Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Extract Research Articles

A synergistic mechanism of Liquiritin and Licochalcone B from Glycyrrhiza uralensis against COPD

BackgroundChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a refractory respiratory disease mainly attributed to multiple pathological factors such as oxidative stress, infectious inflammation, and idiopathic fibrosis for decades. The medicinal plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (ULE) was widely used to control respiratory diseases in China. However, the regulatory mechanism of scientific evidence to support the therapeutic benefits of ULE in the management of COPD is greatly limited. PurposeThis study aims to discover the potential protection mechanism of ULE on COPD via a muti-targets strategy. Study design and methodsThe present study set out to determine the potential protective effects of ULE on COPD through a multi-target strategy. In vivo and in vitro models of COPD were established using cigarette smoke and lipopolysaccharide to assess the protective effects of ULE. It was evaluated by measuring inflammatory cytokines and assessing pulmonary pathological changes. HPLC was used to verify the active compounds of the potential compounds that were collected and screened using HERB, works of literature, and ADME tools. The mechanisms of ULE in the treatment of COPD were explored using transcriptomics, connectivity-map, and network pharmacology approaches. The relevant targets were further investigated using RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry. The HCK inhibitor (iHCK-37) was used to evaluate the potential mechanism of ULE's active compounds in the prevention of COPD. ResultsULE effectively protected the lungs of COPD mice from oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis damage. After screening and verification using ADME properties and HPLC, 4 active compounds were identified in ULE: liquiritin (LQ), licochalcone B (LCB), licochalcone A (LCA), and echinatin (ET). Network pharmacology integrated with transcriptomics analysis showed that ULE mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in COPD by suppressing HCK. The combination of LCB and LQ was optimized for anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-fibrosis activities. The iHCK-37 further validated the preventive treatment of LCB and LQ on COPD by inhibiting HCK to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects. The combination of LCB and LQ, in a 1:1 ratio, exerted synergistic antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects in the treatment of COPD by downregulating HCK. ConclusionThe combination of LCB and LQ performed a significant anti-COPD effect via downregulating HCK.

Comparison of halitosis according to herbal mouthwash containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract and saline mouthwash: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect on halitosis and the antibacterial effect against halitosis-causing bacteria of the mouthwash made of the natural material, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (G. uralensis) extract. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 60 patients who visited M dental clinic located in Busan, South Korea, excluding those with systemic disease that may induce halitosis. There were 30 patients classified to the saline gargle group and the remaining 30 patients were classified to the G. uralensis extract gargle group. In addition, their level of halitosis and halitosis-causing bacteria were measured. They visited the dental clinic on a fasted state at baseline before gargle application (Baseline), immediately after gargle application (Treatment) and 5 days after gargle application (After 5 Days). For clinical indicators, participants were tested for halitosis and bacteria immediately after waking up without brushing their teeth and without hydration. The prevalence of halitosis decreased in the G. uralensis extract gargle group compared to the saline gargle group at Treatment and After 5 Days. In cases with pseudo halitosis, there was a significant decrease in halitosis-causing bacteria when G. uralensis extract gargle was applied (p < 0.05). It was identified that using a mouthwash made with G. uralensis extract is effective for halitosis improvement and reduction of halitosis-causing bacteria. Therefore, using a mouthwash containing G. uralensis extract, it will be effective in improving bad breath and oral hygiene will be possible.

Inhibition of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Activity by Components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) is a target enzyme for the treatment of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. A Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract exhibited ~50% inhibition of sEH at 100 μg/mL, and column chromatography yielded compounds 1-11. Inhibitors 1, 4-6, 9, and 11 were non-competitive; inhibitors 3, 7, 8, and 10 were competitive. The IC50 value of inhibitor 10 was below 2 μM. Molecular simulation was used to identify the sEH binding site. Glycycoumarin (10) requires further evaluation in cells and animals.

