Synthesis of starch-based non-isocyanate polyurethane hybrids with hot-melt processability and enhanced performance.

Instant formation of glycerol/silk sericin hybrid binder for recoverable lithium-ion batteries.

The clinical safety profile of e-cigarette use for smoking reduction remains poorly characterized. This study compared the relative safety and tolerability of nicotine e-cigarette use with non-nicotine e-cigarettes or a non-aerosol cigarette substitute (CS) among adults interested in reducing their smoking. We conducted a secondary analysis of adverse events (AEs) reported in a 6-month, double-blind RCT involving 520 participants assigned to either e-cigarettes with 0, 8, or 36 mg/mL nicotine or a CS. AEs were coded using CTCAE V4.0 and assessed for frequency, severity, seriousness and relatedness across groups. Cumulative incidence was calculated over 24 weeks. We estimated risk differences (RDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for frequently reported AEs (≥1% of participants overall) comparing e-cigarette vs. CS and nicotine versus non-nicotine e-cigarette groups. Fisher's exact test, with adjustment for multiple comparisons, was used to assess statistical significance. Most study-related AEs (those rated as possibly, probably, or definitely related by medical monitor) were mild in severity and none were classified as serious. At 24 weeks, cumulative incidence of first study-related AE was highest in the 36 mg/mL (37.0%) and 8 mg/mL (35.2%) e-cigarette groups, followed by 0 mg/mL (23.4%), and lowest in CS group (2.5%). E-cigarette users experienced significantly greater risks of cough (RD [95%CI]: 8.5% [5.6 - 11.3]), headache (RD [95%CI]: 5.4% [3.3 - 7.6]) and sore throat (RD [95%CI]: 5.4% [3.2 - 7.6]) as compared with the CS group. Cough was also more common in those randomized to nicotine versus non-nicotine e-cigarettes (RD [95%CI]: 8.1% [3.4 - 12.8]). All study products were generally well-tolerated; however, AEs were more common in e-cigarette groups, especially with nicotine. Findings highlight the need to monitor common symptoms such as cough, headache, and sore throat in clinical and regulatory evaluations of e-cigarette safety. Nicotine e-cigarettes can help people who smoke to quit combustible cigarette use and reduce some cigarette-related toxicant exposures. However, the safety of inhaled nicotine and other constituents such as propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin in e-cigarettes remains unclear. This study suggests that e-cigarette use is associated with a higher incidence of study-related AEs such as cough, headache, and sore throat, particularly among those using nicotine-containing products. However, overall safety and tolerability profiles were comparable across e-cigarette groups with differing nicotine concentrations. These findings offer methodological guidance for evaluating e-cigarette safety in clinical trials and may inform regulators, clinicians, and public health professionals regarding the tolerability of e-cigarette products varying in nicotine concentration.

To improve the preventionof coal spontaneous combustion(CSC)and overcome the poor durability of traditional inhibitors, a noveldouble-network (DN) biomass hydrogel, termed SGPGc, was developed.It was synthesized from sodium alginate (SA), gelatin (GEL), poly­(vinylalcohol) (PVA), and glycerol (GL) via a CaCl2-borax dualcross-linking system. The Ca2+–SA ionic networkconstituted a rigid skeleton, whereas the dynamic borate bonds betweenB­(OH)4– and PVA provided toughness andself-healing capability. This synergy endowed SGPGc with a high tensilestrength of 16.25 MPa and a fracture elongation of 286.07%, ensuringtolerance to harsh underground mining environments. The hydrogel alsoexhibited excellent thermal stability and water retention, showingonly 38.6% water loss at 90 °C, coupled with a high rehydrationcapacity of 37.73 g/g (dry weight basis) for the dried film, whichenabled dynamic cooling and functional regeneration. Structural analysisrevealed that SGPGc significantly reduced the total pore volume andspecific surface area of coal by 47.23 and 50.25%, respectively, effectivelyblocking oxygen diffusion channels. Furthermore, its water retentioncapability enabled sustained cooling, while its high rehydration capacityfacilitated secondary sealing. In comparison with raw coal, the SGPGc-treatedsamples showed significantly reduced CO generation and productionrate, along with substantially increased crossing point temperatures(CPT, up by 33.7 and 29.0 °C). The demonstrated inhibition efficacysurpassed that of conventional calcium chloride, confirming the operationalclosed-loop synergistic mechanism of “barrier-cooling-functionalregeneration” in effectively inhibiting CSC.

