability.

Adsorptive decolouration of anionic dye from water by goat dropping activated carbon prepared via microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation: process optimization using response surface methodology, isotherm and kinetics modelling

Adsorptive decolouration of anionic dye from water by goat dropping activated carbon prepared via microwave-assisted H3PO4 activation: process optimization using response surface methodology, isotherm and kinetics modelling

Effects of Pig and Goat Droppings on Soil Physiochemical Properties and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Effects of Pig and Goat Droppings on Soil Physiochemical Properties and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa for bacterial pigment production and its application on synthetic knitted fabric

This study concentrates on the isolation of bio colour producing bacteria from goat droppings and application of its colour pigment in the textile dyeing process. The isolated strain is subjected to biochemical as well as molecular characterization and is identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa using thin layer chromatography. An optimum condition for production of pigment ‘Pyocyanin (blue-green)’ has been studied by one-factor at a time approach. The pigment (Pyocyanin) is extracted using chloroform, and 0.2N hydrochloric acid. The application of this extracted bio color as coloring agent on polyester fabric has also been studied, and it is found that the color retained on the fabric is yellow, which is different from the extracted pigment colour. Color quality evaluation of dyed polyester fabric has been performed with references to international standard protocols. The color producing is found to be 1-hydroxyphenazine, obtained by the hydrolysis of Pyocyanin at high temperature (130 o C). This 1-hydroxyphenazine imparts the yellow shade to polyester fabric on dyeing.

The Effect Of Compost From Household Waste And Liquid Organic Fertilizer ‎On Growth And Yield Of Pak Choi (Brassica rapa var. Chinensis)‎

Objectives of the research were to study and create a technique in producing compost made of organic wastes from the household and its effect on growth and increase productivity of Pak Choi. The research was conducted from January to February 2017 in Karangploso, Malang, East Java. The research applied RBD with 4 replications. The treatments comprised of 2 types, such as compost of household waste that consisted of 3 levels as follow K1 = Organic wastes of household waste 100% + Superdegra decomposer + goat dropping + bran + molasses by dose 0.5 kg/polybag; K2 = Organic waste from household waste 100% + Superdegra decomposer + goat dropping + bran + molasses by dose 1.0 kg/polybag; K3 = Organic waste from household waste 100% + Superdegra decomposer + goat dropping + bran + molasses by dose 1.5 kg/polybag. Treatment of different concentrations of liquid organic fertilizer consisted of three levels that include C1 = 20 ml/500 ml water, C2 = 40 ml/500 ml water, and C3 = 60 ml/500 ml water. Data analysis used Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by LSD at level 5%. Results of analysis in the laboratory indicated that organic fertilizer from organic waste of the household waste 100% + Superdegra + goat dropping + bran + molasses produced C-organic = 18.89 and C/N-ratio = 17.33. Combination of treatments, which include organic waste (K3C2), will be able to produce Pak Choi 126.38 gram/polybag

Evaluation of the Effect of Agro Waste Formulated Compost from Goat Dropping on the Germination of Different Seeds

Agricultural wastes are often managed poorly because of the limited access to disposal facilities, hence most of agricultural wastes are burned or incinerated. One way that helps maintain the sustainability of agro-ecosystems land is the application of compost because it can recover and maintain the soil nutrients. Composting is a method for preparing organic fertilizers and it is economically and ecologically sound. In this work, the effects of agro waste compost made from goat droppings was studied to ascertain its effects on the germination of ten different seeds for seven weeks. Standard methods were used both in sample and material preparation.From the results of the germination index, cucumber rose from 30.22 at the beginning to 1148.4 after seven weeks. Cabbagefrom 211.9 to 185.92, Soya bean from 94.87 to 435, millet; 32.57 to 150. Tomato; 0 to 81, maize;160 to 209, wheat; 900 to 400, Sorghum 30.56 to 169, and no value for both Rice and Onions.Their vigor index values increased as the week progresses. There was over 80% increase in the germination index of the seeds, and staggering rise in the values of the vigor index.There, for the fact that germination index and vigor index increased it shows that the compost is matured and good and has the ability to increase the germination rate as well as make the seeds to produce normal seedlings.

