Goal-directed Fluid Administration Research Articles

The effect of goal-directed fluid administration on outcomes after pancreatic surgery

The effect of goal-directed fluid administration on outcomes after pancreatic surgery

The association between high-volume intraoperative fluid administration and outcomes among pediatric patients undergoing large bowel resection.

Traditional intraoperative fluid administration practices have been challenged this century with data suggesting improved outcomes with restrictive or goal-directed fluid administration during adult bowel surgery. Minimal data on outcomes associated with differing intraoperative fluid administration practice exists for pediatric patients. We assessed factors and outcomes associated with high-volume fluid administration in pediatric patients undergoing colectomy. We hypothesized that high-volume fluid administration is associated with impaired recovery and, thus, increased length of stay. A database of perioperative practice and postoperative outcomes at a tertiary pediatric hospital was queried for colectomy encounters between July 2012 and March 2017. Data extracted included patient characteristics, perioperative clinical data, and postoperative outcomes. Encounters were stratified into two groups: greater than 90th percentile fluids administered (high-volume fluid administration group) vs less than 90th percentile fluids administered. Univariable tests, multivariable logistic regression, and propensity score matched group comparisons were used to asses outcomes associated with high-volume fluid administration. A total of 209 colectomy encounters were identified from which 12 were excluded based on predetermined criteria. High-volume fluid administration was associated with length of stay >6days (AOR 8.14, CI 1.75-37.8, P=0.007), time to first meal >4days (AOR of 5.91, CI 1.30-27.17, P=0.02), and supplemental oxygen requirement >24 hours (AOR 3.60, CI 1.25-10.39, P=0.02) after adjusting for ASA status, blood loss, transfusion, and open surgery. Similarly, propensity score matched patients with high-volume fluid administration vs controls were more likely to have length of stay >6days (93% vs 54%, P=0.007), time to first meal >4days (93% vs 57%, P=0.009), and supplemental oxygen requirement >24 hours (36% vs 12%, P=0.033). High-volume fluid administration during colectomy for pediatric patients is associated with worsened postoperative outcomes suggestive of impaired recovery.

Prone Versus Sitting Position in Neurosurgery—Differences in Patients' Hemodynamic Management

Neurosurgery in general anesthesia exposes patients to hemodynamic alterations in both the prone and the sitting position. We aimed to evaluate the hemodynamic profile during stroke volume-directed fluid administration in patients undergoing neurosurgery either in the sitting or the prone position. In 2 separate prospective trials, 30 patients in prone and 28 patients in sitting position were randomly assigned to receive either Ringer acetate (RAC) or hydroxyethyl starch (HES; 130 kDa/0.4) for optimization of stroke volume. After combining data from these 2 trials, 2-way analysis of variance was performed to compare patients' hemodynamic profile between the 2 positions and to evaluate differences between RAC and HES consumption. To achieve comparable hemodynamics during surgery, a higher mean cumulative dose of RAC than HES was needed (679 mL ± 390 vs. 455 mL ± 253; P < 0.05). When fluid consumption was adjusted with weight, statistical difference was lost. Fluid administration did not differ between the prone and sitting position. Mean arterial pressure was lower and cardiac index and stroke volume index were higher over time in patients in the sitting position. The sitting position does not require excess fluid treatment compared with the prone position. HES is slightly more effective than RAC in achieving comparable hemodynamics, but the difference might be explained by patient weight. With goal-directed fluid administration and moderate use of vasoactive drugs, it is possible to achieve stable hemodynamics in both positions.

Intraoperative goal‐directed hemodynamic management in free tissue transfer for head and neck cancer

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of algorithmic physiologic management on patients undergoing head and neck free tissue transfer and reconstruction. Ninety-four adult patients were randomized to treatment and control groups. The blood pressure of the control group was managed consistent with contemporary standards. The treatment group was managed using an algorithm based on blood pressure and calculated physiologic values derived from arterial waveform analysis. Primary outcome was intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. ICU length of stay was decreased in the treatment group (33.7 vs 58.3 hours; p = .026). The complication rate was not increased in the treatment group. The goal-directed hemodynamic management algorithm decreased the ICU length of stay. Judicious use of vasoactive drugs and goal-directed fluid administration has a role in improving perioperative outcomes for patients undergoing head and neck free tissue transfer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1974-E1980, 2016.