Electronic cigarette (ECIG) liquids are marketed with labeled nicotine concentrations and propylene glycol (PG) to vegetable glycerin (VG) ratios, yet quality control inconsistencies may alter vaping emissions. We quantified discrepancies between labeled and measured chemical content and evaluated how these differences affect emissions of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or smaller (PM2.5). Flavor-free liquids (n = 20) spanning nicotine labels of 0, 9, 18, and 48 mg/mL and PG content from 0% to 80% were purchased. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measured nicotine, PG, and VG. Aerosols were generated using a standardized device in a controlled exposure chamber. PM2.5 was measured using a pDR-1500 and SMPS/APS, with gravimetric correction factors calculated. Labeling inaccuracies were widespread: "nicotine-free" liquids contained 0.1 to 0.4 mg/mL nicotine, and labeled nicotine deviated by up to ±30%. PG/VG ratios were frequently incorrect; 70% of samples contained higher VG than labeled, including "100% VG" products with about 10% PG. Higher VG consistently increased PM2.5 mass, while nicotine had a minimal effect. The pDR overestimated mass, whereas SMPS/APS underestimated due to volatilization losses. Overall, inaccurate ECIG liquid labeling can alter measured PM2.5 emissions under controlled conditions.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based films are promising biodegradable alternatives to petroleum-derived plastics; however, their high rigidity and moisture sensitivity limit practical applications. In this study, PVA/carnauba wax (CW) films were prepared via solution casting and systematically modified using four plasticizers: glycerol (GLY), sorbitol (SOR), glucose (GLU), and sucrose (SUC), at concentrations of 0.1-0.5% (v/w, relative to PVA). Thermal analysis showed that GLY and SOR effectively reduced the glass transition temperature from 52.35 °C (control) to as low as 49.14 °C (0.2% GLY) and 50.70 °C (0.4% SOR), while SUC and SOR plasticized films exhibited improved thermal stability, with the highest melting temperature observed for 0.3% SUC (80.6 °C). SEM micrographs revealed that GLY at moderate concentrations (0.2-0.3%) produced the most homogeneous film morphology, whereas SUC at higher concentrations led to surface roughness and phase separation. Water contact angle measurements showed increased surface hydrophobicity at low plasticizer contents, with 0.1% GLY and 0.2% GLU exhibiting contact angles above 100° compared to the control film (<90°). Mechanical testing demonstrated that SUC at 0.2% had the highest tensile strength (3.03 MPa) compared to 0.73 MPa (control), while GLY at 0.3% yielded the highest elongation at break (9.26%), compared to 0.62% for the unplasticized film. These results demonstrate that precise control of plasticizer type and concentration enables effective tuning of PVA/CW film properties, offering a viable strategy for designing biodegradable films tailored for packaging and agricultural applications.

Upgrading glycerol (GLY), an abundant bio-based platform chemical, into high-value oxygenates is a cornerstone of integrated biorefineries. While chemo-catalytic routes typically suffer of a lack of selectivity, enzymatic approaches are often limited in productivity and robustness. Glycerol dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyzes the selective oxidation of glycerolinto the valuable compound dihydroxyacetone (DHA). However, this biocatalytic reaction is hampered by strong product inhibition of the enzyme and by the requirement for the costly cofactor NAD+. The enzyme is also inhibited by the formed NADH. To overcome these limitations, we designed a biocatalytic cascade system. In this approach, fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSAA129S) rapidly converts DHA, thereby preventing inhibition and funneling the reaction toward the formation of l-erythrulose, a stable, noninhibitory, and more valuable product. In addition, an optimized cofactor regeneration system based on NADH oxidase and catalase (NOX)is incorporated so that only a catalytic amount of NAD+ is required. All four enzymes are co-immobilized on a resin to create a multifunctional heterogeneous biocatalyst. Using this system,l-erythrulose is produced at concentrations up to 120 mM with complete selectivity.

