Concentrations Of Glyphosate In Water Research Articles

Seasonal variations in the levels of glyphosate in soil, water and crops from three farm settlements in Oyo state, Nigeria

This study investigated the concentration of glyphosate in water (groundwater and surface), soil (top and sub) on cassava and maize farms within 3 farm settlements (Akufo, Ilora and Otiri Ipapo) from Ido, Oyo and Iseyin Local Government Areas of Oyo state, Nigeria. Samples of Top and sub soil were taken from the farms while water was collected from wells (groundwater) and streams (surface water) around each farm settlement using standard methods. Crops (cassava and Maize) samples were collected from each of the selected farm after harvest. The samples were collected over a six-month period to reflect seasonal variation. The glyphosate levels were determined using HPLC-FLD after liquid-liquid extraction technique for water and soxhlet extraction for soil crops The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS) values for groundwater were within the WHO limits while values recorded for surface water were above the WHO limits. The phosphate and nitrate values were high in surface water compared to groundwater. High concentration of the exchangeable cations were recorded at the top soil for all the farms with values ranging from 4.0 ± 0.1 to 8.2 ± 0.0 for Ca2+, 2.9 ± 0.0 to 5.1 ± 0.1 for Mg2+, 0.3 ± 0.2 to 0.55 ± 0.0 for Na+, and 0.32 ± 0.0 to 8.2 ± 0.0 for K+. the residual concentration of glyphosate taken from wells and taps (groundwater) were within the maximum concentration of glyphosate in drinking water (0.7 mgL−1). Glyphosate concentrations observed were higher in soil samples from all farm settlements during wet season compared to dry, higher concentrations were also observed in surface water during wet season (August) compared to dry, with Akufo farm settlement having the highest concentrations of 29.40 ± 0.83 mgL−1. The glyphosate residues were also higher in cassava (0.3 ± 0.0 mgKg−1) compared to maize (0.07 ± 0.08 mgKg−1) across each farm settlement. Generally, the higher concentrations observed during wet season in both soil and water samples were as a result of active farm activities during wet season and run off respectively. If herbicide usage is not properly monitored within these settlements, it can pose a threat to aquatic animals and humans around the settlements, thus a sustainable and conservative farming is advised.

Use of Dielectric Spectroscopy for the Study of Concentration of Glyphosate in Distilled Water

In this paper, the capability of sensing low concentrations of glyphosate in water of two interdigital capacitive transducers are analyzed using numerical simulations and measurements. Each microwave sensor is analyzed using the surface electric field produced at the resonance frequency. In addition, the reflection coefficient of each transducer submerged in water with glyphosate is measured and compared with distilled water. Prepared samples with concentrations of 1ppm/L (1 part per million over a liter of distilled water) are used for the experimental tests.

Title: Low concentrations of glyphosate in water and sediment after direct over-water application to control an invasive aquatic plant

When an invasive wetland grass degrades a Ramsar wetland and Important Bird Area, decisive management action is called for. To limit the extent and spread of European Phragmites australis, the Ontario government began the first, large-scale application of glyphosate (Roundup CustomⓇ) over standing water to control an invasive species in Canadian history. Between 2016 and 2018, over 1000 ha of marsh were treated. To assess the concentration, movement and longevity of this herbicide in treated marshes, we measured the concentration of glyphosate, its primary breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and the alcohol ethoxylate-based adjuvant AquasurfⓇ in water and sediments in areas of the highest exposure and up to 150 m into adjacent bays. The maximum observed concentration of glyphosate in water was 0.320 mg/L, occurring within 24 hr of application. The maximum glyphosate concentration in sediment was 0.250 mg/kg, occurring within about 30 days of application. AMPA was detectable in water and sediment, indicating microbial breakdown of glyphosate in the marsh, but at low concentrations (maxwater = 0.025 mg/L, maxsed = 0.012 mg/kg). The maximum distance from the point of application that glyphosate was detected in the water was 100 m, while AMPA was detectable only at the edge of where glyphosate was applied (0 m). Concentrations in water returned to pre-treatment levels (<DL) within 20–30 days of application. In sediment, glyphosate residue persisted above detection limits (>0.005 mg/kg) for over one year but less than two years. Concentrations of alcohol ethoxylates were variable in space and time, following a pattern that could not be attributed to AquasurfⓇ use. The direct, over-water application of Roundup CustomⓇ with AquasurfⓇ to control invasive P. australis did not reach concentrations deemed to pose toxicological concern to aquatic biota by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment.

