Gm Factors Research Articles

The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder - Parent (PSCD-P): Convergent Validity, Incremental Validity, and Reactions to Unfamiliar Peer Confederates.

Youth who experience psychopathy display multiple impairments across interpersonal (grandiose-manipulative [GM]), affective (callous-unemotional [CU]), lifestyle (daring-impulsive [DI]), and potentially antisocial and behavioral features. Recently, it has been acknowledged that the inclusion of psychopathic features can offer valuable information in relation to the etiology of Conduct Disorder (CD). Yet, prior work largely focuses on the affective component of psychopathy, namely CU. This focus creates uncertainty in the literature on the incremental value of a multicomponent approach to understanding CD-linked domains. Consequently, researchers developed the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD; Salekin & Hare, 2016) as a multicomponent approach to assess GM, CU, and DI features in combination with CD symptoms. The notion of considering the wider set of psychopathic features for CD specification requires testing whether multiple personality dimensions predict domain-relevant criterion outcomes above-and-beyond a CU-based approach. Thus, we tested the psychometric properties of parents' reports on the PSCD (PSCD-P) in a mixed clinical/community sample of 134 adolescents (Mage = 14.49, 66.4% female). Confirmatory factor analyses resulted in a 19-item PSCD-P displaying acceptable reliability estimates and a bifactor solution consisting of GM, CU, DI, and CD factors. Findings supported the incremental validity of scores taken from the PSCD-P across multiple criterion variables, including (a) an established survey measure of parent-adolescent conflict; and (b) trained independent observers' ratings of adolescents' behavioral reactions to laboratory controlled tasks designed to simulate social interactions with unfamiliar peers. These findings have important implications for future research on the PSCD and links to adolescents' interpersonal functioning.

Two-Photon Absorption-Based Upconverted Circularly Polarized Luminescence Generated in Chiral Perovskite Nanocrystals.

Upconverted circularly polarized luminescence (UCPL) processes have attracted great interest, because the chiroptical properties could be expressed in different photophysical processes. In this Letter, the first example of two-photon absorption-based upconverted circularly polarized luminescence (TP-UCPL) is demonstrated. The chiral α-octylamine-modified cesium lead bromides perovskite nanocrystals exhibited TP-UCPL with a two-photon absorption cross section at 800 nm (σ2,800nm) up to 3.68 × 104 GM and luminescence dissymmetric factor ( glum) up to 7.0 × 10-3. Depending on the molecular chirality of the capping ligands, the TP-UCPL sense can be selected and the mirror-imaged CPL is obtained. It is envisaged that this approach will afford a new viewpoint for designing UCPL processes.

Corporate and individual global mind-set and internationalization of European SMEs

This paper analyzes the effect of individual and corporate global mind-set on the internationalization of small and medium-sized European firms. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling methodology are the tools for this purpose. Results show the importance of the relationships between individual global mind-set and internationalization effect, and between corporate global mind-set and international know-how activities. Research model recognizes the relationship between individual global mind-set and corporate global mind-set. This research contributes significantly to literature by providing insight into three key areas: factors relating to corporate GM, relationship between corporate GM and internationalization factors of SMEs, and relationship between individual GM and corporate GM.

Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese populations: a hypothesis of the origin of the Chinese nation.