감초 추출물과 저온 플라즈마의 병용 처리가 Streptococcus mutans에 미치는 효과

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of herbal medicine and low-temperature plasma on oral diseases involving bacteria, and to utilize it in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory oral diseases.&#x0D; Methods: Streptococcus mutans, which is known as main bacteria involved in dental caries, was treated with Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract and low-temperature plasma.&#x0D; Results: Co-treated Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract and low-temperature plasma showed exceptional antimicrobial effect on S. mutans.&#x0D; Conclusions: This study suggests that co-treatment with herb medicine and low-temperature plasma inhibit bacteria safely and effectively. This method can be used to contribute to the treatment of oral diseases.

재배기간을 달리한 감초 추출물의 항산화 및 미백 활성

The purpose of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics, antioxidant and skin-whitening activity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract cultivated for different periods. The physicochemical components such as pH, total acid, reducing sugar, and content of potent functional components (glycyrrhizin, glabridin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin and glycyrrhisoflavone) and the tyrosinase inhibitory activity were investigated. Also, the antioxidant activities such as DPPH, ABTS, and total phenolic and total flavonoid content were measured. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed to be the highest in the 1-year-old (K1) sample group, and showed values of 18.32% and 6.94%, respectively. The 3-year-old (K3) sample showed the highest content of glycyrrhizin at 163.65 ㎎/100 g. Compared to the other samples, the K1 sample had a superior content of glabridin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and glycyrrhisoflavone. The K1 sample also showed the highest skin-whitening activity of 54.68±1.23%. Therefore, it was concluded that the K1 sample has good antioxidant and skin-whitening activity and thus has the potential not only as a food material but also as a cosmetic material and various industrial uses.

Traditional Chinese medicine extracts as novel corrosion inhibitors for AZ91 magnesium alloy in saline environment.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract, Raphanus sativus L. extract, Rheum palmatum extract, Coptis chinensis extract, Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE), Potentilla discolor extract (PDE) and Taraxacum officinale extract (TOE) were screened for the green corrosion inhibitors of AZ91 alloy in saline environment. The experiment results demonstrated that GUE, PDE and TOE can significantly enhance the corrosion resistance of AZ91 alloy by 73.4, 87.6 and 84.6%, respectively. Surface characterization using FTIR, UV–Vis and XPS revealed that the organic compounds of GUE, PDE and TOE can interact with the alloy surface to form a protective physisorbed film, effectively mitigating the corrosion process of AZ91 alloy. The present results may be helpful to discover the new green inhibitors with high inhibition efficiency for AZ91 alloy.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis attenuates TNF-\u03b1-induced muscle atrophy in myoblast cells through the Nrf2 and MAFbx signaling cascades

Muscle atrophy is associated with chronic diseases, such as heart failure diabetes, and aging-related diseases. Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU) extract is widely used in traditional medicine. However, no studies have evaluated the effects of GU on muscle atrophy. Thus, in this study, we assessed the effects of GU on prevention of muscle atrophy. GU reduced the levels of the TNF-α-induced muscle atrophy markers, muscle RING-finger protein-1(Murf-1) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), and upregulated myosin heavy chain expression (MyHC). It also reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B, and downregulated Smad3 proteins, which are involved in protein ubiquitination. When we examined whether GU exhibits antioxidant activities. GU suppressed TNF-α-induced muscle atrophy by increasing the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of antioxidant factors such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) as well as apoptosis-related factors, such as caspase-3/7. These results suggest that GU extract is potentially an important agent in the regulation of TNF-an induced muscle atrophy.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of a Mouthwash Containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract for Preventing Dental Caries.

This study sought to confirm the effect of using a mouthwash containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract for oral health management by investigating changes in the pH of dental plaque and bacteria that cause dental caries. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted on 60 subjects categorized in either the Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract gargle group (n = 30) or the saline gargle group (n = 30). Scaling was conducted in order to ensure the homogeneity of the oral environment, while gargling was performed once daily before the subjects went to bed for 5 days based on the group. Caries activity was assessed using the Cariview test, while detection of the bacteria that cause dental caries was confirmed using microbiological analysis. All clinical measurements and evaluations were conducted by two trained dental hygienists under the supervision of a dentist. Based on the analysis of dental caries activity and dental caries-causing bacteria, the Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract gargle group showed a clear decrease in bacteria compared to the saline gargle group. Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract demonstrated no risk of tooth demineralization. It also showed excellent antibacterial activity through inhibition and effective reduction of bacteria that cause dental caries. Therefore, the mouthwash containing Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract is an effective oral care product suitable for use as an effective dental caries prevention agent.

