Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Content Research Articles

A non-antibiotic erythromycin derivative improves muscle endurance by regulating endogenous anti-fatigue protein orosomucoid in mice.

At present, there are no official approved drugs for improving muscle endurance. Our previous research found acute phase protein orosomucoid (ORM) is an endogenous anti-fatigue protein, and macrolides antibiotics erythromycin can elevate ORM level to increase muscle bioenergetics and endurance parameters. Here, we further designed, synthesized and screened a new erythromycin derivative named HMS-01, which lost its antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. Data showed that HMS-01 could time- and dose-dependently prolong mice forced-swimming time and running time, and improve fatigue index in isolated soleus muscle. Moreover, HMS-01 treatment could increase the glycogen content, mitochondria number and function in liver and skeletal muscle, as well as ORM level in these tissues and sera. In Orm-deficient mice, the anti-fatigue and glycogen-elevation activity of HMS-01 disappeared. Therefore, HMS-01 might act as a promising small molecule drug targeting ORM to enhance muscle endurance.

Diacylglycerol kinase delta overexpression improves glucose clearance and protects against the development of obesity

Background and aimDiacylglycerol kinase (DGK) isoforms catalyze an enzymatic reaction that removes diacylglycerol (DAG) and thereby terminates protein kinase C signaling by converting DAG to phosphatidic acid. DGKδ (type II isozyme) downregulation causes insulin resistance, metabolic inflexibility, and obesity. Here we determined whether DGKδ overexpression prevents these metabolic impairments. MethodsWe generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing human DGKδ2 under the myosin light chain promoter (DGKδ TG). We performed deep metabolic phenotyping of DGKδ TG mice and wild-type littermates fed chow or high-fat diet (HFD). Mice were also provided free access to running wheels to examine the effects of DGKδ overexpression on exercise-induced metabolic outcomes. ResultsDGKδ TG mice were leaner than wild-type littermates, with improved glucose tolerance and increased skeletal muscle glycogen content. DGKδ TG mice were protected against HFD-induced glucose intolerance and obesity. DGKδ TG mice had reduced epididymal fat and enhanced lipolysis. Strikingly, DGKδ overexpression recapitulated the beneficial effects of exercise on metabolic outcomes. DGKδ overexpression and exercise had a synergistic effect on body weight reduction. Microarray analysis of skeletal muscle revealed common gene ontology signatures of exercise and DGKδ overexpression that were related to lipid storage, extracellular matrix, and glycerophospholipids biosynthesis pathways. ConclusionOverexpression of DGKδ induces adaptive changes in both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in protection against HFD-induced obesity. DGKδ overexpression recapitulates exercise-induced adaptations on energy homeostasis and skeletal muscle gene expression profiles.

Acid α-glucosidase (GAA) activity and glycogen content in muscle biopsy specimens of patients with Pompe disease: A systematic review

Pompe disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a deficiency of acid α-glucosidase (GAA), leading to the accumulation of glycogen in various tissues, especially in skeletal muscles. The disease manifests as a large spectrum of phenotypes from infantile-onset Pompe disease (IOPD) to late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD), depending on the age of symptoms onset. Quantifying GAA activity and glycogen content in skeletal muscle provides important information about the disease severity. However, the distribution of GAA and glycogen levels in skeletal muscles from healthy individuals and those impacted by Pompe disease remains poorly understood, and there is currently no universally accepted standard assay for GAA activity measurement. This systematic literature review aims to provide an overview of the available information on GAA activity and glycogen content levels in skeletal muscle biopsies from patients with Pompe disease.A structured review of PubMed and Google Scholar literature (with the latter used to check that no additional publications were identified) was conducted to identify peer-reviewed publications on glycogen storage disease type II [MeSH term] + GAA, protein human (supplementary concept), Pompe, muscle; and muscle, acid alpha-glucosidase. A limit of English language was applied. Results were grouped by methodologies used to quantify GAA activity and glycogen content in skeletal muscle. The search and selection strategy were devised and carried out in line with Preferred Reporting of Items in Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines and documented using a flowchart. Bibliographies of papers included in the analysis were reviewed and applicable publications not already identified in the search were included.Of the 158 articles retrieved, 24 (comprising >100 muscle biopsies from >100 patients) were included in the analysis, with four different assays. Analysis revealed that patients with IOPD exhibited markedly lower GAA activity in skeletal muscles than those with LOPD, regardless of the measurement method employed. Additionally, patients with IOPD had notably higher glycogen content levels in skeletal muscles than those with LOPD. In general, however, it was difficult to fully characterize GAA activity because of the different methods used. The findings underscore the challenges in the interpretation and comparison of the results across studies because of the substantial methodological variations. There is a need to establish standardized reference ranges of GAA activity and glycogen content in healthy individuals and in Pompe disease patients based on globally standardized methods to improve comparability and reliability in assessing this rare disease.