This paper reports the distribution of immunoglobulin Gm and Km allotypes in 74 Chinese geographical populations. These populations are derived from 24 nationalities comprising 96.6% of the total population of China. A total of 9,560 individuals were phenotyped for Gm(1,2,3,5,21) factors, and 9,611 were phenotyped for Km(1). Phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Gm haplotype frequencies and genetic distances. The results of cluster analysis show the heterogeneity of the Chinese nation, and confirm the hypothesis that the modern Chinese nation originated from two distinct populations, one population originating in the Yellow River valley and the other originating in the Yangtze River valley during early neolithic times (3,000-7,000 years ago). Frequencies of the Gm haplotype of 74 Chinese populations were compared with those of 33 populations from major racial groups. The results suggest that during human evolution, the Negroid group and Caucasoid-Mongoloid group diverged first, followed by a divergence between the Caucasoid and Mongoloid. Interrace divergence is high in comparison with intrarace divergence. There appear to be two distinct subgroups of Mongoloid, northern and southern Mongoloid. The northern and southern Mongoloid have Gm1;21 and Gm1,3;5 haplotypes as race-associate markers, respectively. Furthermore, the Caucasian-associated haplotype Gm3;5 was found in several of the minorities living in the northwest part of China. The presence of the Gm3;5 haplotype is attributed to the Caucasians living in Central Asia throughout the Silk Road. The amount of Caucasian admixture has been estimated. In contrast to the Gm haplotype distribution, Km1 gene frequencies showed a random distribution in the populations studied.

HLA-DR4 and Gm 1;21 haplotypes are associated with pseudolupus induced by venopyronum dragées.

The phenotypic frequencies of human major histocompatibility complex class I, II, and III antigens and immunoglobulin allotypes (Gm factors) were determined in 56 patients (55 women, 1 man) who had lupus-like disease induced by venopyronum dragées. The findings in these patients were compared with those of a control group. We found a significant increase of HLA-DR4 (57.1% versus 26.5%, relative risk [RR] 3.7) and a decrease of HLA-DR3 (3.6% versus 19.1%, RR 0.16) in the patient group. In addition, the haplotype Gm 1;21 (60.7% versus 32.9%, RR 3.2), and the phenotype Gm 1,3;5,21 (46.4% versus 25.8%, RR 2.5) were significantly increased. Both the haplotype Gm 1;21 and the phenotype Gm 1,3;5,21 are associated with HLA-DR4 in pseudolupus patients but not in controls. The coincidence of HLA-DR4 and Gm 1;21 markedly increases the risk of acquiring pseudolupus (RR 6.9). We conclude that the pathogenesis of pseudolupus is influenced by at least 2 independent genetic factors. A similar HLA association has been described in hydralazine-induced lupus, and this suggests a common pathogenic mechanism.

Serum Gm system in liver cirrhosis and hepatoma

Serum Gm polymorphism was studied in 69 patients with liver cirrhosis, in 64 with liver cirrhosis plus hepatoma, in 40 with hepatoma without evidence of cirrhosis, and in 256 controls. The distribution of Gm factors in liver patients differed from that in the control group, this difference apparently being due to the distribution in cirrhosis patients negative for HBsAg and anti-HBs. Furthermore, significantly more heterozygous Gm individuals were found in this group of patients than in the control group. Thus it appears that Gm heterozygous individuals are prone to develop cryptogenic cirrhosis under the influence of other, as yet undetermined factors.

Distribution of Gm and Inv factors in two samples of the Greek population.

Gm and Inv polymorphism has been investigated on a sample of the general Greek population (N = 256) and on a sample of the Achaia population of Northwestern Peloponnusus (N = 150). The estimated frequencies were, respectively in the two groups: Gm1, 0.156 vs. 0.180; Gm1,2,0.010 vs. 0.017; Gm4,12, 0.834 vs. 0.803; Inv (+1), 0.125 vs. 0.140.

Gm(1) factor in human inner ear fluid

The authors carried out investigations on the possibility of determining the Gm(1) factor in endolymph taken from human cadavers, as compared with tests of the blood. No difficulties or anomalies were found in the determination of Gm(1) factor either in the endolymph or the blood taken from cadavers.

The specificity of fetal IgM: antibody or anti-antibody?

