Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering Research Articles

Goal modelling in aeronautics: Practical applications for aircraft and manufacturing designs

Traditional aircraft development follows a sequential approach: the aircraft is designed first, followed by the industrial system. This approach limits the industrial system’s performance due to constraints imposed by the pre-defined aircraft design. Collaborative approaches, however, advocate for simultaneous design of different products to create new opportunities. Within a project focused on co-designing aircraft and their industrial systems, we put goal modelling into practice to gain a comprehensive understanding of the objectives driving each system’s design and their interdependencies. The intention was to develop an approach for actively involving domain experts, even those lacking prior knowledge of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE).This paper provides a detailed account of the iterative process employed to develop and refine our approach. For each iteration, we describe the organisation of modelling sessions with experts, the resulting models, and the collected feedback. We also report on the overall approach’s reception from both industry experts and academic participants. Furthermore, we highlight recommendations and research challenges that emerged from the encountered difficulties during the iterative process, suggesting avenues for further investigation and improvement.

Requirements Elicitation for Software: Modeling Techniques

This research aims to introduce Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE), defining what is meant by a goal, the main differences between goal and requirement, also the types of goals and the sources of extracting these goals, in addition, the birth of goal modelling techniques and the reason behind using goal modelling, at last, the goal-oriented approaches, early and late requirements goal modelling techniques, this research tries to get out with the result of how goal modelling is very important in requirements engineering, in order to extract the goals and requirements in correspondence to business context, which in turn will aid in better analyses and extract the functions and processes in any organization or business.

Multi-agent based coalition formation of prosumers in microgrids using the i* goal modelling

In this paper, we discuss the role of microgrids as a “prosumer”. Microgrids are used to provide locally generated power (energy), and this concept is becoming increasingly prominent with time. Microgrids have added economic value when assuming the role of “prosumer” or “group of prosumers”. A new outlook in managing prosumers connected to the energy sharing network has led to the creation of prosumer coalition groups, which can subsequently manage numerous goals in microgrid energy systems. For achieving prosumer energy goals, Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) is deployed in this work. Hence, the purpose of this research is to develop prosumer coalition-GORE artefacts, strategising GORE players, modelling non-functional requirements and ensuring sustainable requirements engineering management in the microgrid energy system. In this research, an i* goal model has been used to design a payoff function based on the game theory concept. The key to the pricing function is its fair distribution of payoffs depending on their surplus energy generation, thus providing optimum satisfaction to the buyer. With the objective of maximising the profits earned by prosumers through intra-microgrid energy trading, this paper also designs multi-objective functions to provide optimal value by using the i* goal model. By integrating Java with the IBM CPLEX optimisation tool, a simulation model based on the proposed method was developed and analysed. The results show that the proposed approach yields better outcomes when meeting the requirements of fairness and efficiency, reducing the intermittency effect of generation through renewable resources.

Integrated Information and Communication Media Based on Organization Goal-Oriented Requirement Engineering (OGORE)

The BPD NTT pension fund is a company incorporated as a legal entity that manages and runs a pension benefit program for BPD NTT employees. In its current business process, BPD NTT does not yet have a capable media to accommodate the information and communication needs of participants and interested parties, as a business branding and service facility for the participants. The problem that occurs is in the need elicitation stage when developing the information and communication media. For example, if the development is carried out by applying the Global eXtreme Programming (GXP) model, in the exploration phase the Organizational Goal-Oriented Requirement Engineering (OGORE) method will be applied to elicit needs that base each activity on organizational goals. The results of the research are in the form of web-based information and communication media modeling based on IT goals which are described in various tasks equipped with actors and resources used as well as KPIs that are integrated into each goal.

Agile Functional Requirements Modeling from Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering: A Systematic Mapping Study

During the last two decades, the application of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering has increased in software projects, mainly because this approach is useful during the requirements analysis process and supports the realization of tasks such as requirements elaboration, validation, and planning, and can be used as part of the system life cycle, e.g. architecture and design of behavioral processes, coding, testing, monitoring, adaptation and evolution. Several approaches addressing goal-oriented requirements have already been proposed. Currently, there are several concerns about how to correctly adopt and implement it in current industrial contexts, such as agile approaches and, more specifically, its integration with user stories and acceptance criteria. This study presents a compilation of the current knowledge on adopting GORE in agile requirements specification through user stories and their acceptance criteria. A systematic mapping study guided by ten research questions was conducted, and nine primary studies were selected considering the selection criteria. The results obtained show some initiatives as goal-oriented modelling languages in different proposals for transforming goal-oriented models into user stories, among them: i* (i-star), Tropos, KAOS, GRL, AOM, and Goal Net. This study provides a solid basis for classifying existing and future approaches in the application of GORE. Researchers and practitioners can use this mapping to identify existing technical/research gaps to better address and assess their own contributions or understand existing ones.