Biochemical and genotoxicity assessment of a polluted urban river using the native fish Astyanax altiparanae Garutti &amp; Britski (Teleostei, Characidae)

Agriculture residues and domestic effluents are contaminants that reach aquatic ecosystems leading to toxic effects to environment and human health. These contaminants impacting mainly developing countries, due to precarious treatment of effluents and lack of legislation in the use of pesticides. Perequê River (South of Brazil) is impacted by pesticides (mainly glyphosate) and domestic effluents. The aims of this study were to analyze the concentration of glyphosate in water and sediments of Perequê River; and to evaluate the sublethal effects of the river contamination in Astyanax altiparanae using biomarkers. A sampling of water, sediment and fish were carried out in Perequê River (November/2016). The samples were collected in two sites, site 1 (S1) that is located on agriculture area and water catchment point; and site 2 (S2) located on the area with a domestic effluents influence. Water and sediment samples were used to glyphosate quantification. Fish were collected and tissues (brain, muscle, liver) were used to biochemical and genetic biomarkers. Glyphosate were quantified in S1, which is impacted by agriculture. Alterations in the liver biomarkers were not observed between the sites. However, the decrease in the AChE activity was observed in the S2, showing that the mixture of contaminants (urban and agriculture contaminants) can lead to anticholinesterasic effects. The sublethal effects observed can be a threat of environmental and human health.

Assessing Glyphosate and Fluridone Concentrations in Water Column and Sediment Leachate

In recreational water bodies, herbicides are widely used for controlling unwanted weeds, and impacts of herbicide residues on health risks to aquatic ecosystem is a serious concern. This study was aimed to improve the existing understanding of the deposition of herbicides from water column to bed sediment and leachate of herbicides from bed sediment to water column. We investigated the attachment of two herbicides with sediment and release from sediment: 1) Glyphosate; and 2) Fluridone. The goal of this study was to determine the deposition and release of Glyphosate and Fluridone in bed sediment of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. Field sampling was performed to collect water and sediment samples from Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta. Bottom dredge sampler was used for collecting sediment samples and horizontal water bottle sampler was used for collecting water samples. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the attachment and release of Fluridone and Glyphosate from sediment at a different level of initial concentrations. For analyzing Fluridone and Glyphosate in sediment leachate and water, samples were processed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based method. Observations showed that proportions of Glyphosate concentrations in water were higher than Fluridone concentrations in water, when both herbicides were inoculated in water in same quantity. On the contrary, the concentrations of Fluridone in sediment-bound leachate were higher than Glyphosate concentrations in sediment-bound leachate, regardless of the initial concentrations. Fluridone and Glyphosate concentrations in water column samples differed significantly (p < 0.05) over the time even initial concentrations of these herbicides were kept similar, which indicates that Fluridone interaction with water column was considerably different than the interaction of Glyphosate with the water column. Bed sediment can be an important sink and source for release of Fluridone and Glyphosate from bed sediment to the water column of an ambient water body. Significant concentrations of herbicides were deposited in bed sediment of Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, and eventually the high concentrations of herbicides were observed in sediment leachate.

Biochemical and histopathological effects of glyphosate on carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Glyphosate, also known by the trade names Roundup and Rodeo for agricultural use, is a broad-spectrum, translocated herbicide, used primarily in agricultural applications, and for vegetation control in non-crop areas. It is used as non-selective herbicide and for aquatic weed control in fish-ponds, lakes, canals, slow running water, etc. (USDA 1984). Glyphosate is perhaps the most important herbicide ever developed. Literature of toxicological and ecotoxicological properties of glyphosate is extremely sparse, considering its importance as herbicide. Generally, glyphosate is slightly toxic to mammals and fish, but it may have an impact on the aquatic environment and also on the other aquatic organisms (USDA 1984). Due to this, its toxicity investigation is very important. The study of sublethal effects is of special importance for toxicological evaluation of compound. The objective of this study was to investigate acute and subacute toxic effects of sublethal glyphosate concentrations in water to carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), one of the commercially most important fish species populating freshwaters of Yugoslavia.