Reference materials were produced to standardize the immunoglobulin class specificity and potency of immunofluorescent anti-IgM conjugates used for diagnostic tests for congenital syphilis. In attempting to mimic essential immunologic characteristics of syphilitic and nonsyphilitic infant sera, we evaluated these sera in comparison with processed adult sera. We were quite surprised to discover that some syphilitic babies do not produce significant quantities to IgM antibody to T. pallidum in response to their infection, as would be expected; instead, they make relatively large amounts of IgM anti-IgG. We found this to be true also for newborns and infants infected with cytomegalovirus, rubella, and toxoplasmosis. To our knowledge, this observation has not been previously reported. However, it could have been predicted from the knowledge that older infants and young children normally produce IgM antibodies to maternal IgG allotypes (Gm factors). We are disturbed that these findings suggest that currently recommended indirect immunofluorescence IgM tests for perinatal infection may not be disease specific. Our observations may be important for a better understanding of basic immunologic mechanisms of fetal-maternal to tolerance and fetal response to life-threatening infection.

Expression of IgG Allotypes in Human Lymphoid Tumor Lines Serially Transplantable in the Neonatal Syrian Hamster

Abstract The presence of Gm(a), Gm(z), Gm(f), Gm(b0) and Gm(g), genetic factors of IgG1 and IgG3 heavy (H) chains, were determined in sera from hamsters bearing 15 human lymphoid tumors by using the standard agglutination-inhibition test. Documentation of immunoglobulin synthesis had already been established, nine lines synthesizing γ H chain, three lines synthesizing µ H chain and three lines synthesizing no immunoglobulins. All γ H chain-synthesizing tumor lines expressed Gm allotypes, but only the IgG1 determinants were detected. Tumor lines were derived from two patients known to be heterozygous for Gm(a) and Gm(f). The line from one of these patients synthesized only Gm(a). In the other line, which initially synthesized both Gm factors, there was deletion of expression of of Gm(f) on serial passage in the hamster. One line intermittently expressed on serial passage an allotype not present in the donor phenotype.

Studies on cryoprecipitation: Covalent structure of a human IgG cryoglobulin and its gelation characteristics

Cleavage of a human IgG cryoglobulin (6·5 S, γ 1:λ, Gm factor 4) into its constituent L and H chains could only be accomplished in the presence of mercaptoethanol. Dissociation of Dv cryoglobulin could not be affected by structure-diruptive solutes like urea (8 M) and guanidineHCl (6 M). The weight-average apparent mol. wt as determined by sedimentation equilibrium analysis were 50,500 ± 1000 and 26,000 ± 1000 for H and L chains of Dv cryoglobulin, respectively. Sedimentation velocity analysis showed the self-association of the H chains, depending on the solvent environment. The reduced-aminoethylated H chains of Dv cryoglobulin exhibited visible cryo-gel formation and under identical experimental conditions, the L chains remained in solution. These studies indicate that the sites responsible for self-association leading to cryo-gel formation are located on the H chains which show a higher degree of resiliency after being with strong protein denaturants.

Severe allergic pulmonary oedema after plasma transfusion.

Summary. Three patients with haemophilia suffered severe febrile reactions after transfusions of fresh frozen plasma and developed pulmonary oedema which did not appear to be due to circulatory overload. The chest radiographs were characterized by widespread patchy rounded opacities resembling bronchopneumonia. In one of the patients the reaction proved fatal; in the other two, treatment was followed by the rapid resolution of symptoms, clinical signs and the abnormal chest radiograph. In two of the patients there was evidence that the reactions might have been caused by transfer of antibodies to white cell or Gm factors from the donor to the recipient. It is recommended that haemophiliacs with a history of transfusion reactions should only be treated with concentrated preparations of factor VIII and not with fresh frozen plasma.

Quantitative abnormalities of allotypic genes in families with primary immune deficiencies.

