Glycol Research Articles

Potential of fructans as natural cryoprotectant agents in plant cryopreservation: concept validation on Arabidopsis thaliana L.

BACKGROUND: Today, synthetic chemicals are used in vitrification solutions for cryopreservation studies to mimic natural cryoprotectants that supply tolerance to organisms in nature against freezing stress. In the case of plants, PVS2, containing glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), ethylene glycol and sucrose, is considered as the golden standard for successful cryopreservation. However, Me2SO can generally cause toxicity to certain plant cells, adversely affecting viability after freezing and/or thawing. Hence, the replacement (or substantial reduction) of Me2SO by cheap, non-toxic and natural cryoprotectants became a matter of high priority to vitrification solutions or reducing their content gained escalating importance for the cryopreservation of plants. Fructans, sucrose derivatives mainly consisting of fructose residues, are candidate cryoprotectants. OBJECTIVE: Inspired by their protective role in nature, we here explored, for the first time, the potential of an array of 8 structurally different fructans as cryoprotectants in plant cryopreservation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arabidopsis thaliana L. seedlings were used as a model system with a one-step vitrification method. PVS2 solutions with different Me2SO and fructan contents were evaluated. RESULTS: It was found that branched low DP graminan, extracted from milky stage wheat kernels, led to the highest recovery (85%) among tested fructans with 12.5% Me2SO after cryopreservation, which was remarkably close to the viability (90%) observed with the original PVS2 containing 15% Me2SO. Moreover, its protective efficacy could be further optimized by addition of vitamin C acting as an antioxidant. CONCLUSION: Such novel formulations offer great perspectives for cryopreservation of various crop species.

Facile Synthesis of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Heterojunctions of Glycolated Conjugated Polymer‐TiO2−X for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

AbstractThe utilization of the organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalysts for water splitting has gained significant attention due to their ability to combine the advantages of both materials and generate synergistic effects. However, they are still far from practical application due to the limited understanding of the interactions between these two components and the complexity of their preparation process. Herein, a facial approach by combining a glycolated conjugated polymer with a TiO2−X mesoporous sphere to prepare high‐efficiency hybrid photocatalysts is presented. The functionalization of conjugated polymers with hydrophilic oligo (ethylene glycol) side chains can not only facilitate the dispersion of conjugated polymers in water but also promote the interaction with TiO2−X forming stable heterojunction nanoparticles. An apparent quantum yield of 53.3% at 365 nm and a hydrogen evolution rate of 35.7 mmol h−1 g−1 is achieved by the photocatalyst in the presence of Pt co‐catalyst. Advanced photophysical studies based on femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and in situ, XPS analyses reveal the charge transfer mechanism at type II heterojunction interfaces. This work shows the promising prospect of glycolated polymers in the construction of hybrid heterojunctions for photocatalytic hydrogen production and offers a deep understanding of high photocatalytic performance by such heterojunction photocatalysts.

Synthesis and characterisation of biodegradable copolymer containing phthalocyanine by ring-opening polymerization

ABSTRACT In this study, well-known biodegradable poly [(β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether)-phthalocyanine- (β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether)] abbreviated as poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was synthesised. In the first part, poly (β-butyrolactone-block-ethylene glycol methyl ether) [poly(BL-b-mEG)] block copolymer was prepared by ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) method of β-butyrolactone using poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether. In the second part, poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was obtained from the reaction poly(BL-b-mEG) block copolymer, SiPcCl2, and K2CO3. Axial binding of poly(BL-b-mEG) block copolymers to the phthalocyanine compound was achieved. The synthesised products were characterised by using multi-instruments such as1H-NMR, FT-IR, GPC, ve UV-visible. The electronic and singlet oxygen production capacity of poly(BL-b-mEG)-Pc-poly(BL-b-mEG) copolymer was investigated.