Challenges and review of goal-oriented requirements engineering based competitive non-functional requirements analysis

Modelling and analysis in software system development can be especially challenging in early requirements engineering (RE), where high-level system non-functional requirements are discovered. In the early stage, hard to measure non-functional requirements are critical; understanding the interactions between systems and stakeholders is key to system success. Goal-oriented requirements engineering (GORE) has been successful in dealing with the issues that may arise during the analysis of requirements. While assisting in the analysis of requirements, i* goal model is the only framework available among the many GORE models, emphasising socio-technical domains such as stakeholders/actors/players, goals/objectives, dependencies and design options/alternatives. Most current approaches to goal-model analysis use quantitative methods or formal information that is hard to gather in early RE, or produce analysis results automatically over models. In real-time competitive applications, the goals of various stakeholders are conflicting in complex systems. Also, each of the system goals have various alternative design options for the systems and optimal selection of goal-oriented requirements faces several challenges in requirements-based engineering. Hence, effective decision-making frameworks are necessary to capture the real issues to achieve multi-objective optimisation of interdependent actors. To obtain an optimum strategy for interdependent actors in the i* goal model must balance the opposing goals reciprocally. To achieve this, the model needs to go beyond the analytical decision-making tools such as sensitivity analysis tasks, cost-effective analysis process, game-theoretic concepts and analytical hierarchical process. To address these requirements, this paper discusses the design of novel frameworks for an agent-based goal model analysis in requirements engineering. The objective of this paper is to provide a brief and comprehensive review of the major efforts undertaken along this line of research. In this paper we have prepared literature review of the concepts, terminology, significance and techniques of Goal oriented requirements engineering in the context of non-functional requirements analysis.

ОБЗОР МЕТОДОЛОГИЙ ПЕРЕХОДА ОТ ТРЕБОВАНИЙ К РЕШЕНИЯМ В СИСТЕМНОЙ ИНЖЕНЕРИИ

The creation of rules for transitions between design stages: the goals of the consumer of the system, system requirements, technical solutions and consumer properties of systems, remains one of the most important aspects of the development of complex systems. The article discusses the INCOSE decisions on the topic and justifies the need to introduce regularity in connection between the design stages in order to validate and validate each action. To simplify the transitions between the stages, three methodologies are compared with each other: the unified modeling language UML, the ontological language OntoUML and the modeling methodology IDEF0, the article also explains why it is suggested to apply the IDEF0 notation together with the Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering approach, which allows compensating for some of the shortcomings of that notation

Requirements Engineering of Village Innovation Application Using Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE)

The delay in the absorption of village funds from the central government to the village government is due to the village government's difficulty preparing village development innovation programs. The innovation tradition will grow if the cycle of transformation of knowledge and acceptable practices from one village to another, especially villages with similar conditions and problems, can run smoothly. For the process of exchanging knowledge and experiences between villages to run smoothly, it is necessary to codify best practices in a structured, documented, and disseminated manner. This research aims to design an application that functions as a medium for sharing knowledge about the use of village funds through government innovation narratives. The application is expected to become a reference for villages to carry out innovative practices by conducting replication studies and replicating acceptable practices that other villages have done. Therefore, it is necessary to have a system requirements elicitation method that can explore the village's requirements in sharing knowledge so that the resulting system is of high quality and by the objectives of being developed. There are several Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) methods used, such as Knowledge Acquisition in Automated Specification (KAOS) and requirements engineering based on business processes. In this research, the KAOS method was demonstrated as the elicitation activity of a village innovation system. Then the results were stated in the Goal Tree Model (GTM). Model building begins with discussions with the manager of the village innovation program to produce goals. The goals are then broken down into several sub-goals using the KAOS method. The KAOS method is used for the requirements elicitation process resulting in functional and non-functional requirements. This research is the elicitation of the requirement for the village innovation system so that it can demonstrate the initial steps in determining the requirements of the village innovation system before carrying out the design process and the system creation process. The results of this requirement elicitation can be used further in the software engineering process to produce quality and appropriate village innovation applications.

Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering: State of the Art and Research Trend

The Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) is one approach that is widely used for the early stages of software development. This method continues to develop in the last three decades. In this paper, a literature study is conducted to determine the GORE state of the art. The study begins with a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) was conducted to determine the research trend in the last five years. This study reviewed 126 papers published from 2016 to 2020. The research continues with the author's search for scientific articles about GORE. There are 26 authors who actively publish GORE research results. Twenty-six authors were grouped into seven groups based on their relation or co-authoring scientific articles. An in-depth study of each group resulted in a holistic mapping of GORE research. Based on the analysis, it is known that most research focuses on improving GORE for an automated and reliable RE process, developing new models/frameworks/methods originating from GORE, and implementing GORE for the RE process. This paper contributes to a holistic mapping of the GORE approach. Through this study, it is known the various studies that are being carried out and research opportunities to increase automation in the entire RE process.

A Formal Approach to Requirements Engineering of Automated Systems: Facing the Challenge for New Automated Systems

It is a consensus that intelligent manufacturing plants should be automated, especially in what concerns automated processes to Industry 4.0. This new manufacturing approach is based on multifunctional distributed systems that, for its turn, depend on a sound design requirements phase. Consequently, the requirement specifications became even more significant in the design of intelligent manufacturing systems, where the possibility to analyze requirements previously could save time and effort. Frequently, relevant requirements assumptions change during the engineering process due to emergent and volatile requirements—called “scope creep.” A revision of the requirements approach should be demanding to minimize this problem. The proposal presented in this work anticipates the formal representation of automated systems requirements to allow the proper analysis and validation. Also, since conventional production lines have been replaced by a product-service (production) systems (PSS), there is pressure to review the requirements phase, mainly to automated systems. To increase the accuracy, we propose a requirements cycle composed of modeling, analysis, and (formal) verification where formalization is anticipated by capturing visual modeled requirements. Alternative approaches to the functional method are also explored, considering the Goal-oriented Requirements Engineering approach, the best fit to PSS. A formal process to treat requirements in a functional approach, represented by UML diagrams, is transferred to Petri Nets and submitted to formal analysis. Traditional translation from UML to Petri Nets is replaced by an object-oriented match to Petri Nets extensions covered by the standard ISO/IEC 15.909. A comparison between this approach and the goal-oriented raises a discussion about the requirements efficiency dilemma, where functionality could be pointed as the main reason to scope creep. Therefore, a strictly functional approach is proposed with a new transference algorithm, and the results are used to support the discussion about using goal-oriented alternatives. A case study of the chemical industry illustrates the practical use of the proposal.

Sensitivity Analysis of Conflicting Goals in the i* Goal Model

Abstract Requirements engineering (RE) has been developed as a discipline to identify and then translate stakeholders’ needs into system requirements. Hence, RE is used to produce a set of specifications for developing a software system. The specifications can be applied to satisfy stakeholders and can be implemented, deployed and maintained by using their alternative design options. The past several years have seen significant improvements in RE, whereby the discipline supports the modelling and analysis of stakeholders’ goals (objectives) beyond merely incorporating these goals. Goals further help in deriving functional and non-functional requirements (NFRs) of a system. Goals play an important role in the RE process by helping elaborate the requirements. Goal-oriented requirements engineering (GORE) refers to the use of goals in RE for eliciting requirements. GORE is then used in the process of elaboration, organization, specification, analysis, negotiation, documentation and evolution of the elicited requirements. To model the software system requirements, GORE is implemented by using goals in view of goal models. Stakeholders’ goals are then represented through these goal models to assess their non-functional needs. We developed a technique for analysing conflicting goals of inter-dependent actors in a goal model. In this proposal, to ascertain stakeholders’ NFRs, we applied the cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) to a multi-objective optimisation model in the i* goal model. This optimisation model can handle large, sophisticated systems. The requirements analyst can use information derived from the input data. The CEA further facilitates the requirements analyst by including the sensitivity of conflicting goals in the i* goal model. Based on the inter-dependency relationships, the proposed approach includes the optimisation of each objective function. This approach also uses sensitivity analysis based on the economic evaluation of derived optimal values to prioritize design options. The most cost-effective design option can hence be chosen and used to further the aim of achieving conflicting goals. This proposal uses a Telemedicine System case study, making evaluations through a simulation-based analysis.