ABSTRACT A simple and economical strategy for preparing CeO 2 was developed via direct calcination of cerium acetate, and it was employed as a catalyst for glycerol carbonate (GC) synthesis from glycerol (GL) and CO 2 . This method requires no extra reagents, significantly simplifies the procedure, and offers low cost and short turnaround times. The effects of calcination temperature on the catalytic performance of CeO 2 were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that calcination temperature affected the specific surface area, surface Ce valence, oxygen vacancy (Ov) content, and distribution of basic sites with varying strengths. Among these factors, the specific surface area did not significantly influence its catalytic performance, while the Ov concentration and the distribution of basic sites did affect GC synthesis. Specifically, the total basicity and Ov content primarily affected GL conversion, while the amount of medium‐strong, strong basic sites affected GC selectivity. Additionally, both the heating rate and calcination time also influenced the catalytic performance. When the calcination temperature was 700°C, heating rate was 10°C/min and the calcination time was 4 h, the CeO 2 had better catalytic performance, achieving 69.8% GL conversion and 92.4% GC selectivity.

ABSTRACT The elastomeric performance of the polyurethanes (PUs) is heavily dependent on controlling segment crystallinity. This study aims to develop non-crystalline flexible amorphous PUs by employing asymmetric isocyanates and multi-functional chain extenders to achieve amorphous structures. PU samples were synthesized with Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and chain extenders including 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and glycerol (GL). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful synthesis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed clear morphological differences indicating varying phase separation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that IPDI-based PUs, particularly those using GL, effectively prevented crystallization in the soft segments. Mechanical testing revealed superior elongation and tensile strength in IPDI-based formulations compared to linear HDI-based samples, attributed to reduced phase separation and enhanced molecular network density.

Nickel-based materials exhibit great potential for electrocatalytic upgrading of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)-derived ethylene glycol (EG) and biomass-derived glycerol (GLY). However, the high energy barrier for generating active species (Ni3+OOH) and their limited ability to activate EG and GLY significantly impede the efficient conversion of EG and GLY. Herein, CuO@Ni(OH)2–x core–shell nanowires with abundant oxygen vacancies and p–n junction interfaces were successfully designed, which exhibited high activity and selectivity for EG/GLY-to-formic acid at industrial-grade current densities. Particularly, for EG electrooxidation, CuO@Ni(OH)2–x offered 300 mA cm–2 at an ultralow potential of 1.58 V vs RHE with ∼99% Faradaic efficiency for HCOOH production. Experimental and theoretical analysis revealed that (1) the oxygen vacancies and p–n junction synergistically mediate the atomic coordination and electronic structure of Ni2+–OH, which facilitates OH– adsorption and decreases the energy barrier of O–H bond cleavage, and hence accelerates the formation of Ni3+OOH; (2) the high exposure of Ni3+ enabled by oxygen vacancies enhances the adsorption of EG/GLY and the cleavage of the C–C bond, which boosts the kinetics of EG/GLY-to-formic acid. As a proof of concept, a solar-driven reactor equipped with a “one-click” operating system was designed for the upcycling of real-world PET bottles, achieving a Faradaic efficiency of 86.7% for HCOOH. This work underlines the synergistic regulation of defects and p–n junctions in nickel-based electrocatalysts for efficient PET and biomass-derived alcohol electrooxidation.

Abstract Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels are attractive wound-dressing materials due to their hydrophilicity, flexibility, and biocompatibility; however, achieving both high tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB) remains a major challenge. In this study, biodegradable PVA/starch (ST)/glycerol (GL) hydrogels were fabricated through stoichiometric control of hydroxyl molar ratios, guided by central composite design and freeze–thaw processing at −80 ◦C, to enhance hydrogen bonding without chemical crosslinkers. Synergistic interactions among PVA, ST, and GL enabled the hydrogels to achieve dual benchmarks of durability and flexibility. At GL/PVA = 0.1, PVA 4–10 wt%, and ST/PVA = 0.03–0.06, the hydrogels exhibited TS 12.5–24.4MPa and EAB 270–397 %, exceeding favorable thresholds (TS &gt; 11.5MPa; EAB &gt; 180 %). Additional attributes included high swelling capacity (&gt; 260 %), appropriate water vapor transmission (2660–3000 g/m2/day), favorable biodegradability (&lt; 32% weight loss after 28 days), and intrinsic UV-shielding efficiency (&gt; 80% UVA/UVB blocking). Representative formulations highlighted the tunability of the system: one optimized for flexibility (EAB 390 %, TS 17.2MPa) and another for UV protection (UV blocking &gt; 95 %). Microstructural and dynamic mechanical analyses confirmed that GL acted as a plasticizer, enhancing chain mobility, while ST modulated phase separation and stabilized the network. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stoichiometric control of hydroxyl molar ratios enables multifunctional PVA/ST/GL hydrogels to achieve a balance of strength, flexibility, and barrier properties, underscoring their potential as next-generation wound dressings.