Comparative flow and thermal transfer aspects of Casson Hybrid Nanofluid and Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid dispersed in the mixture of water and ethylene glycol with variable thermal conductivity

This manuscript is prepared to deal with the comparative fluid flow and thermal transportation aspects of Casson Hybrid Nanofluid and Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid dispersed in the mixture of water and 30% C2H6O2 over an exponentially stretching cylinder. The suction effect, MHD effect, and the impact of variable thermal conductivity are also incorporated into the concurrent flow model. The spherical-shaped Ag and MoS2 are used as nanoparticles. It has been established that the shear stress rate and Nusselt number are lesser for Williamson hybrid nanofluid as compared to hybrid nanofluid, but the opposite is the trend for Casson Hybrid Nanofluid. Also, the skin friction coefficient is very high in Casson Hybrid Nanofluid in comparison to Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid. In addition to this, the thermal transfer rate is found to be enhanced by up to more than 4% in Casson Hybrid Nanofluid as compared to Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid for all the parameters.

A Glucose Oxidase-Curcumin Composite Nanoreactor for Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

Glucose oxidase (GOx) selectively oxidizes β-d-glucose into gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide; thus, it has emerged as a promising anticancer agent by tumor starvation and oxidative therapy. Here, we developed a nanoscale platform or "nanoreactor" that incorporates GOx and the bioactive natural product curcumin (CUR) to achieve a multimodal anticancer nanocomposite. The composite nanoreactor was formed by loading CUR in biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PEG-PCL). Prime-coating of the NPs with an iron(III)-tannic acid complex enabled facile immobilization of GOx on the NP surface. The NPs were monodisperse with a hydrodynamic diameter of 122 nm and a partially negative surface charge. The NPs were also associated with an excellent CUR loading efficiency and sustained release up to 96 h, which was accelerated by surface-immobilized GOx and followed supercase II transport. Viability assays were conducted on two model cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, as well as human dermal fibroblasts as a representative normal cell line. The assays revealed significantly improved potency of CUR in the composite nanoreactor, with up to 6000- and 1280-fold increase in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively, and lower toxicity toward normal cells. The NPs were also able to promote intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, providing important clues on the mechanism of action of the nanoreactor. Further investigation of caspase-3 activity revealed that the nanoreactor had no effect or inhibited caspase-3 levels, signifying a caspase-independent mechanism of inducing apoptosis. Our findings present a promising nanocarrier platform that combines therapeutic agents with distinct mechanisms of action acting in synergy for more effective cancer therapy.

The sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemia cells to cytarabine is increased by suppressing the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha

BackgroundAcute myeloid leukemia (AML), a malignancy Often resistant to common chemotherapy regimens (Cytarabine (Ara-c) + Daunorubicin (DNR)), is accompanied by frequent relapses. Many factors are involved in causing chemoresistance. Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) are two of the most well-known genes, reported to be overexpressed in AML and promote resistance against chemotherapy according to several studies. The main chemotherapy agent used for AML treatment is Ara-c. We hypothesized that simultaneous targeting of HO-1 and HIF-1α could sensitize AML cells to Ara-c.MethodIn this study, we used our recently developed, Trans-Activator of Transcription (TAT) - Chitosan-Carboxymethyl Dextran (CCMD) - Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) - Nanoparticles (NPs), to deliver Ara-c along with siRNA molecules against the HO-1 and HIF-1α genes to AML primary cells (ex vivo) and cell lines including THP-1, KG-1, and HL-60 (in vitro). Subsequently, the effect of the single or combinational treatment on the growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation was evaluated.ResultsThe designed NPs had a high potential in transfecting cells with siRNAs and drug. The results demonstrated that treatment of cells with Ara-c elevated the generation of ROS in the cells while decreasing the proliferation potential. Following the silencing of HO-1, the rate of apoptosis and ROS generation in response to Ara-c increased significantly. While proliferation and growth inhibition were considerably evident in HIF-1α-siRNA-transfected-AML cells compared to cells treated with free Ara-c. We found that the co-inhibition of genes could further sensitize AML cells to Ara-c treatment.ConclusionsAs far as we are aware, this study is the first to simultaneously inhibit the HO-1 and HIF-1α genes in AML using NPs. It can be concluded that HO-1 causes chemoresistance by protecting cells from ROS damage. Whereas, HIF-1α mostly exerts prolific and direct anti-apoptotic effects. These findings imply that simultaneous inhibition of HO-1 and HIF-1α can overcome Ara-c resistance and help improve the prognosis of AML patients.