The Effect of Non-Invasive Goal Directed Fluid Administration on Graft Function in Deceased Donor Renal Transplantation: A Pilot Study

Background: Non-invasive goal directed fluid therapy during deceased donor renal transplant (CRT) may reduce the incidence of delayed graft function. Plethysmograph Variability Index (PVI) has been shown to predict fluid responsiveness during surgery. This pilot study evaluated the feasibility of goal directed fluid administration protocol based upon PVI studying the incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) in renal transplant recipients. Methods: Twenty patients underwent primary CRT. The Control group received intravenous fluid (IVF) at a calculated constant rate. The Treatment group received a baseline IVF infusion throughout the surgery. PVI values greater than 13% were treated with 250 ml boluses of IVF. Primary end point was DGF; total IVF administration and urinary biomarker NGAL levels were secondary endpoints. Results: Treatment group at every time point received significantly less IVF. There was no significant difference in incidence of DGF between the groups. 2 patients in the Control group and 6 in the Treatment group developed DGF. NGAL was not associated with the group assignment or total IVF given (p < 0.2). Conclusions: The effectiveness of goal directed fluid therapy with non-invasive dynamic parameters has not been validated in renal transplant surgery and larger prospective studies are needed to determine its utility in renal transplantation.

Traumatic brain injury: physiological targets for clinical practice in the prehospital setting and on the Neuro-ICU.

Over many years, understanding of the pathophysiology in traumatic brain injury (TBI) has resulted in the development of core physiological targets and therapies to preserve cerebral oxygenation, and in doing so prevent secondary insult. The present review revisits the evidence for these targets and therapies. Achieving oxygen, carbon dioxide, blood pressure, temperature and glucose targets remain a key goal of therapy in TBI, as does the role of effective prehospital care. Physician led air ambulance teams reduce mortality. Normobaric hyperoxia is dangerous to the injured brain; as are both high and low carbon dioxide levels. Hypotension is life threatening and higher targets have now been suggested in TBI. Both therapeutic normothermia and hypothermia have a role in specific groups of patients with TBI. Although consensus has not been reached on the optimal intravenous fluid for resuscitation in TBI, vigilant goal-directed fluid administration may improve outcome. Osmotherapeutic agents such as hypertonic sodium lactate solutions may also have a role alongside conventional agents. Maintaining physiological targets in several areas remains part of protocol led care in the acute phase of TBI management. As evidence accumulates however, the target values and therefore therapies may be set to change.

In Reply

We thank Dr. Harper for his comments and interest on our recent study published in Anesthesiology.1We fully agree with the author that complete compliance with the enhanced recovery after surgery recommendations would have involved absence of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) in left-sided colonic surgery. Nevertheless, the largest systematic review on the role of MBP in colonic surgery (including approximately 5,000 patients) failed to demonstrate harmful effects of MBP in terms of anastomotic leakage.2 In addition, two large-scale randomized controlled trials3,4 suggested more deep intraabdominal abscesses in the absence of MBP and a significant benefit in patients who had MBP. It has also been shown that preoperative MBP is useful when intraoperative colonoscopy is required to precisely locate small tumors. Finally, although MBP has adverse physiologic effects attributed to dehydration, omission of preoperative fasting and use of individualized goal-directed fluid administration may easily and effectively compensate for this.We respectfully disagree with the author when stated that midline incision may not represent current daily for colorectal surgery. To the best of knowledge, current recommendations do not advocate use of transverse or oblique incisions for open colorectal surgery. Since the publication of the Cochrane review, the Postsurgical Pain Outcome of Vertical and Transverse Abdominal Incision randomized controlled trial5 has shown no relevant difference in pain scores and postoperative morbidity between incision types after major abdominal procedures, whereas more wound infections were seen after transverse incisions. Although problematic, these concerns are not the most important ones. Indeed, as a possible clinical benefit of wound catheters placement in oblique and/or transverse incisions has never been explored during colorectal surgery, any comparison between continuous wound analgesia, as an interventional treatment group in this setting, and epidural analgesia would have been only speculative.Until more thorough studies addressing the question have been carried out, our opinion is that there is no sufficient evidence to shift from epidural analgesia to continuous wound infiltration of local anesthetics in elective open colorectal surgery. We are convinced that the soon-to-be-published Dr. Harper’s study will help provide answers to the many remaining questions regarding the optimal analgesic regimen in open colorectal surgery.