Influence of Different Types of Organic Manure and Weeding Frequencies on Weed Parameters and Leafy Yield of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorious)

Field trials were carried out during 2018 and during 2019 dry season period at Federal College of Forestry and Mechanization Afaka Kaduna, located between latitude 10° 35”N and longitude 007° 21”E at altitude 644 m above sea level, to determine the influence of different types of organic manure and weeding frequencies on weed parameters and leafy yield of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorious). The experimental treatments consists of ten combinations of poultry manure + weed free, cow dung + weed free, goat dropping + weed free, poultry manure + weeding at 2 WAT, cow dung + weeding at 2 WAT, goat dropping + weeding at 2 WAT, poultry manure + weeding at 4 WAT, cow dung + weeding at 4 WAT, goat dropping + weeding at 4 WAT and no organic manure application + no weeding which were laid out in a randomize complete block design (RCBD) and replicated 3 times. The weed parameters and yield component observed and measured were common weeds that infested the plots, weed dry weight, weed control index, weed competition index and cumulative leaf yield at 2, 4, 6 WAT and at harvest. The result revealed that the plots were highly infested with three major weed species namely Synedralla nodiflora Gaertn, Gomphrena celosiodes and Cyperus esculentus. Highest weed completion index was obtained from poultry manure + weeding at 2 WAT while the least weed competition index was observed with application of cow dung + weeding at 4 WAT and goat dropping + weeding at 4 WAT respectively. The result also revealed that application of poultry manure + weed free plots had the highest mean cumulative yield value of 236 kg per hectare, closely followed by plots with application of poultry manure + weeding at 4 WAS (223 kg) per hectare compared to the control treatment that plots that have no organic manure + no weeding that had the least mean cumulative yield value of 111 kg per hectare. The study concludes that the use of poultry manure plus weed free gave the best yield of jute mallow compared to other types of organic manure and the control. It is therefore recommended that farmers in the study area should adopt the use of poultry manure plus weed free treatment to obtain bumper harvest from cultivation of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorious).

Effects of Organic Manure Source and Weeding Frequencies on Growth Parameters of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorious)

Field trials were carried out during 2018 and during 2019 dry season periods at Federal College of Forestry and Mechanization Afaka Kaduna, located between latitude 10° 35”N and longitude 007° 21”E at altitude 644 m above sea level, to determine the effects of organic manure source and weeding frequencies on growth parameters of jute mallow (Corchorus olitorious). The experimental treatments consists of ten combinations of poultry manure + weed free, cow dung + weed free, goat dropping + weed free, poultry manure + weeding at 2 WAT, cow dung + weeding at 2 WAT, goat dropping + weeding at 2 WAT, poultry manure + weeding at 4 WAT, cow dung + weeding at 4 WAT, goat dropping + weeding at 4 WAT and no organic manure application + no weeding which were laid out in a randomize complete block design (RCBD) and replicated 3 times The growth parameters observed and measured were crop vigour score, plant height, shoot diameter, number of leaves and number of primary branches. Result of the study showed that at harvest (8 WAT) all the treatments significantly affected the vigour of jute mallow crop and gave comparable score than the least observed with no nutrient + no weeding as control. The result revealed that plant growth at harvest exhibited significantly taller plant with application of poultry manure + weeding at 2 WAT. In conclusion the result obtained from the study showed that poultry manure at 4 tons /ha + weeding at 4 WAT resulted in taller plant height, wider shoot diameter, increased number of leaves, number of branches than all other treatment due to lower weed infestation, it is therefore recommended as the best treatment combination to obtained the best growth rate of jute mallow.

Effect of organic amendment on properties and nutrient loss of soils of selected parent material

Soils of Southeastern Nigeria like those of other humid tropical countries are prone to leaching due to high rainfall resulting in low fertility, nutrient status, and crop yield. Evaluating the effects of selected organic amendments on retention of nutrients in soils is of major concern and formed the purpose of the study. Soil samples were collected from Asu River Group, (ARG), Bende Ameki Group (BAG), Coastal Plain Sand (CPS) and Falsebedded Sand Stone (FBS) which were the four respective parent materials studied. Three replicates of 10 kg of prepared samples from each parent material were bagged and thereafter applied with 10 tons ha-1 each of poultry (PD) and goat droppings (PD, GD). The thoroughly mixed combinations laid in a completely randomized design (CRD) were allowed to blend for three months after which, samples were collected from each bag and analyzed. The remaining amended soils were subjected to a rainfall simulation which enabled the collection of sediment yield which was also analyzed to determine the nutrients in them. Generated soil data were analyzed with analyses of variance (ANOVA). Means were separated using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% probability level. The result showed that soil organic carbon increased from 15.80 – 17.70, 6.90 - 14.20, 7.10 – 13.90 and 11.39 - 17.50 gkg-1 in ARG, BAG, CPS and FBS respectively before and after amendment and later decreased to 10.8, 11.30, 6.70, and 8.30 g kg-1 in the sediment yield following simulation. Similarly, there were significant losses of about 23.52, 60.85; 60.00 and 47.20 % of total nitrogen to detached soils in the respective lithologies. Total nitrogen and available phosphorus losses in the soils followed the order: CPS > FBS > BAG > ARG and FBS > CPS > BAG > ARG respectively.