High‐efficiency dimethyl adipate hydrogenation for 1,6‐Hexanediol synthesis over the Cu/SiO2 nanoparticles with reasonably modulations of pore structure and dispersion via surface‐assisted method

Surfactant‐assisted co‐precipitation for catalyst preparation is an excellent potential preparation method for enhanced metal‐support interactions and abundant oxygen vacancy. Cu/SiO2 catalysts were prepared containing either glycolic acid ethoxylate lauryl ether (BRIJ35, B5), polyethylene oxide‐polypropylene oxide‐polyethylene oxide (P123 P3), or no surfactant. After further treatment with surfactants, the 1,6‐hexanediol selectivity was significantly increased, especially for P123 surfactant. The Cu/SiO2‐P3 catalyst showed good performance, which may be related to more surface basic amount, the larger dispersion of the Cu and abundant oxygen vacancy. Abundant Ovac may facilitate the hydrogenation of DMA by weakening the C=O bond. After the Cu/SiO2 catalyst was treated with surfactant, the micropores disappeared and SBET of the catalyst increased. Among them, Cu/SiO2‐P3 had the largest specific surface area (312.6 m2·g‐1).

Fluoride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents with Amide Dual-Hydrogen-Bond Donors.

Developing F--containing electrolytes is crucial for electrochemical and chemical fluorination. However, balancing the F- concentration and electrochemical stability of the electrolytes remains a challenge. In this study, fluoride-based deep eutectic solvents (F-DESs) were obtained by using amide hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) containing dual N-H bonds. The obtained F-DES, [TMA]F·3.5[1,3-DMU], was prepared by facilely mixing solid compounds of tetramethylammonium fluoride ([TMA]F) and 1,3-dimethylurea (1,3-DMU), resulting in a high F- concentration (2.6 mol dm-3) and a wide electrochemical window (3.1 V) at room temperature. The electrochemical window was much wider than that of [TMA]F·3.5[EG] (EG, ethylene glycol) as another F-DES with an alcohol HBD (1.9 V). Moreover, [TMA]F·3.5[1,3-DMU] exhibited an ionic conductivity that was 2 orders of magnitude higher than that of [TMA]F·3.5[1,3-DMTU] (1,3-DMTU, 1,3-dimethylthiourea) around room temperature because of the bifurcated hydrogen bonds between the dual N-H bonds of 1,3-DMU and one F-. Thus, [TMA]F·3.5[1,3-DMU] was demonstrated to be applicable to electrochemical fluorination.

Inverse Vulcanization of Activated Norbornenyl Esters – A Versatile Platform for Functional Sulfur Polymers

Elemental sulfur has shown to be a promising alternative feedstock for development of novel polymeric materials with high sulfur content. However, the utilization of inverse vulcanized polymers is restricted by the limitation of functional comonomers suitable for an inverse vulcanization. Control over properties and structure of inverse vulcanized polymers still poses a challenge to current research due to the dynamic nature of sulfur‐sulfur bonds and high temperature of inverse vulcanization reactions. In here, we report for the first time the inverse vulcanization of norbornenyl pentafluorophenyl ester (NB‐PFPE), allowing for post‐modification of inverse vulcanized polymers via amidation of reactive PFP esters to yield high sulfur content polymers under mild conditions. Amidation of the precursor material with three functional primary amines (α‐amino‐ω‐methoxy polyethylene glycol, aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, allylamine) was investigated. The resulting materials were applicable as sulfur containing poly(ethylene glycol) nanoparticles in aqueous environment. Cross‐linked mercury adsorbents, sulfur surface coatings, and high‐sulfur content networks with predictable thermal properties were achievable using aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and allylamine for post‐polymerization modification, respectively. With the broad range of different amines available and applicable for post‐polymerization modification, the versatility of poly(sulfur‐random‐NB‐PFPE) as a platform precursor polymer for novel specialized sulfur containing materials was showcased.