Antimicrobial Effects against Oral Pathogens and Cytotoxicity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract.

We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and its biocompatibility for dental applications. The antimicrobial activity of the G. uralensis extracts at concentrations of 50, 100, 150, and 200 µg/mL was assessed using agar disk diffusion tests, counting the total number of colony-forming units (CFUs), spectrophotometric growth inhibitory assays, and microbial morphology observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Merin, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany). We measured the polyphenol and flavonoid contents of G. uralensis extracts using ultraviolet–visible spectrometry and the cytotoxicity of these extracts using an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. We identified that G. uralensis extracts had significant antimicrobial effects against S. mutans and C. albicans. The optical density of the experimental groups significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. SEM images revealed that the G. uralensis extract affected the morphology and density of S. mutans and C. albicans. The extract concentration of flavonoids, but not polyphenols, increased with increasing concentrations of the G. uralensis extract. Furthermore, cell viabilities were more than 70% for G. uralensis extracts with concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. Naturally derived G. uralensis is biocompatible and exhibits an excellent antimicrobial effect against oral pathogens such as S. mutans and C. albicans. Thus, G. uralensis extracts can be used for the development of oral products that treat and prevent oral diseases.

Surface Characterization and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Denture Base Resin Coated with Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract

Surface Characterization and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Denture Base Resin Coated with <i>Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract</i>

Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Semilicoisoflavone B Reduce Aβ Secretion by Increasing PPARγ Expression and Inhibiting STAT3 Phosphorylation to Inhibit BACE1 Expression.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) has been reported to improve amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive deficits in mice. However, the mechanisms underlying this effect and the components involved have not been previously explored. Extracellular Aβ plaques are one of the major pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, decreasing Aβ levels is one strategy for preventing the etiology of AD. This study aims to test the effect of GUE and semilicoisoflavone B (SB) on Aβ secretion and investigates the mechanism underlying this effect. GUE and its bio-activated compound SB reduce Aβ secretion. We find that this effect contribute to the downregulation of the β-secretase-1 (BACE1) protein and mRNA. In a subsequent mechanism study, we find that GUE and SB regulate BACE1 transcription factors by inducing the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. In addition, the effect of GUE and SB on BACE1 expression and Aβ secretion are attenuated by treatment with PPARγ-siRNA or its antagonist, GW9662. These findings indicate that GUE and SB may function as PPARγ agonists, thereby inhibiting BACE1 expression and ultimately reducing the secretion of Aβ.

The Anti-obesity and Anti-inflammatory Effects of “LICONINE™”, an Extract of Glycyrrhiza Uralensis, on Diet-induced Obese Mice and 3T3-L1 Mouse Adipocytes

The anti-obesity effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Ural licorice) extract at the intake level of low risk has not been clarified. In the present study, the anti-obesity effects of Ural licorice, its extracts, its fractions and Glycyrrhizic acid at intake levels of low risk were examined in high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet-induced obese mice. Ural licorice extract, which was given the brand name “LICONINE™,” was the most effective extract; it decreased body weight, visceral fat weight, number of adipocyte crown-like structures, and adipocyte size in visceral fat. Low doses of LICONINE also had anti-obesity effects. The terpenoid fraction, but not flavonoid fraction, of LICONINE had an anti-obesity effect that did not depend exclusively on Glycyrrhizic acid. Next, we examined the effects of Ural licorice extracts, LICONINE fractions, and constituents of LICONINE terpenoid fraction on production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in 3T3-L1 mouse adipocytes. LICONINE and its terpenoid fraction had anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects in both HFS diet-induced obese mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Licorice saponin G2, Licorice saponin H2, and Glycyrrhizic acid (all constituents of LICONINE terpenoid fraction) had anti-inflammatory effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In summary, at the intake level of low risk (human equivalent to less than 1 g licorice per day), LICONINE is an effective extract of Ural licorice and the terpenoid fraction is an effective fraction of LICONINE for treating obesity. Further research is needed to identify the mechanism underlying the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of LICONINE and its terpenoid fraction.