Genetic antigens of human immunoglobulin G (Gm factors) were measured in members of the families of selected patients with primary immunodeficiency. The sera of seven out of 27 heterozygous relatives had either deficient concentrations of one Gm allotype or an unbalanced ratio of Gm(f)/Gm(a). Since these markers for allelic IgG1 genes are found in almost equal amounts in normal heterozygous persons, the results suggested that there was a quantitative deficiency in the expression in serum of one Gm gene. In several families allotype abnormalities were found in three successive generations; in one instance the quantitative defect appeared to segregate independently of the Gm genes. The experimental data failed to support a recessive gene hypothesis, in that too few of the close relatives had evidence indicating that they were carriers of defective Gm genes. The results were interpreted as consistent with an inherited regulatory defect in certain families with this disorder.

Gm Factor Fetomaternal Gamma Globulin Incompatibility

Extract: Sera of 1763 normal pregnant women were screened for antibodies against Gm (a), Gm (b), and Gm (f) factors. Twenty-eight patients (1.59%) possessed specific Gm agglutinators. Incidence of fetal death, synthesis of the incompatible genetic gamma globulin factor, and levels of gamma globulin were determined. Four infants with Gm factor fetomaternal incompatibilities whose mothers possessed isoantibodies were studied over a period of from 8 to 24 months. Serial quantitative gamma globulin determinations from the affected infants produced results which compared favorably with seven control infants and normal values cited in the literature. There appeared to be no impairment of synthesis of the specific incompatible genetic gamma globulin, expressed as a titer of hemagglutination inhibition. The development of specific genetic gamma globulin factors throughout infancy is delineated. In the patients studied, no adverse effects resulted from fetomaternal gamma globulin incompatibility.Speculation: High titers of maternal Gm antibody of the gamma G fraction may traverse the placenta and result in suppression of synthesis of the corresponding gamma globulin of the infant. Low titers cannot reach the fetal circulation in sufficient quantities to produce suppression. Alternatively, despite high levels of maternal antibody, no biological effects may result.

Studies on Cryoprecipitation: IV. ENZYMIC FRAGMENTS OF A HUMAN CRYOGLOBULIN

Abstract Studies on the enzymic fragmentation of a single component 6.5 S human cryoglobulin (γ1:λ, Gm factor 4), obtained from a patient suffering from idiopathic cryoglobulinemia, were undertaken to gain a better understanding of the mechanism of temperature-dependent gel formation and its relation to the gross structure of the cryoglobulin molecule. Proteolytic scission of cryoglobulin by papain produced Fab monomers and Fc dimers of apparent molecular weights of 44,600 and 48,900, respectively. Papain fragments, individually or collectively, did not form gel. The Fab (papain) fragments, however, exhibited a dimer-monomer equilibrium dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration of the milieu. Treatment of the cryoglobulin with pepsin produced two F(ab)2 fragments, F1(ab)2 and F2(ab)2, and one Fc fragment of apparent molecular weight of 105,600, 93,000, and 40,500, respectively. The disulfide-linked pepsin fragments formed gel in neutral and alkaline buffers at 3°. An increase in the molecular size of the F(ab)2 fragments and alkaline pH produced greater gel formation. Sedimentation velocity analysis with F1(ab)2 fragment under varying conditions of temperature and pH revealed the formation of a dimer as a major polymer component and a trimer as a minor one. Carbohydrate analyses showed the presence of 10 residues of hexoses (galactose and mannose), 2 residues of fucose, 6 residues of glucosamine, and 2 residues of sialic acid.

Studies of cryoprecipitation: III. Hemodynamic and metabolic adaptation to a circulating single component cryoglobulin

The immunochemical characteristics and the physicochemical properties of a cryoglobulin, as well as the hemodynamic and metabolic adaptations to the circulating protein, were studied in a patient with Raynaud's disease. The cryoglobulin was an IgG with lambda-type L and H chains of the δ1 subgroup with one Gm factor (No. 4) on the H chain. It formed gel in bulk from the serum or plasma at 37 °C or below and caused an increase in blood viscosity and in arteriovenous differences for oxygen, carbon dioxide and glucose, and at 15 °C increased production of lactic acid and preferential utilization of oleic acid by muscle tissue. Temperature changes alone probably are insufficient to produce gel formation in vivo; however, if gel formation did occur, it would be determined predominately by the unique hydrodynamic properties of the cryoglobulin in conjunction with local changes in blood rheology.