Hemodynamic stability in an optimized propofol-remifentanil based anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery

Background and Goal of the Study: A deep level of anesthesia is often required in ophthalmic surgery to obtain optimal surgical conditions, which may induce significant cardiovascular impairment and compromise tissue oxygenation. We investigated the hemodynamic stability and tissue oxygenation in a balanced general anesthesia with remifentanil, low-dose propofol, norepinephrine and goal-directed fluid administration in patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Material and Methods: 40 consecutive patients were included after informed consent was obtained. Anesthesia was induced with 1-3 mg kg-1 propofol, 1 µg kg-1 remifentanil, 0.1 mg kg-1 cisatracurium and an additional bolus of norepinephrine 10 µg, if required. Anesthesia was maintained with 4 mg kg-1 min-1 propofol, 0.25 µg kg-1 min-1 remifentanil and 0.05 µg kg-1 min-1 norepinephrine if required and further titrated to a MAP above 80% of baseline. Propofol or remifentanil infusion was increased upon the discretion of the anesthetist and targeted to a BIS value between 40 - 60. Voluven® 500ml was administered if the plethysmographic wave variation was > 10%. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy using the Inspectra device (Model 650, Hutchinson Technology, USA) at the left thenar eminescence. Hemodynamics (cardiac index (CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR)) were measured non-invasively (Nexfin, BMEye, Amsterdam). Results and Discussion: Mean (SD) StO2 increased from 83 (6) % before induction to 86 (4) % 20 minutes after induction of anesthesia (p< 0.05) and remained stable throughout the procedure. Cardiac index dropped from 3.0 (0.7) to 2.1 (0.4) L min-1 after 20 minutes (p< 0.05). Furthermore MAP decreased from 109 (16) to 83 (14) mm Hg and HR from 73 (12) to 54 (8) bpm (both p< 0.05). 14/40 patients received a 500 ml Voluven bolus. The median (range) norepinephrine administration rate was 0.05 (0.0 - 0.10) µg kg-1 min-1. The overall median (IQR) BIS value from induction of anesthesia to the end of the procedure was stable in all patients and was 44 (40 - 51), while 3/40 patients required additional propofol or remifentanil. Conclusion: This balanced protocol based on remifentanil, low-dose propofol, norepinephrine and goal-directed fluid therapy preserves StO2 while other hemodynamic variables are within a clinically acceptable range, suggesting this protocol to be feasible for use in anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery.

Enhanced recovery in colorectal surgery: a multicentre study

BackgroundMajor colorectal surgery usually requires a hospital stay of more than 12 days. Inadequate pain management, intestinal dysfunction and immobilisation are the main factors associated with delay in recovery. The present work assesses the short and medium term results achieved by an enhanced recovery program based on previously published protocols.MethodsThis prospective study, performed at 12 Spanish hospitals in 2008 and 2009, involved 300 patients. All patients underwent elective colorectal resection for cancer following an enhanced recovery program. The main elements of this program were: preoperative advice, no colon preparation, provision of carbohydrate-rich drinks one day prior and on the morning of surgery, goal directed fluid administration, body temperature control during surgery, avoiding drainages and nasogastric tubes, early mobilisation, and the taking of oral fluids in the early postoperative period. Perioperative morbidity and mortality data were collected and the length of hospital stay and protocol compliance recorded.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 68 years. Fifty-two % of the patients were women. The distribution of patients by ASA class was: I 10%, II 50% and III 40%. Sixty-four % of interventions were laparoscopic; 15% required conversion to laparotomy. The majority of patients underwent sigmoidectomy or right hemicolectomy. The overall compliance to protocol was approximately 65%, but varied widely in its different components. The median length of postoperative hospital stay was 6 days. Some 3% of patients were readmitted to hospital after discharge; some 7% required repeat surgery during their initial hospitalisation or after readmission. The most common complications were surgical (24%), followed by septic (11%) or other medical complications (10%). Three patients (1%) died during follow-up. Some 31% of patients suffered symptoms that delayed their discharge, the most common being vomiting or nausea (12%), dyspnoea (7%) and fever (5%).ConclusionThe following of this enhanced recovery program posed no risk to patients in terms of morbidity, mortality and shortened the length of their hospital stay. Overall compliance to protocol was 65%. The following of this program was of benefit to patients and reduces costs by shortening the length of hospital stay. The implantation of such programmes is therefore highly recommended.