Neuroprotection by Glycyrrhiza Uralensis Extract in Anxiety Animal Model Involves the iNOS/Nrf2 Pathway

Anxiety is a most common psychological disease, caused by stress. Many drugs for treated anxiety have various side effects and natural resources have a possibility as alternate material to eradicate these side effects. In this study is investigate inflammation modulate effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU) Extract in Forced Swimming Test (FST) induced depression rat model. 1 day after FST implemented during 15 min to training for rats, we measured FST and Y-maze test during each 6min, 3min to lock for acute effects of GU Extract, likewise measured behavior response with same method for chronic effects of GU Extract. We Received (May 07, 2015), Review Request(May 08, 2015), Review Result(May 26, 2015) Accepted(June 15, 2015), Published(August 31, 2015) 614-714 Dept. Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Univ., Gaya 1-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Korea email: excikind@naver.com 614-714 Dept. Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Univ., Gaya 1-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Korea email: rokmagnum@naver,com (Corresponding Author) 614-714 Dept. Clinical Laboratory Science, Dong-Eui Univ., Gaya 1-dong, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Korea email: kyhyun@deu.ac.kr Neuroprotection by Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract in Anxiety animal Model Involves the iNOS/Nrf2 Pathway Copyright c 2015 HSST 156 orally administerd EU extract 100mg/kg and Sodium Tianeptine 10mg/kg. Researcher result showed oral administration of GUF Extracts significantly redused immobility time and increased total entries, total distance, down regulation of iNOS, Nrf2 expression in medulla oblongata and adrenal gland, anti-anxiety modulatory effect.

Changes in microbial diversity, methanogenesis and fermentation characteristics in the rumen in response to medicinal plant extracts.

This study evaluated the in vitro effect of medicinal plant extracts on ruminal methanogenesis, four different groups of methanogens and ruminal fermentation characteristics. A fistulated Holstein cow was used as a donor of rumen fluid. Licorice and mugwort extracts (Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Artemisia capillaris, 0.5% and 1% of total substrate DM, respectively), previously used as folk remedies, were added to an in vitro fermentation incubated with buffered-rumen fluid. Total gas production in Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment was not significantly different between treatments (p<0.05) while total gas production in the Artemisia capillaris extract treatment was lower than that of the control. Artemisia capillaris extract and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract reduced CH4 emission by 14% (p<0.05) and 8% (p<0.05), respectively. Ciliate-associated methanogens population decreased by 18% in the medicinal plant extracts treatments. Medicinal plant extracts also affected the order Methanobacteriales community. Methanobacteriales diversity decreased by 35% in the Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment and 30% in the Artemisia capillaris extract treatment. The order Methanomicrobiales population decreased by 50% in the 0.5% of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract treatment. These findings demonstrate that medicinal plant extracts have the potential to inhibit in vitro ruminal methanogenesis.

Anti-rotaviral effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract in piglets with rotavirus diarrhea

BackgroundSince rotavirus is one of the leading pathogens that cause severe gastroenteritis and represents a serious threat to human and animal health, researchers have been searching for cheap, safe, and effective anti-rotaviral drugs. There is a widespread of interest in using natural products as antiviral agents, and among them, licorice derived from Glycyrrhiza spp. has exerted antiviral properties against several viruses. In this study, anti-rotaviral efficacy of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) as an effective and cheaper remedy without side-effects was evaluated in colostrums-deprived piglets after induction of rotavirus diarrhea.MethodsColostrums-deprived piglets were inoculated with porcine rotavirus K85 (G5P[7]) strain. On the onset of diarrhea, piglets were treated with different concentration of GUE. To evaluate the antiviral efficacy of GUE, fecal consistency score, fecal virus shedding and histological changes of the small intestine, mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL8, IL10, IFN-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α), signaling molecules (p38 and JNK), and transcription factor (NFκB) in the small intestine and spleen were determined.ResultsAmong the dosages (100-400 mg/ml) administrated to animals, 400 mg/ml of GUE cured diarrhea, and markedly improved small intestinal lesion score and fecal virus shedding. mRNA expression levels of inflammation-related cytokines (IL8, IL10, IFN-β, IFN-γ and TNF-α), signaling molecules (p38 and JNK), and transcription factor (NFκB) in the small intestine and spleen were markedly increased in animals with RVA-induced diarrhea, but dose- dependently decreased in GUE treated animals after RVA-induced diarrhea.ConclusionsGUE cures rotaviral enteritis by coordinating antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Therapy of this herbal medicine can be a viable medication for curing rotaviral enteritis in animals and humans.