Performance Evaluation of Different Accession of Anacardium occidentale L. Seed under Various Substrates

This study aims to determine which accession of cashew has the best growth rate and germination in the nursery. Trial was conducted in the year 2019 using split-plot design. The first factor is the provenance of seeds, namely the Sudano-Sahelian zone and High Guinean savannah zone, and the second factor is type of organic matter entering the substratum composition cow dung (BV), goat droppings (BC) and poultry droppings (FP). The data were taken on the percentage of seed germination and growth parameters (height, number of leaves, collar diameter and leaf area). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare means between treatments and the means were separated by LSD test (Least Significant Difference). The results obtained indicate that the seed from sudano-sahelian zone has a good percentage of germination and best plant growth than those obtained from Guinean savannah highland Zone. The maximal percentage of germination after 28 days of sowing is 86.11%, 80% and 62.33% respectively in the BV, BC and FP substratum for the seed of sudano-sahelian zone against 84.44% (substratum FP), 82.22% (substratum BC) and 71.11% (substratum BV) for the seed of Guinean highland Savannah Zone. Regarding the growth of plant, for the two seed used, substrate with cow dung has high influence on the number of leaves, plant height and diameter of plant than the substrate that content the two other organic manures. In contrary, the surface area of leaf and the height to diameter ratio has been stimulated by the substratum containing goat droppings for the seed of sudano-sahelian zone. However, for the seed of Guinean highland Savannah, the high surface area was obtained in the substratum containing cow dung. The result showed that utilization of organic manures in the substrate composition may constitute a great potential for improving seed germination and plant growth of Anacardium occidentale. Seed from sudano-sahelian zone and substratum that consists cow dung and goat droppings may be suggested to farmers for better production of Anacardium occidentale saplings in a nursery.

Effect of Solids Concentration on the Kinetic of Biogas Production from Goat Droppings

This experiment was conducted at the Bioenergy laboratory of Groupe de Génies Congolais (GGC) at the Université Loyola du Congo in Kinshasa, D.R.Congo. The experiment started on May 23, 2019 and ended on July 17, 2019. The study focused on the relationship between solids concentration and the kinetic of anaerobic digestion of goat droppings in the methanation process. The feedstock consisted of goat droppings waste made into slurry of four solids concentration (SC); A=50%, B=38%, C=30% and D=25%. Each SC was repeated three times. Feedstocks were inserted in laboratory scale anaerobic digesters constructed from 5L plastic containers. The results revealed clearly that the time required for the production of biogas depends on SCs. The ratio D (1/3), i.g. 75% of water and 25% of biomass produced the biogas in 3 weeks (±22 days) and the ratio A (1/1), 50% of water and 50% of biomass, in 7 weeks and a few days (±53 days). The ratio C (1/2), 66.6% of water in the mixture, provided the biogas in ± 26 days (approximately 4 weeks) and finally, it took ±30 days (4 weeks and a few days) for ratio B to produce biogas rich in CH4 (&lt;50%). The equation f(x)= 1.1x + 1 can be used to predict the approximative number of days to produce a biogas containing more than 50% of CH4.&#x0D; The average temperature inside the reactors was found to be 28.5 ± 0.8°C during the combustion testing process implying that the reactors designed at the GGC were operating in a mesophilic regime. Finally, the pH of the digestates obtained from reactors had an average of 9.0 ± 0.2.

Growth of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Plant in Light Organic Fertilizer Media From Goat and Rabbit Dirty

Goat droppings and rabbit droppings are types of animal droppings that have not been maximally utilized. If treated with both types of impurities can produce liquid organic fertilizer that can be used in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of liquid organic fertilizer from goat manure and rabbit manure on the growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). This research was carried out in the agricultural land in the rice field area of Purbolinggo District, East Lampung.The method used in this study was an experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) pattern of one factor, namely the type of liquid organic fertilizer from goat manure and rabbit feces three times. The data obtained were analyzed by quantitative descriptive analysis. The best treatment for stem height growth is P1 (liquid fertilizer of 500 ml goat manure), with an average growth of 1.8 cm for one month. The best treatment for the number of leaves is P2 (500 ml rabbit manure liquid fertilizer), with an average growth of 4 leave.