Selective electrooxidation of glycerol (GLY) to glyceric acid (GLA) offers a promising route for GLY valorization but remains hindered by limited activity and stability. Herein, we report a scalable self-corrosion strategy for large-area fabrication of a Ru-doped Pt/NiFe-LDH catalyst on Ni foam (PtRu/NiFe-LDH) with an area of up to 36 cm2. The incorporation of Ru modulates the electronic structure, enhances the adsorption of both OH- and GLY, and lowers the free energy barrier for OH* formation, thereby significantly boosting catalytic activity to achieve a recorded current density of 439.5mA cm- 2. Furthermore, pulse electrolysis effectively suppresses the formation of PtOx, ensuring long-term stability. When integrated into a GLY oxidation-assisted hydrogen evolution system, this bifunctional catalyst reduces the cell voltage by 1.01V relative to conventional water splitting, while delivering 78.5% selectivity towards GLA and stable operation for over 120h. This work establishes a viable pathway toward the industrialization of selective electrochemical oxidation of GLY to GLA by integrating advanced catalyst design with optimized electrolyzer configuration.

ABSTRACT Selective electrooxidation of glycerol (GLY) to glyceric acid (GLA) offers a promising route for GLY valorization but remains hindered by limited activity and stability. Herein, we report a scalable self‐corrosion strategy for large‐area fabrication of a Ru‐doped Pt/NiFe‐LDH catalyst on Ni foam (PtRu/NiFe‐LDH) with an area of up to 36 cm 2 . The incorporation of Ru modulates the electronic structure, enhances the adsorption of both OH − and GLY, and lowers the free energy barrier for OH* formation, thereby significantly boosting catalytic activity to achieve a recorded current density of 439.5 mA cm − 2 . Furthermore, pulse electrolysis effectively suppresses the formation of PtO x , ensuring long‐term stability. When integrated into a GLY oxidation‐assisted hydrogen evolution system, this bifunctional catalyst reduces the cell voltage by 1.01 V relative to conventional water splitting, while delivering 78.5% selectivity towards GLA and stable operation for over 120 h. This work establishes a viable pathway toward the industrialization of selective electrochemical oxidation of GLY to GLA by integrating advanced catalyst design with optimized electrolyzer configuration.

The increasing useof flavored electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)raises concerns about their potential impact on the emission of harmfulchemicals, particularly carbonyl compounds. This study systematicallyexamines the effects of eight representative flavoring chemicals fromfour major classes including esters (ethyl acetate, ethyl butyrate),alcohols (menthol, ethyl maltol), aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde,vanillin), and terpenes (limonene, linalool) under varying power outputs(50 and 90 W), base liquid composition [propylene glycol (PG)/vegetableglycerin (VG) ratios (80:20, 50:50, and 20:80)], and flavor concentrations(1 and 5 mg/mL). Across all conditions, flavored e-liquids tend toproduce carbonyl emissions that are higher than those of unflavoredcontrols. Terpene-based flavors showed the strongest effects, withformaldehyde emissions being up to 2-fold higher and acrolein emissionsup to 8-fold higher, frequently exceeding short-term exposure limits.Aromatic aldehydes and alcohols also increased emissions, though toa lesser extent, while esters showed smaller or inconsistent effects.The influence of flavors was further modulated by their concentration,PG/VG ratio, and device power, with higher concentration, VG content,and power amplifying emissions. These results highlight the complexinteractions among e-liquid composition, flavor class, and vapingconditions, demonstrating that certain flavorings substantially elevatetoxicant emissions. These findings underscore the importance of consideringflavor composition, device power, and base material in evaluatingthe potential health risks associated with e-cigarette use.