The Gm and Inv Factors of the Thai People

The Gm and Inv Factors of the Thai People

Genetic control of gamma chain synthesis: A chemical and evolutionary study of the Gm(a) factor of immunoglobulins

The amino acid sequences of the Gm“a” peptide, the Gm“non-a” peptide and the OWM peptide of immunoglobulins have been elucidated. The results indicate that both the a and non-a peptides in humans and higher apes were evolutionarily derived from the OWM peptide in the Old World Monkeys by single-step point mutations. One mutation which converted a glutamic acid residue on the OWM peptide into an aspartic acid residue gave rise to the a peptide; while another mutation which converted a leucine residue on the OWM peptide into a methionine residue gave rise to the non-a peptide. The single locus hypothesis versus the gene complex hypothesis concerning the biosynthesis of the genetically controlled Gm factors in humans were tested by examining the peptide maps of the IgG heavy chains of homozygous Gm (a+/a+) normal individuals. The results showed that both the a and the non-a peptides were present on such peptide maps. Therefore, these results support the hypothesis that multiple loci controlled the inheritance of the γ chains (or the constant regions of γ chains) of immunoglobulins.

Propriétés physico-chimiques et immunologiques des γG humaines modifiees—II: Hétérogénéité structurale du facteur Gm(1)

In the present work, we have studied the modifications brought to the serological expression of the Gm(1) factor, after a progressive denaturation by succinylation of the normal and myeloma human γG. Purified normal γG and five myeloma γG 1, having a Gm(1) phenotype, were treated by quantities of succinic anhydride going from 0 to 20% in relation with the γG. The quantitative expression of the Gm(1) factor was followed, during the different stages of succinylation, by reactions towards five anti-Gm(1) reagents in three clearly defined groups. The inhibition power of the proteins treated by 10% succinic anhydride disappears completely with two of the agglutinating systems (type I), whereas it remains intact with two other systems, even for degrees of succinylation reaching 20% (type III). Finally, a third intermediate group composed with the last Gm(1) can be detected (type II). These factors allow to be put forward the hypothesis of a probable ‘mosaic’ of the Gm(1) factor.

Catabolism of human gammaG-immunoglobulins of different heavy chain subclasses. I. Catabolism of gammaG-myeloma proteins in man.

The rates of catabolism of human gammaG-immunoglobulins of subclasses gammaG(1), gammaG(2), gammaG(3), and gammaG(4) were studied by determining the rates of elimination from the circulation of pairs of (131)I-and (125)I-labeled gammaG-myeloma proteins in 57 patients suffering from cancer other than multiple myeloma. On the average, gammaG(1)-, gammaG(2)-, and gammaG(4)-myeloma proteins were catabolized at a rate similar to that of normal gammaG-immunoglobulin, whereas gammaG(3)-myeloma proteins were catabolized more rapidly than normal gammaG-immunoglobulin. The average half-lives for the myeloma proteins were 12.3 days for normal gammaG, 11.6 days for gammaG(1), 12.4 days for gammaG(2), 8.2 days for gammaG(3), and 11.3 days for gammaG(4). However, significant differences in catabolic rates were observed when individual myeloma proteins of a single subclass were compared. These individual variations were present within all four heavy chain subclasses. The extent of differences ranged from 10 to 47%. The catabolic rate of normal gammaG was in an intermediate range when compared with myeloma proteins of relatively long and short half-lives. The rate of catabolism of an individual myeloma protein did not correlate with its light chain type, Gm factor, carbohydrate content, or electrophoretic mobility. These findings indicate that the structure(s) related to the catabolism of gammaG-immunoglobulins are complex and differ from one immunoglobulin molecule to another.