Anion‐Reinforced Solvation Structure Enables Stable Operation of Ether‐Based Electrolyte in High‐Voltage Potassium Metal Batteries

AbstractElectrolytes with anion‐dominated solvation are promising candidates to achieve dendrite‐free and high‐voltage potassium metal batteries. However, it's challenging to form anion‐reinforced solvates at low salt concentrations. Herein, we construct an anion‐reinforced solvation structure at a moderate concentration of 1.5 M with weakly coordinated cosolvent ethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The unique solvation structure accelerates the desolvation of K+, strengthens the oxidative stability to 4.94 V and facilitates the formation of inorganic‐rich and stable electrode‐electrolyte interface. These enable stable plating/stripping of K metal anode over 2200 h, high capacity retention of 83.0 % after 150 cycles with a high cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V in K0.67MnO2//K cells, and even 91.5 % after 30 cycles under 4.7 V. This work provides insight into weakly coordinated cosolvent and opens new avenues for designing ether‐based high‐voltage electrolytes.

Anion-Reinforced Solvation Structure Enables Stable Operation of Ether-Based Electrolyte in High-Voltage Potassium Metal Batteries.

Electrolytes with anion-dominated solvation are promising candidates to achieve dendrite-free and high-voltage potassium metal batteries. However, it's challenging to form anion-reinforced solvates at low salt concentrations. Herein, we construct an anion-reinforced solvation structure at a moderate concentration of 1.5 M with weakly coordinated cosolvent ethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The unique solvation structure accelerates the desolvation of K+, strengthens the oxidative stability to 4.94 V and facilitates the formation of inorganic-rich and stable electrode-electrolyte interface. These enable stable plating/stripping of K metal anode over 2200 h, high capacity retention of 83.0 % after 150 cycles with a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V in K0.67MnO2//K cells, and even 91.5 % after 30 cycles under 4.7 V. This work provides insight into weakly coordinated cosolvent and opens new avenues for designing ether-based high-voltage electrolytes.

Ethanol activation of polyester membrane for superior dye/salt separation performance

Dye wastewater poses a severe danger to the environment and human health. The purification of dye wastewater is the focus and hotspot of most researchers. In this work, ethylene glycol (EG) was selected as an aqueous phase monomer to fabricate polyester membranes through an interfacial polymerization reaction. Then the polyester membrane was activated by ethanol aqueous solution. By adjusting the activation time and concentration of the ethanol, the network of the polyester membrane can be reshaped to endow the membrane with excellent performance. The activation mechanism was also explored here. Compared to the membrane without activation (PE-0%), the permeability of the optimized membrane (PE-40%) was increased by 8.3 times, and a high rejection was maintained (CR: 99.2%). Importantly, the PE-40% membrane also presented good acid and alkali resistance, chlorine resistance, and excellent antifouling performance. Our work provides an effective and feasible strategy for the development of high-performance polyester membranes.

Molecular Dynamics Study of the Anticorrosive Lubricating Effects and Interfacial Behavior of Dicarboxylic Acid Alcohol Amine

In this study, water-soluble additives with excellent performance were designed, and their anticorrosive, tribological characteristics, and antibacterial properties were evaluated. Combined with molecular dynamics (MD), the interfacial behavior of additives on metal surfaces was investigated at the atomic scale. The results showed that the additive molecules could reduce the wear rate of ethylene glycol aqueous (EGaq) by 94.7%, exhibiting excellent anticorrosive efficiency while also possessing certain antibacterial properties. MD results indicated that the additive could firmly adhere to the metal surface due to its higher electron transfer rate, and the interfacial interaction energy increased with the extension of the carbon chain. The coexistence of longer alkyl chains and frictionally active elements ensured the overall stability of the adsorption film.

The Extraction Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Evaluation of Tea Saponin.

Tea saponins have high surface-active and biological activities and are widely used in chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Tea saponins are usually extracted using ethanol or water, but both methods have their disadvantages, including a negative impact on the environment, high energy consumption, and low purity. In this study, we explored an effective process for extracting tea saponins from tea meal using deep eutectic solvents combined with ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic techniques. The experimental results showed that a high extraction efficiency of 20.93 ± 0.48% could be achieved in 20 min using an ultrasonic power of 40% and a binary DES consisting of betaine and ethylene glycol (with a molar ratio of 1:3) at a material-liquid ratio of 1:35 and that the purity of the tea saponins after purification by a large-pore adsorption resin reached 95.94%, which was higher than that of commercially available standard tea saponin samples. In addition, the extracted tea saponins were evaluated for their antioxidant and bacteriostatic activities using chemical and biological methods; the results showed that the tea saponins extracted using these methods possessed antioxidant properties and displayed significant antibacterial activity. Therefore, the present study developed a method for using deep eutectic solvents as an environmentally friendly technological solution for obtaining high-purity tea saponins from tea meal oil. This is expected to replace the current organic solvent and water extraction process and has great potential for industrial development and a number of possible applications.