Comprehensive Endurance Enhancing Effect of INDUS1710, a Composition of Standardised Fenugreek Seed Extracts, During Treadmill Running Exercise in Laboratory Rats

Background: Endurance, defined as the ability to sustain exercise, involves multiple organs and physiological processes. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate of INDUS1710, a composition of 4-hydroxyisoleucine, trigonelline, and select glycosides-based standardised fenugreek seed extracts, during treadmill running exercise (EXE) for endurance enhancement in laboratory rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups of 12 rats each and orally administered vehicle (distilled water, VC), INDUS1710 (20, 30, or 60 mg/kg), L-arginine (308 mg/kg), or vehicle for 28 days. All groups, except VC, underwent EXE without incline at a speed of 14 m/min for 6 days, followed by a speed of 20 m/min on the 7th day for 28 days until exhaustion. The physiological, functional, and metabolic parameters; relative organ weights; glycogen content of gastrocnemius muscle; and histological parameters of the heart were recorded. Results: Subacute supplementation with EXE of INDUS1710 resulted in a dose-dependent increase in time to exhaustion and prevented EXE-induced changes in organ function (heart, lungs, kidney, and liver), metabolic processes (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids), and skeletal muscle glycogen content without causing pathological changes in skeletal or cardiac muscles. Conclusion: INDUS1710 supplementation with EXE showed comprehensive endurance enhancement efficacy and safety in laboratory rats.

Cold exposure affects glucose metabolism, lipid droplet deposition and mitophagy in skeletal muscle of newborn goats

Cold exposure is a common stressor for newborn goats. Skeletal muscle plays an important role in maintaining whole-body homeostasis of glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of skeletal muscle of newborn goats by cold exposure remains unclear. In this study, we found a significant increase (P < 0.01) in serum glucagon levels after 24 h of cold exposure (COLD, 6°C), while glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) compared to room temperature (RT, 25°C). Additionally, we found that cold exposure reduced glycogen content (P < 0.01) in skeletal muscle. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that cold exposure activated skeletal muscle glucose metabolism pathways (including insulin resistance and the insulin signaling pathway) and mitophagy-related pathways. Cold exposure up-regulated the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, promoting skeletal muscle lipid deposition. Notably, cold exposure induced mitophagy in skeletal muscle.

Effect of Tetrahydrocurcumin Compared to Curcumin in Carbohydrate Metabolism and Glycoprotein Components in Type 2 Diabetes - Systematic Review

Pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are the two hallmarks of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Treatment of diabetes without any side effects is still a challenge to the medical system. There is an increasing demand by patients to use the natural products with antidiabetic activity, because insulin and oral hypoglycemic drugs are having so many side effects. Curcumin is a biologically active component isolated from the rhizome of Curcuma longa that possess antidiabetic and has been proven scientifically to possess high antioxidant activity and anticancer properties. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a major curcuminoid metabolite of curcumin, naturally occurring in turmeric. The interest in THC research is increasing because it is superior to curcumin in its solubility in water, chemical stability, bioavailability, and anti-oxidative activity. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that THC exerts antidiabetic effects through various mechanisms, including modulation of oxidative stress, xenobiotic detoxification, inflammation, proliferation, metastasis, programmed cell death, and immunity. The activities of glycolytic enzymes such as hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were found to be decreased whereas the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes (glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase) and polyol pathway enzyme-sorbitol dehydrogenase were significantly increased in diabetic control rats. In addition, the oligosaccharide moieties of glycoproteins (hexose, hexosamine, fucose and sialic acid) were also significantly increased in plasma and tissues of diabetic control rats. THC and curcumin administration to diabetic rats significantly reversed the above changes when compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic controls, hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen content was decreased significantly as compared to non-diabetic controls. Treatment with THC and curcumin increased the hepatic and skeletal muscle glycogen significantly. The antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of THC are more potent than those of curcumin at the same dose. The antihyperglycemic action of THC might be mediated via an enhancement of insulin action, as it is evidenced by the increased levels of insulin in diabetic rats treated with THC, which may be responsible for the reversal of changes in carbohydrate enzymes and glycoprotein components. The THC administration showed more effective than curcumin.

Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon.

Carbohydrate (CHO) availability sustains high metabolic demands during prolonged exercise. The adequacy of current CHO intake recommendations, 30-90 g·h-1 dependent on CHO mixture and tolerability, to support elite marathon performance is unclear. We sought to scrutinize the current upper limit recommendation for exogenous CHO intake to support modeled sub-2-h marathon (S2M) attempts across elite male and female runners. Male and female runners (n = 120 each) were modeled from published literature with reference characteristics necessary to complete a S2M (e.g., body mass and running economy). Completion of a S2M was considered across a range of respiratory exchange rates, with maximal starting skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content predicted for elite male and female runners. Modeled exogenous CHO bioavailability needed for male and female runners were 93 ± 26 and 108 ± 22 g·h-1, respectively (P < 0.0001, d = 0.61). Without exogenous CHO, males were modeled to deplete glycogen in 84 ± 7 min, females in 71 ± 5 min (P < 0.0001, d = 2.21) despite higher estimated CHO oxidation rates in males (5.1 ± 0.5 g·h-1) than females (4.4 ± 0.5 g·h-1; P < 0.0001, d = 1.47). Exogenous CHO intakes ≤ 90 g·h-1 are insufficient for 65% of modeled runners attempting a S2M. Current recommendations to support marathon performance appear inadequate for elite marathon runners but may be more suitable for male runners in pursuit of a S2M (56 of 120) than female runners (28 of 120).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study scrutinizes the upper limit of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) recommendations for elite male and female marathoners by modeling sex-specific needs across an extreme metabolic challenge lasting ∼2 h, a sub-2-h marathon. Contemporary nutritional guidelines to optimize marathon performance appear inadequate for most elite marathon runners but appear more appropriate for males over their female counterparts. Future research examining possible benefits of exogenous CHO intakes > 90 g·h-1 should prioritize female athlete study inclusion.

Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Screening of Tamarindus indica Seed in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Tamarindus indica, commonly known as tamarind, is a versatile tropical tree that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine due to its numerous therapeutic properties. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive pharmacognostic and pharmacological evaluation of Tamarindus indica seeds to ascertain their medicinal potential. The pharmacognostic evaluation involved macroscopic of the seeds. The seeds were observed for their morphology and phytochemical evaluation; various solvent extracts of Tamarindus indica seeds were prepared using increasing polarity solvents, including petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water. The extracts were screened for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard qualitative tests. Quantitative estimation of leading phytoconstituents, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, and glycosides, was performed using established methods. In the present study, Ethanolic extract of seed of Tamarindus indica Linn. was found to have potentiated antidiabetic activity that reduces blood glycemic index in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic male rats. Supplementation of this Ethanolic extract by gavage at the dose of 80 mg/0.5 ml distilled water/100 g body weight per day in STZ-induced diabetic rats significantly lowered fasting blood sugar level after 7 days. Continuous treatment of this extract for 14 days resulted in no significant difference in this parameter from the control level. Moreover, this treatment significantly elevated liver and skeletal muscle glycogen content; in conclusion, this study's pharmacognostic evaluation provided valuable botanical information; the phytochemical analysis demonstrated that the seeds contain a diverse range of bioactive compounds, suggesting their potential medicinal value.