Cardioprotective Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract Against Doxorubicin- Induced Toxicity

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice were treated with saline, DOX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal [ip] for once), GUE (100 mg/kg intragastric [ig] for 8 days), co-treatments with DOX and GUE (100 mg/kg ig for 8 days), and amifostine (100 mg/kg intravenous [iv] for once), respectively. Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P(X)) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level in heart tissue were measured. Histopathologic analysis of heart tissue was also performed. Treatment with GUE significantly protected the mice from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, indicated by decreased levels of serum LDH and CK-MB, improved heart morphology and increased GSH-P(X) activity and GSH level. Additionally, GUE did not compromise the tumor-inhibitory effect of DOX. In conclusion, our studies imply the potentially clinical application of GUE to overcome the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin.

Study of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high temperature NPLC and room temperature RPLC

To overcome the peak band broadening and to increase the peak capacity and separation efficiency of a two-dimensional liquid chromatographic system, a high-temperature normal phase liquid chromatography (HTNPLC) was used as the first dimension (1st-D), and a RPLC was used as the second dimension (2nd-D). The sample was first separated on the 1st-D CN column and the primary eluent stored in the sampling-loop system alternatively (in HTNPLC×RPLC mode) or selectively (in HTNPLC/RPLC mode) and was then transferred to 2nd-D C18 column for further separation. The resolution and separation efficiency of the systems were greatly improved. The systems were evaluated by analyzing several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract.

Simultaneous Determination of Glycyrrhizic Acid and Liquiritin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract by HPLC with ELSD Detection

Simultaneous quantitative determination of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract was developed using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to an evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD). A Luna C18 column was used, along with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 3.0% (v/v) aqueous acetic acid in a gradient elution mode, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Parameters of ELSD were 105°C for the drift tube temperature and 2.8 L/min for the gas flow‐rate. Retention times of liquiritin and glycyrrhizic acid were 4.1 and 8.3 min, respectively. Logarithmic calibration curves were obtained for glycyrrhizic acid from 0.50 to 5.72 µg (r2>0.999) with a precision of 0.95% R.S.D and for liquiritin from 0.30 to 6.00 µg (r2>0.999) with a precision of 0.59% R.S.D. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin were 168.3 ng and 200 ng (S/N=3), respectively. This method was successfully applied to quality evaluation in licorice raw materials and related commercial formulations.

Identification of Tyrosinase Inhibitors fromGlycyrrhiza uralensis

Tyrosinase is a key enzyme in the production of melanins. Phytochemical studies of a Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract were performed by measuring the tyrosinase and melanin synthesis inhibitory activity. Glycyrrhisoflavone and glyasperin C were identified as tyrosinase inhibitors for the first time. Glyasperin C showed a stronger tyrosinase inhibitory activity (IC (50) = 0.13 +/- 0.01 microg/mL) than glabridin (IC (50) = 0.25 +/- 0.01 microg/mL) and a moderate inhibition of melanin production (17.65 +/- 8.8 % at 5 microg/mL). Glycyrrhisoflavone showed a strong melanin synthesis inhibitory activity (63.73 +/- 6.8 % inhibition at 5 microg/mL). These results suggest that glyasperin C and glycyrrhisoflavone could be promising candidates in the design of skin-whitening agents.