Hybrid analytic hierarchy process-based quantitative satisfaction propagation in goal-oriented requirements engineering through sensitivity analysis

In the early phase of Requirements Engineering (RE), Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) has been found to be a valuable tool. GORE plays a vital role in requirements analysis such as alternative selection decision-making process. This is carried out to determine the practicability and effectiveness of alternative approaches to arriving at quality goals. Most GORE models handle alternative selection based on an extremely coarse-grained qualitative approach, making it impossible to distinguish two alternatives. Many proposals are based on quantitative alternative choices, yet they do not offer a clear decision-making judgement. We propose a fuzzy-based quantitative approach to perform goal analysis using inter-actor dependencies in the i* framework, thereby addressing the ambiguity problems that arise in qualitative analysis. The goal analysis in the i* framework was performed by propagating the impact and weight values throughout the entire hierarchy of an actor. In this article, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is adapted with GORE to discuss the evaluation of alternative strategies of the i* goal model of interdependent actors. By using a quantitative requirement prioritisation method such as the AHP, weights of importance are assigned to softgoals to obtain a multi-objective optimised function. The proposed hybrid method measures the degree of contribution of alternatives to the fulfillment of top softgoals. The integration of AHP with goal anlaysis helps to measure alternative options against each other based on the requirements problem. This approach also includes the sensitivity analysis, which helps to check the system behaviour for change in input parameter. Hence, it facilitates decision-making for the benefit of the requirements’ analyst. To explain the proposed solution, this paper considers a telemedicine system case study from the existing literature.

ゴール指向要求工学と推論( 知能ソフトウェア工学〔第2回〕)

ゴール指向要求工学と推論( 知能ソフトウェア工学〔第2回〕)

Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering for Blockchain based Food Supply Chain

Blockchain technology is the buzz word in the industry and research fields and it is considered to be a disruptive technology. Every organization that interacts with agents and intermediaries for getting their business processes are trying to bring Blockchain in their business for the efficiency, security and trust it can bring. The world has started experimenting with blockchain but there are still a lot of basic issues that need attention as the technology is relatively new. The standards and practices for implementing this new technology are not yet in place which impede its full acceptance despite being useful. Blockchain applications have specific concerns like non-repudiation, data privacy, immutable transactions etc. which should be addressed for the implementation of technology. Goal oriented Requirements Engineering is a popular technique that helps in understanding business goals in a comprehensive manner. As a first step towards formalizing the requirements analysis, this paper focuses on identifying the goals and softgoals for blockchain enabled systems. Specifically, a case study on blockchain enabled food supply chain has been explored for identifying the goals and softgoals. These goals can then be used by software engineers or practitioners for requirements specification and system design.

Application of the TROPOS Method to Development a Website-Based Blood Stock Management System at Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) in Bandung City

Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) is a social organization in the city of Bandung. In the business process, the blood donor section has not used any software that satisfies the need to connect communities and PMI on blood donor information. So it takes software that can help the process of running blood donor business to minimize the problems that occur such as human error and not spread information about blood supply. RE (Requirement Engineering) is an early stage as an important task, as many software failures come from inconsistent, incomplete or just wrong specification requirements. In RE there is a process that is requirement analysis to do analysis of user needs. Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) is one of the models that can be used to analyse user needs. One method on the GORE model is the TROPOS method. The use of TROPOS on the development of the blood stock management software to focus on the needs analysis on the stages of modeling early requirement and late requirement. The results of the analysis are implemented into web software design. Software that has been created based on the modeling evaluated using BlackBox Testing with user acceptance test (UAT) by stakeholders. Based on the results of the assessment UAT score, the results of the respondents assessment is 3.55%, so that the blood stock management software can be used as a supporting tool to run the blood stock business process of PMI.