Gαi -coupled GPR41 activation increases Ca2+ influx in C2C12 cells and shows a therapeutic effect in diabetic animals.

This study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms by which orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR41 activation enhances glucose uptake into C2C12 myotubes using a GPR41-selective agonist, AR420626, and to examine the ability of this agent to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in vivo. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and glucose transporter 4 translocations were measured in C2C12 myotubes. Ca2+ influx into cells was measured and GPR41-mediated signaling by AR420626 was examined. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and plasma insulin levels were measured in streptozotocin-treated or high-fat diet-fed diabetic mice. The glycogen content was measured in skeletal muscle tissue. AR420626 increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, which was reduced by pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of Gαi -mediated signaling, and treatment with small interfering RNA for GPR41 (siGPR41). AR420626 increased intracellular Ca2+ influx and phosphorylated Ca2+ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II, cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in C2C12 myotubes, which were inhibited by treating with pertussis toxin, amlodipine (Ca2+ channel blocker), and siGPR41. AR420626 increased plasma insulin levels and skeletal muscle glycogen content and improved glucose tolerance in streptozotocin- and high-fat diet-induced diabetic mouse models. GPR41 activation with AR420626 increased glucose uptake mediated by Ca2+ signaling via GPR41, improving diabetes mellitus.

Insulin sensitization by Feronia elephantum in fructose-induced hyperinsulinemic rats: Insights from computational and experimental pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevanceFeronia elephantum corr. (synonym: Feronia limonia, Murraya odorata, Schinus Limonia, or Limonia acidissima; common names: Bela, Kath, Billin, and Kavitha), belonging to the family Rutaceae has been known for clinical conditions such as pruritus, diarrhea, impotence, dysentery, heart diseases, and is also used as a liver tonic. However, the effect of the fruit pulp of F. elephantum on insulin resistance has yet not been reported. Aim of the studyThe present study aimed to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract/fraction of F. elephantum fruit pulp on fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, and glucose uptake in fructose-induced insulin-resistant rats and predict the gene-set enrichment of lead hits of F. elephantum with targets related to insulin resistance. Material and methodsSystem biology tools were used to predict the best category of fraction and propose a possible mechanism. Docking was carried out with adiponectin and its receptor (hub genes). Further, fructose supplementation was used for the induction of insulin resistance. Later, three doses of extract (400, 200, and 100 mg/kg) and a flavonoid-rich fraction (63 mg/kg) were used for treatment along with metformin as standard. The physical parameters like body weight, food intake, and water intake were measured along with oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, glycogen content in skeletal muscles and liver, glucose uptake by rat hemidiaphragm, lipid profiles, anti-oxidant biomarkers, and histology of the liver and adipose tissue. ResultsNetwork pharmacology reflected the potency of F. elephantum to regulate adiponectin which may promote the reversal of insulin resistance and inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Vitexin was predicted to modulate the most genes associated with diabetes mellitus. Further, F. elephantum ameliorated the exogenous glucose clearance, promoted insulin sensitivity, reduced oxidative stress, and improved glucose and lipid metabolism. HPLC profiling revealed the presence of apigenin and quercetin in the extract for the first time. ConclusionThe fruit pulp of F. elephantum reverses insulin resistance by an increase in glucose uptake and a decrease in gluconeogenesis which may be due to the regulation of multiple proteins via multiple bio-actives.