This experiment investigates the potential effects of different cryoprotectant molecules, such as glycerol (GL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), added to a Tris-based extender focusing on assessing sperm quality, antioxidant status, acrosome integrity, apoptosis, semen microbiota of post-thawed rabbit semen, and in vivo fertility trial in rabbit does. The Tris-based extender was supplemented with various cryoprotectants to form the following five experimental treatments: 4% DMSO (DM4), 4% DMSO+50 mM trehalose (DMTR), 4% DMSO+50 mM sucrose (DMSU), 4% glycerol (GL4), or a mixture of 2% DMSO + 2% glycerol (DMGL2). The results indicate that the DM4 group had better results for progressive motility, viability, and membrane integrity (p < 0.001). Sperm kinematic parameters were the greatest in all DMSO groups compared to the GL groups (p < 0.01). Fortified Tris with DMTR or DMSU significantly improved live sperm with intact acrosomes and significantly reduced live sperm with detached acrosomes (p < 0.01). DMTR group had the greatest total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to other groups (p < 0.01). Moreover, nitric oxide decreased in DMTR or DMSU groups compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Viable sperm was the greatest in DMSU group, while apoptotic (%) was the lowest in DMSU and DMTR groups (p < 0.01). Total bacterial count was higher in the DM4 group, while lowest in the DMSU group (p < 0.01). While the DMSU treatment resulted in the highest conception rate, no significant differences were observed in litter size across groups (p > 0.05). The cryo-tolerance of rabbit spermatozoa was significantly improved by modifying the freezing extender to include 4% DMSO enriched with either 50 mM Trehalose or 50 mM Sucrose. This optimized formulation enhanced post-thaw parameters, specifically leading to higher sperm kinematics (e.g., motility and velocity), preserved acrosome integrity, and a reduction in apoptosis-like changes. The mechanism for this protective effect is attributed to the synergistic action of DMSO and the disaccharides in mitigating oxidative stress by enhancing the activity of intrinsic antioxidant defenses within the spermatozoa.

ABSTRACT The electrochemical valorization of glycerol (GLY), a major byproduct of biodiesel production, into high‐value lactic acid (LA) under ambient conditions presents a sustainable pathway for biomass utilization. This study reports a facile 2‐step electrodeposition strategy to construct Au‐FeO x ‐NF heterostructured electrocatalysts on nickel foam (NF) substrates for selective GLY oxidation. Comprehensive characterization via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms that FeO x modification electronically modulates Au active sites, optimizing catalytic performance. In 3 M KOH electrolyte at an optimal potential of 0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl, the catalyst achieves a current density of 310 mA·cm −2 with exceptional LA selectivity of 74.3% (the maximum can reach 78.11% at 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and a production rate of 12.58 mmol·L −1 h −1 , representing a nearly fourfold enhancement over pristine Au‐NF. The catalyst demonstrates outstanding durability, maintaining &gt; 70% LA selectivity across five consecutive cycles and throughout 10‐h continuous electrolysis. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the FeO x promoter layer synergistically enhances selective adsorption of GLY via its secondary hydroxyl group while accelerating the generation of active hydroxyl radicals (·OH). This dual‐function mechanism facilitates GLY oxidation to dihydroxyacetone (DHA) as the key intermediate, which subsequently undergoes base‐catalyzed rearrangement to LA. This work establishes an effective strategy for the sustainable upgrading of biodiesel‐derived waste into valuable platform chemicals, offering promising implications for integrated biorefinery applications and circular economy initiatives.

In the field of wound care, the demand for effective materials that combine strong mechanical performance with bioactivity is crucial. This study presents a multifunctional, stretchable, and adhesive hydrogel film composed of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), punicalagin (PUN), glycerol (GLY), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), specifically designed for advanced wound healing applications. The hydrogel film exhibits high mechanical strength, elasticity, and reliable adhesion, making it suitable for dynamic wound environments. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were incorporated to enhance the hydrogel's bioactive properties. The SeNP-integrated hydrogel demonstrates antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antifungal activity, along with strong antioxidant capacity that supports cell proliferation. These attributes are essential for accelerating tissue repair, reducing infection, and mitigating oxidative stress, thereby improving the wound healing process. Overall, the SeNP-loaded hydrogel film represents a combination of mechanical robustness, effective adhesion, and multifunctional biological activity, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic platform for wound management.