SELF-ADAPTIVE MODEL BASED ON GOAL-ORIENTED REQUIREMENTS ENGINEERING FOR HANDLING SERVICE VARIABILITY

Service system is currently facing environmental complexity problems, such as the need of a distributed, heterogeneous, decentralized, and interdependent system which operatesdynamically and unpredictably. This condition requires the service system to have an ability to adapt in order to realize sustainable functions. The success of service adaptation is determined by its ability to handle variability at runtime. The purpose of this research is to realize service flexibility through variability modeling, which is an extension of previous work to enrich the adaptability view. The methodology was developed through the monitor-analyse-plan-execute-knowledge control loops approach integrated into the adaptive service (service level) element within the adaptive enterprise service system metamodel based on goal-oriented requirements engineering. Service adaptation scenario was prepared through proactive and reactive adaptation mechanisms. For evaluation, the model was applied to the case of a configuration management system. The experimental results showed that the model is able to adapt to runtime variability and accomodates the growth of the service component items shown by the description of the system scalability. The proposed model has a better alternative design in analyzing variability with a total response that can be applicable in normal operations and overload. It also meets the expected level (level-5: adapting) of the adaptive capability maturity model as a standard for assessment of a service system adaptation.

Applying goal-oriented requirement engineering and refence architecture for microgrid systems

Applying goal-oriented requirement engineering and refence architecture for microgrid systems

ANALISIS WEBSITE PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MENGGUNAKAN METODE BENCHMARKING DAN GOAL ORIENTED REQUIRMENTS ENGINEERING (GORE) MODEL (STUDI KASUS: UIN JAKARTA, UIN YOGYAKARTA DAN UIN MALANG)

The library is an important source of knowledge for all academicians. One of them is the university library, the purpose of the university library is funding support from the university in providing education by providing sources of scientific information in the library. However, information sources (consisting of web sites) available in the library are currently incomplete. For this reason, a usability evaluation and design analysis of the website is required so that the library website development goals can be achieved. Requirement Analysis of this library website used the Bechmarking and Goal Oriented Requirement Engineering (GORE) methods of three library websites namely the UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta library website, Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta UIN and UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim. Benchmarking method is used to get the basic requirements by questionnaire. The GORE method is obtained based on the formulation of system objectives. To get the system requirements with the GORE method consists of actor models, Strategic Dependency diagrams, and Strategic Rationale diagrams. The results of this website analysis are the achievement of all requirements obtained and the new system of the library website of the Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta

Application of organization goal-oriented requirement engineering (OGORE) methods in erp-based company business processes

Abstract The implementation of an information system that supports company goals is the main strategy of an organization. But aligning business strategies with information system(IS) and information technology(IT) is not as easy as it seems, because there are several gaps of strategies between upper level and practical level. Often the focus in system development is only on the architecture of the future system, even though the study says that the engineering model of needs is the most important thing in the process of developing the company’s system. PT. SBS is a distributor and supplier company. Along with the development of its business, business processes also become more complex. The information system that was originally felt to be sufficient is considered to be no longer optimal so that it often results in delays in delivery with a fairly large percentage. Therefore, an Enterprise Resources Planning(ERP) system will be developed but it must be ensured that the business processes used are oriented towards organizational goals. The purpose of this study is to introduce and explain the stages of the Organization Goal-Oriented Requirement Engineering (OGORE) method as a requirement engineering method in a company’s business processes that focuses on organizational goals. The research method was done by collecting business process data and defining key performance indicators(KPIs) in a small discussion group with stakeholders in the company. The results of this method were Goal Tree Model (GTM) diagrams which was then used as a reference in describing new business processes and in preparing the requirements specification documents. The conclusion obtained that the stages of the OGORE method are able to eliminate needs according to the organization’s goals. It is also recommended to use the OGORE method as one of the requirements management steps in the Enterprise Architecture method to create new method as an agenda for the future.

Using GORE in Big Data: A Systematic Mapping Study

Big Data has developed rapidly into a hot topic that generates great attention in academia, industry and governments around the world because of its ability to process large volumes of data at a reasonable speed. The real value of Big Data lies in the help to business decision making, so it requires appropriate methods and techniques to find the requirements of the system to be developed. However, the Big Data community has focused mainly on technologies to obtain information, and not on the goal of the business. The objective of this paper is to offer an overview of how some Goal Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE) proposals are used to obtain the requirements of the Big Data system, serving as a starting point for future research. The methodology used is the Systematic Mapping. The goal models identified it is used as conceptual models for different situations: understanding the nature of business and analyzing the technical aspects for purposes of functional and non-functional requirements of Big Data system.