Effect of Pulicaria mauritanica on Glucose Metabolism and Glycogen Content in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The study aimed to assess the antihyperglycemic activity of Pulicaria mauritanica. Pulicaria mauritanica is a medicinal and aromatic plant used for the treatment of many diseases such as inflammation, diabetes, and intestinal disorders. The main goals of this present paper were to confirm the antihyperglycemic capacity of aqueous extract from Pulicaria mauritanica in normoglycemic and diabetic rats over a period of time (7 days of treatment). The effect of the aqueous extract of Pulicaria mauritanica from aerial parts (AEPM) on glucose and lipid metabolism was tested using an acute test (single dose during 6 hours) and subchronic assay (repeated oral administration for seven days) at a dose of 60 mg/kg and the serum glucose levels were measured in normoglycemic and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In addition, the glycogen content in the liver, extensor digitorum longus (EDL), and soleus was evaluated. The antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, and quantification of some secondary metabolites of this extract were also performed. AEPM at a dose of 60 mg/kg reduced the plasma glucose concentrations significantly in STZ-induced diabetic rats after a single oral administration (p<0.05). This lowering effect became more significant during the repeated oral administration in hyperglycemic rats (p<0.0001). Also, the findings showed that this plant exhibited a significant increase in liver and skeletal soleus muscle glycogen content in diabetic rats. AEPM revealed a remarkable antioxidant activity in addition to the presence of polyphenol compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, sterols, glucides, terpenoids, quinones, anthraquinones, and mucilage. The study shows that AEPM exhibits antihyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats, and it increases liver and muscle glycogen content.

Skeletal-Muscle-Specific Overexpression of Chrono Leads to Disruption of Glucose Metabolism and Exercise Capacity.

Disruption of circadian rhythms is related to disorders of glucose metabolism, and the molecular clock also exists in skeletal muscle. The ChIP-derived repressor of network oscillator (Chrono) and brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (Bmal1) are core circadian components. Chrono is considered to be the repressor of Bmal1, and the Chrono–Bmal1 pathway is important in regulating the circadian rhythm; it has been speculated that this pathway could be a new mechanism for regulating glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Chrono on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle and exercise capacity by using mice with skeletal-muscle-specific overexpression of Chrono (Chrono TG) and wild-type (WT) mice as the animal models. The results of this cross-sectional study indicated that the Chrono TG mice had an impaired glucose tolerance, lower exercise capacity, and higher levels of nonfasted blood glucose and glycogen content in skeletal muscle compared to WT mice. In addition, the Chrono TG mice also showed a significant increase in the amount of Chrono bound to Bmal1 according to a co-IP analysis; a remarkable decrease in mRNA expression of Tbc1d1, Glut4, Hk2, Pfkm, Pdp1, Gbe1, and Phka1, as well as in activity of Hk and protein expression of Ldhb; but higher mRNA expression of Pdk4 and protein expression of Ldha compared with those of WT mice. These data suggested the skeletal-muscle-specific overexpression of Chrono led to a greater amount of Chrono bound to Bmal1, which then could affect the glucose transporter, glucose oxidation, and glycogen utilization in skeletal muscle, as well as exercise capacity.

Anti-diabetic potential of Psidium guajava leaf in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