Central venous pressure and blood loss during intraoperative goal-directed fluid administration

Central venous pressure and blood loss during intraoperative goal-directed fluid administration

Targeting individual hemodynamics to maintain renal perfusion during pneumoperitoneum in a porcine model

Although aggressive fluid hydration prevents a decrease in renal cortical perfusion (RCP) during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, excess fluid is deleterious. We assessed whether goal-directed fluid administration, based on hemodynamic measures, would maintain RCP during pneumoperitoneum with less fluid loading. In a pilot study of 7 pigs, goal-directed fluid administration was guided by monitoring of stroke volume (SV) by esophageal Doppler measurement. During 15 mmHg CO(2) pneumoperitoneum, a bolus of 5 mL/kg 0.9% NaCl was given when SV decreased to 90% of baseline. Next, 18 pigs were randomized into 3 groups: low fluid (5 mL/kg per hour), high fluid (25 mL/kg per hour) and goal directed. Urine output, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, SV, and RCP were recorded every 15 minutes. Pilot data revealed mean RCP (mL/min per 100 g) was maintained (40 vs 39) during pneumoperitoneum using goal-directed therapy. In the randomized study, RCP was decreased in the low fluid group (43 vs 29; P= .02), but maintained in the high (46 vs 40) and goal-directed (42 vs 39) groups. Mean fluid administered in the goal-directed group during pneumoperitoneum was 10 mL/kg and only 3 of 6 of pigs required boluses. Urine output was decreased in all 3 groups. A goal-directed strategy during pneumoperitoneum allows for tailored fluid administration and maintains RCP with lower volumes of intravenous fluid.

Addition of Vasopressin to Norepinephrine as Independent Predictor of Mortality in Patients with Refractory Septic Shock: An Observational Study

To identify predictors of 28-day mortality among patients with refractory septic shock treated with norepinephrine with or without vasopressin. Prospective observational cohort study. A 1,200-bed academic medical center. One hundred thirty-seven patients with septic shock treated with norepinephrine with or without vasopressin. None. The 28-day mortality rate was 37.2% (n = 51). By multivariate analysis, significant predictors of death were norepinephrine plus vasopressin administration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 13.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.47, 30.08; p = 0.001), lack of goal-directed fluid administration during initial resuscitation (AOR 15.82; 95% CI 6.16, 40.61; p = 0.003), inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy (AOR 8.95; 95% CI 2.93, 27.33; p = 0.05), and higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score (AOR 1.14; 95% CI 1.07, 1.21; p = 0.033). Patients who received norepinephrine plus vasopressin (n = 68) had a significantly higher mortality rate than patients managed with norepinephrine alone (n = 69) 28 days after the initiation of vasopressors (54.4% vs. 20.3%; p < 0.001). This finding was confirmed in patients matched optimally across treatment groups. Our study found an association between the use of norepinephrine plus vasopressin and 28-day mortality in refractory septic shock. In view of its known mechanism of action, vasopressin contributed to this excess mortality. Further recommendations regarding the use of vasopressin await the results of large randomized trials evaluating its efficacy and safety for septic shock.

It's the Colloid, Not the Esophageal Doppler Monitor

In Reply:—Thank you for allowing us the opportunity to respond to the letter by Horowitz and Kumar. In our study, 1we investigated whether goal-directed intraoperative plasma volume expansion guided by the esophageal Doppler monitor would shorten the length of hospital stay and improve postoperative outcomes. The control and protocol groups consisted of patients undergoing similar procedures. The general anesthetic for both groups was standardized. We did not regiment the type of fluid to be administered in the control group, because we wanted this group to receive, as closely as possible, a routine standard of care. The protocol group received 6% hetastarch in saline to a maximum of 20 ml/kg, based on a fluid challenge algorithm. Patients in the protocol group received, on average, 500 ml more colloid than the control group. Hence, we could not completely rule out that additional colloid may have contributed to the findings of our study. This was stated in the discussion of the original manuscript. Goal-directed fluid administration is a strategy. Using the fluid challenge algorithm with esophageal Doppler monitoring minimizes the risk of over-resuscitation, because stroke volume is reassessed before each additional fluid bolus.A number of confounding factors in this study must be addressed in future studies. First is the timing of fluid administration. A significantly greater volume of intravenous fluid was administered toward the beginning of the surgical procedure in the protocol group than in the control group. It may be that the earlier administration of fluid resulted in better perfusion of the gastrointestinal tract and, hence, earlier resumption of gastrointestinal motility and return to normal diet.The type of fluid administered may also be important in postoperative patient outcome. In a recent study, 2we found an improvement in the quality of recovery in patients receiving a combination of colloid (6% hetastarch) and crystalloid (lactated Ringer's) versus crystalloid alone. Specifically, the colloid/crystalloid patients had a lower incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting, severe pain, and peripheral edema. Further investigations are therefore needed to study the contribution of these factors.