Experimental and theoretical studies to investigate molecular interactions between ethylene glycol oligomers and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide

The thermophysical characteristics of pure liquids and their mixes are substantial in applied as well as theoretical research. This paper presents the measured data on: density (ρ), viscosity (η), refractive index (nD) and consequent calculated parameters: {excess molar volume (VmE), partial molar volume (V¯m), excess partial molar volume (V¯mE), deviation in viscosity (Δη), excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow (ΔG∗E), deviation in refractive index (ΔϕnD) and deviation in molar refraction (ΔxRM)} of binaries containing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]Br) with glycol oligomers (mono/di/tri/tetra-ethylene glycol) at T/K = 298.15–313.15 and pressure p/MPa = 0.1. The Redlich-Kister equation efficiently estimates the standard deviation between the experimental and calculated excess properties. The interactions between constituents were considered while interpreting the obtained results. The values of VmE, V¯mE, Δη, ΔϕnD and ΔxRM exhibited negative trends throughout the range, whereas ΔG∗E values displayed a sigmoidal shift (negative to positive) with increasing [BMIM]Br concentration. The VmE data has been explored in terms of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) and Graph theories to elucidate the deviations in thermophysical properties of the mixtures caused by variations in strength and magnitude of interactions. Additionally, the η values were correlated using ten models and their correlation ability has been perceived via the average standard deviation percentage. The pure and binary mixtures were also spectroscopically examined using Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy to elucidate the structural variations.

Stretchable interconnected modular electrochromic devices enabled by self-healing, self-adhesive, and ion-conducting polymer electrolyte

Here, we propose a versatile terpolymer electrolyte material, UPy-PEGMA-VBMI, comprised of three monomers: ureidopyrimidinone methacrylate (UPyMA), poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), and vinyl benzyl-methylimidazolium (VBMI). The UPy-PEGMA-VBMI, supported by a combination of soft ethylene glycol chains, an ion-conducting imidazole unit, and self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonds of UPy, exhibits exceptional properties such as high stretchability, rapid self-repair, solution processability, self-adhesion, and ion conduction. The UPy-PEGMA-VBMI was then applied to make ion gel composite films, demonstrating a notable ionic conductivity of 3.84 × 10−3 S cm−1 while maintaining robust stretching and adhesive characteristics. The electrochromic devices (ECDs) fabricated by this ion gel demonstrate outstanding performance, with fast switching times, long-term kinetic stability, and extraordinarily high coloration efficiency of 443.83 cm2 C−1. The stretchable ECDs are fabricated by utilizing the stretchable nature of UPy-PEGMA-VBMI, exhibiting a transmittance contrast of 42.7 % at an extension of 53 % and operational stability during stretching cycles. Moreover, self-healing and self-adhesive features enable the fabrication of interconnected modular ECDs, implementing area-scalable devices. These modular ECDs, each powered independently, provide arbitrary positioning and shifting of individual device patches, overcoming the performance limitations of conventional large-area devices. The unprecedented material and resulting devices open new possibilities for electrochromic applications, particularly in stretchable ECDs, pattern-switching devices, and scalable flexible ECDs.

Fabrication and characterization of thin self-rolling film for anti-inflammatory drug delivery

Thin films have been identified as an alternative approach for targeting sensitive site as drug delivery tool. In this work, the preparation of self-rolling thin films to form tubes for wound healing and easy placement (e.g. in the colon via colonoscopy) have been studied. We explored the use of thin films as a protective dressing combined to local release of an anti-inflammatory in order to improve drug efficacy and limit the side effects of the oral route. Non-cytotoxic poly(ethylene) glycol and poly(lactic acid) photo-crosslinkable star copolymers were used for rapid UV crosslinking of bilayered films loaded with prednisolone. The films, crosslinked under UV lamp without the need of photoinitiator, are optimized and compared in terms of water uptake, swelling ratio, final tube diameter and morphology, anti-inflammatory drug loading and release. Our studies showed the spontaneous rolling of bilayer constructs directly after immersion in water. Tubular geometry allows application of the patch through minimally invasive procedures such as colonoscopy. Moreover, the rolled-up bilayers highlighted efficient release of encapsulated drug following Fickian diffusion mechanism. We also confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the released anti-inflammatory drug that inhibits the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Discrimination and simultaneous quantification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) microplastics in environmental samples via gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