BackgroundPsidium guajava is a medicinal plant with antidiabetic properties and can be found growing in tropical and sub-tropical countries around the world. PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of Psidium guajava leaf in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, with particular focus on key enzymes of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle. Study designThe study design involved preparation of an aqueous Psidium guajava leaf extract; investigation of its effect on muscle glycogen synthase and phosphorylase activities and possible protective effect on pancreas in streptozotocin induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats and phytochemical study of the extract to identify further compounds with anti-diabetic potential. MethodDiabetes was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats with a single intraperitoneal injection of 40 mg/kg streptozotocin. Normal and diabetic animals were treated with 400 mg/kg body weight of Psidium guajava leaves aqueous extract for a period of 14 days. ResultsThe treatment of diabetic animals with the Psidium guajava extract ameliorated damage to the pancreatic islets and enhanced lowering of blood glucose following a glucose load. Diabetes significantly decreased (P < 0.05) glycogen synthase activity by 31% compared to normal animals this being associated with a decrease in enzyme expression. Psidium guajava treatment returned the enzyme activity to near normal levels. In diabetic animals, glycogen phosphorylase activity was elevated but not significantly (P > 0.5) and treatment of both diabetic and normal animals with the extract reduced activity of the enzyme. The Psidium guajava extract also reduced glycogen phosphorylase expression in diabetic animals. Skeletal muscle glycogen content reduced by diabetes was increased as a result of treatment of diabetic animals with the Psidium guajava extract. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of Psidium guajava using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy indicated the presence of triterpenes and phenolic compounds and we also report what we believe are three new compounds. ConclusionThe results from this study suggest that the antidiabetic effects of Psidium guajava may be due to modulation of glycogen metabolism mediated by phenolic compounds and triterpenes present in the extract.

Oakmoss Exhibits Antihyperglycemic Activity in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The study aimed to assess the antidiabetic effect of Oakmoss. Lichens species are dual organisms consisting of a mycobiont (Fungi) and a photoautotrophic partner (Algae). They are widely used in traditional medicine as a treatment against diabetes. This study was designed to assess the antihyperglycemic activity as well as the antihyperlipidemic capacity of Oakmoss (Evernia prunastri (L.)) in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. This study has evaluated the effects of aqueous extract of Oakmoss at a dose of 60 mg/kg on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats. Histopathological examination of liver, determination of glycogen content in liver and skeletal muscles (EDL and soleus), antioxidant activity, and phytochemical investigation were also performed. Both single and repeated oral doses of Oakmoss (60 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction of blood glucose, triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels in diabetic rats. Furthermore, repeated oral administration of Oakmoss during 7 days ameliorated the liver function by increasing its glycogen content and improving its histological architecture in treated diabetic rats. In addition, the aqueous extract of Oakmoss exhibited an antioxidant activity and showed richness in certain phytochemicals especially in phenolic acids and flavonoids. Oakmoss, a lichen species, exhibits a potential effect on improving hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia in diabetic rats.

Reviewing physical exercise in non-obese diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats.

There is a high incidence of non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-obese-T2DM) cases, particularly in Asian countries, for which the pathogenesis remains mainly unclear. Interestingly, Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats spontaneously develop insulin resistance (IR) and non-obese-T2DM, making them a lean diabetes model. Physical exercise is a non-pharmacological therapeutic approach to reduce adipose tissue mass, improving peripheral IR, glycemic control, and quality of life in obese animals or humans with T2DM. In this narrative review, we selected and analyzed the published literature on the effects of physical exercise on the metabolic features associated with non-obese-T2DM. Only randomized controlled trials with regular physical exercise training, freely executed physical activity, or skeletal muscle stimulation protocols in GK rats published after 2008 were included. The results indicated that exercise reduces plasma insulin levels, increases skeletal muscle glycogen content, improves exercise tolerance, protects renal and myocardial function, and enhances blood oxygen flow in GK rats.