This paper presents the development of a fully biodegradable water-based composite dust suppressant using xanthan gum (XG) as the binding-filming agent, glycerol (GLY) as the moisture-retaining agent, and alkyl polyglucoside (APG) as the surfactant. The study targeted dust-prone scenarios such as open-pit coal mine roads, urban bare land, and construction stockyards. Through single-factor and response surface methodology (RSM) experiments, the optimal mass ratio of the composite dust suppressant was determined, and its moisture retention and wind erosion resistance were analyzed. The results show that the optimal formulation consists of 0.15% XG, 5.0% GLY, and 0.13% APG, with water comprising the remainder. The dust suppressant formulated with this recipe had a viscosity of 207.82 mPa·s; under 25 °C and 43% RH, its moisture retention rate after 14 h was 84.27%, and its surface tension was 27.4 mN/m. Under the high-temperature condition of 40 °C, its water retention rate after 14 h still reached 63.2%. After continuous blowing at wind speeds of 5–9 m/s for 60 min, the wind erosion rate reached 80.2%, indicating good moisture retention and wind erosion resistance. The system combines the advantages of high efficiency, environmental friendliness, easy biodegradability, and low cost, making it a promising candidate for widespread application.

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are rapidly expanding products marketed as alternatives to conventional tobacco products and are often promoted as being less harmful. However, current literature indicates that e-cigarettes may pose significant health risks due to their complex toxicological profile. E-cigarette aerosols contain a variety of toxic chemicals, including nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, carbonyl compounds (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein), heavy metals, aromatic additives, and volatile organic compounds. Many of these substances are formed through termal degradation and have been associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular toxicity, and genotoxic effects. These toxicants exert adverse effects on oral and dental tissues as well as the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, and several exhibit potential carcinogenic properties. Nicotine is a highly addictive alkaloid with pronounced effects on cardiovascular stress, sympathetic nervous system activation, and reward pathways. Although nicotine concentrations in e-cigarettes are often reported to be lower than those in conventional cigarettes, exposure levels may vary substantially depending on device type and technical characteristics. Similarly, other toxic constituents are generally present at lower levels in e-cigarette aerosols; nevertheless, individual exposure may differ markedly according to device design, heating temperature, e-liquid composition, and user behavior. E-cigarette use has been potentially associated with various adverse health outcomes, including chronic bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), e-cigarette or vaping use-associated lung injury (EVALI), inflammatory and microbiome-related alterations in oral and dental tissues. Cardiovascular effects resemble those of conventional cigarette smoking and include endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, elevated blood pressure, increased heart rate, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease. The widespread use of new-generation disposable devices, particularly among adolescent and young adults, underscores the importance of identifying long-term health risks. This narrative review systematically evaluates the toxicological effects of e-cigarettes, highlighting both acute and chronic health risks. Future long-term epidemiological studies are essential to accurately assess these risks and to inform evidence-based public health policies.

Glycerin is widely used as a raw material in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries; however, its commercial sources are still predominantly derived from non-halal pork fat. Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae are capable of degrading organic waste and producing highly nutritious maggot oil. Maggot oil contains antibacterial lauric acid and other essential fatty acids. This study aims to produce glycerin from maggot oil and evaluate its characteristics in accordance with the technical standards for glycerin in SNI 06-1564-1995. Laboratory experiments were conducted by cultivating BSF larvae, extracting maggot oil, and then producing glycerin through a transesterification-hydrolysis process. The resulting glycerin was tested for its chemical (moisture content, pH, and specific gravity) and physical (color, clarity, and viscosity) characteristics, and then compared with the SNI technical standard for glycerin. The results showed that the glycerin obtained was clear and colorless, neutral in nature, with a moisture content of &lt;5% (meeting the SNI limit of ≤5%), a viscosity of ~1412 mPa·s (20°C), and a specific gravity of 1.260 g/cm³ (20°C). All main parameters of maggot glycerin meet the SNI 06-1564-1995 technical standard. Perfect clarity indicates minimal contamination (soap/salt residues). Overall, maggot oil glycerin meets SNI specifications and has properties close to those of commercial pure glycerin. Thus, maggot oil is suitable as an alternative raw material for glycerin production.