A method has been developed to quantify PET and PBT microplastics (MPs) based on depolymerization and detection of depolymerization products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) without a complex separation process from environmental samples. Under the optimal depolymerization conditions, PET and PBT were efficiently convertedto ethylene glycol (78%) and 1,4-butanediol (87%), respectively. Subsequently, the linear curves were constructed between signal intensities of depolymerization products and polymer masses by GC-MS/MS, and the correlation coefficients of PET and PBT were 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The spiking and recovery experiments of PET and PBT in the environmental samples showed that the recovery was stable in the range 89-100%, and the limit of detection was 4.95μg and 1.39μg of PET and PBT, respectively. The method has been proven to be capable of simultaneous identification and quantification of PBT and PET MPs in real environmental water samples without complex separation process, which provided a scheme for the determination of microplastics.

Comparative study on the maximum-pull and tear-off ring method for the measurement of surface tension

The ring method, due to its basic form, is often used in the classroom for an immediate and intuitive grasp of concept of surface tension. Yet, during the measuring process, the large and small results trouble the students. The large values are obtained from the maximum-pull, and the small from the tear-off moment. In this paper, we demonstrate a series of rings with different thicknesses to investigate these two moments. In the water measurement, by subtracting the weight of the liquid raised by the ring or replacing the ring-diameter with tearing-diameter for the moments of maximum pull and film breaking, respectively, a corrected surface tension is obtained. The same correction is also applied in the determination of ethylene glycol and ethanol, but only the moment of maximum pull is applicable. These experimental results are interesting, and will largely stimulate students to understand the concept of surface tension and the ring method of measurement.

Analysis of MHD third-grade hybrid nanofluid model in Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium: Evaluation of the thermal performance of [formula omitted]-[formula omitted] cylindrical nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol fluid

Researchers and scientists became interested in the newly developed idea of hybrid nanofluids because of their exceptional thermal conductivities, which resulted in enhanced thermal performance. These fluids have a wide range of uses in the industrial and technical fields. This novel class of fluids is playing a vital role in solar energy, automotive industry, cooling of the machine and manufacturing, heating and ventilation systems, electronic cooling, nuclear systems cooling, biomedical fields, space, ships, and defense systems. In light of the physical significance of the above-mentioned class of fluids, the current investigations are carried to examine the thermal performance of the mixture of cylindrical shaped aluminum oxide Al2O3 and copper Cu nanoparticles suspended in ethylene glycol using third-grade non-Newtonian fluid flow model. The fluid flow is induced by the stretching of the permeable sheet in exponential manner that is embedded in a Dacry-Forchheimer porous medium. The effects of Lorentz force applied normal to the flow and suction impacts have been incorporated in the current proposed model. The solutions of the flow model transformed to ordinary differential equations are computed using MATLAB built-in solver bvp4c. The solutions are presented in graphical representations. Graphical solutions reflect that fluid velocity slows down by growing the volume fractions of the nanoparticles. Increasing values of viscoelastic parameters reflect that there is a reduction in velocity and intensification in profiles of temperature and concentration have been noted. Rising values of cross-diffusion parameter is leading to the reduction in magnitude of velocity, and augmenting behavior of temperature and concentration has been seen. Observations indicate rising third-grade fluid parameter and porosity parameter lead to reduction in velocity. Increasing Schmidt number gives reduced Sherwood number, and magnetic field parameter improves the rate of hear transfer (Nusselt number) and skin friction coefficient for both Al2O3/ethylene glycol nanofluid and Al3O3-Cu/ethylene glycol-based hybrid nanofluid. The suggested model's validity is confirmed through comparison with previously released findings. Additionally, a grid independence test (sensitivity analysis) has been performed to verify the accuracy and verification of the numerical model.