Synergistic effect of combined oyster peptide and ginseng extracts on anti-exercise-fatigue and promotion of sexual interest activity in male ICR mice

• Novelty, a synergistic effect of OPGE on anti-fatigue and sexual ability was explored. • OPGE promoted physical recovery and accelerated fatigue elimination. • OPGE increased sexual behavior of male mice after exhausted swimming. • OPGE enhanced the expression of testosterone synthesis related protease. Traditionally, ginseng and oyster are regarded as biological tonics for enhancing vital energy. In this study, a post-exercise fatigue model and copulatory test were performed to evaluate the effects of combined oyster peptide and ginseng extracts (OPGE) on anti-fatigue and sexual function. The forced swimming time of mice was prolonged by taking OPGE. Moreover, the level of serum lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and lactate dehydrogenase activity were decreased, while the liver glycogen content and antioxidant ability in skeletal muscles were increased. Furthermore, OPGE statistically improved the sexual behavioral indexes of exercise-fatigue mice. The levels of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum, and the expression of testosterone synthesis-related-protease in testis were increased by OPGE administration, while phosphodiesterase-5 content was decreased. Overall, our study suggested that OPGE could be a potential androgen-like dietary supplement to accelerate the elimination of fatigue and improve testosterone-deficiency symptom after intensive training.

Effects of Nanometer Hydroxyapatite Aqueous Solution on Anaerobic Motor Ability of Mice

Nanometer hydroxyapatite is a new biomaterial with development potential. Its main components are very similar to those found in animal teeth. It has good biocompatibility and bioactivity. Can be closely bound to human tissue, repair tissue. With relatively more biosorption sites, it can be used as a protein carrier as an important strategy to fight cancer or promote the efficiency of tissue repair. It is widely used in biomedical fields, such as release carrier and tissue repair. With the development of modern medicine, the performance and application of nanometer hydroxyapatite are required. The purpose of this paper is to observe the effect of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol on the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, and explore the mechanism of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol on the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, which is of great significance for the application of nanometer hydroxyapatite in medicine and competitive sports. In this experiment, mathematical statistics were used to analyze the anaerobic swimming exhaustion time of mice in the nanometer hydroxyapatite injection group, sodium bicarbonate injection group, distilled water injection group and blank control group. The blood lactic acid content and immediate skeletal muscle lactic acid content of mice after anaerobic exercise were determined by statistical method. Finally, big data analysis method was used to fit the data and analyze the myocardial lactic acid value, skeletal muscle glycogen content and myocardial muscle glycogen content of mice injected with nano-hydroxyapatite sol after anaerobic swimming exhaustion. The experimental data showed that after the injection of nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol, the movement ability of mice increased. Experimental data showed that the nanometer hydroxyapatite hydrosol could improve the anaerobic exercise ability of mice, by neutralizing the lactic acid produced by the anaerobic exercise blood cells and cardiac muscle cells of mice, and prevent the accumulation of lactic acid, thereby increasing the anaerobic exercise ability by 40%, which is of great significance for athletes' exercise guidance in competitive sports.

Effect of ginger extract ingestion on skeletal muscle glycogen contents and endurance exercise in male rats

[Purpose]Skeletal muscle glycogen is a determinant of endurance capacity for some athletes. Ginger is well known to possess nutritional effects, such as anti-diabetic effects. We hypothesized that ginger extract (GE) ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen by enhancing fat oxidation. Thus, we investigated the effect of GE ingestion on exercise capacity, skeletal muscle glycogen, and certain blood metabolites in exercised rats. [Methods]First, we evaluated the influence of GE ingestion on body weight and elevation of exercise performance in rats fed with different volumes of GE. Next, we measured the skeletal muscle glycogen content and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in GE-fed rats. Finally, we demonstrated that GE ingestion contributes to endurance capacity during intermittent exercise to exhaustion. [Results]We confirmed that GE ingestion increased exercise performance (p<0.05) and elevated the skeletal muscle glycogen content compared to the non-GE-fed (CE, control exercise) group before exercise (Soleus: p<0.01, Plantaris: p<0.01, Gastrocnemius: p<0.05). Blood FFA levels in the GE group were significantly higher than those in the CE group after exercise (p<0.05). Moreover, we demonstrated that exercise capacity was maintained in the CE group during intermittent exercise (p<0.05). [Conclusion]These findings indicate that GE ingestion increases skeletal muscle glycogen content and exercise performance through the upregulation of fat oxidation.

Neither Peristaltic Pulse Dynamic Compressions nor Heat Therapy Accelerate Glycogen Resynthesis after Intermittent Running.

To investigate the effects of a single session of either peristaltic pulse dynamic leg compressions (PPDC) or local heat therapy (HT) after prolonged intermittent shuttle running on skeletal muscle glycogen content, muscle function, and the expression of factors involved in skeletal muscle remodeling. Twenty-six trained individuals were randomly allocated to either a PPDC (n = 13) or a HT (n = 13) group. After completing a 90-min session of intermittent shuttle running, participants consumed 0.3 g·kg-1 protein plus 1.0 g·kg-1 carbohydrate and received either PPDC or HT for 60 min in one randomly selected leg, while the opposite leg served as control. Muscle biopsies from both legs were obtained before and after exposure to the treatments. Muscle function and soreness were also evaluated before, immediately after, and 24 h after the exercise bout. The changes in glycogen content were similar (P > 0.05) between the thigh exposed to PPDC and the control thigh ~90 min (Control: 14.9 ± 34.3 vs PPDC: 29.6 ± 34 mmol·kg-1 wet wt) and ~210 min (Control: 45.8 ± 40.7 vs PPDC: 52 ± 25.3 mmol·kg-1 wet wt) after the treatment. There were also no differences in the change in glycogen content between thighs ~90 min (Control: 35.9 ± 26.1 vs HT: 38.7 ± 21.3 mmol·kg-1 wet wt) and ~210 min (Control: 61.4 ± 50.6 vs HT: 63.4 ± 17.5 mmol·kg-1 wet wt) after local HT. The changes in peak torque and fatigue resistance of the knee extensors, muscle soreness, and the mRNA expression and protein abundance of select factors were also similar (P > 0.05) in both thighs, irrespective of the treatment. A single 1-h session of either PPDC or local HT does not accelerate glycogen resynthesis and the recovery of muscle function after prolonged intermittent shuttle running.

The Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC02 on Fatigue and Biochemical Oxidation Levels in a Mouse Model of Physical Exhaustion.

Chinese Sichuan pickle is a fermented food rich in microorganisms. Microorganisms have the potential to become an important new form of potent future therapeutic capable of treating human disease. Selecting vitamin C as a positive control, a lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum CQPC02, LP-CQPC02) isolated from Sichuan pickle was given to mice over 4 weeks to investigate the effect of CQPC02 on fatigue levels and biochemical oxidation phenomena in exercise-exhausted Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice. The fatigue model was established by forced swimming of mice, the levels of hepatic glycogen, skeletal muscle glycogen, lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen and free fatty acid were measured by physicochemical methods, serum serum creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by kits, the histopathological changes in the livers of mice were observed by H&E slicing, and the mRNA changes in the livers and skeletal muscles were observed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Both vitamin C and LP-CQPC02 increased swimming exhaustion time. The concentration of LP-CQPC02 and exhaustion time were positively correlated. LP-CQPC02 also increased liver glycogen, skeletal muscle glycogen and free fatty acid content in mice and reduced lactic acid and blood urea nitrogen content in a dose-dependent manner. As walnut albumin antioxidant peptide concentration increased, levels of mouse CK, AST, and AST gradually decreased. LP-CQPC02 increased SOD and CAT levels and decreased MDA levels in a dose-dependent fashion. LP-CQPC02 up-regulated expression of mRNA encoding copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), and CAT in swimming exhaustion mouse liver tissue. LP-CQPC02 also up-regulated alanine/serine/cysteine/threonine transporter 1 (ASCT1) expression while down-regulating syncytin-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) expression in swimming exhaustion mouse skeletal muscle. Overall, LP-CQPC02 had a clear anti-fatigue and anti-oxidation effect. This suggests that LP-CQPC02 can be developed as a microbiological therapeutic agent.