Transparent Soap Research Articles

Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sebagai Bahan Antioksidan

Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a fruit native from tropical area that has antioxidant activity. This study aims to produce transparent soap with pedada fruit antioxidant enhancing agents and the observation of transparent soap quality in accordance with SNI 03-3532-1994 and antioxidant activity of transparent soap. Research began with pre-treatment process, namely extraction of mangrove apple enhancing agent by maceration and infundation method using methanol and water solvent. The obtained extracts were then added as variation of coconut oil soap production formula. The obtained soaps were then tested for free alkali rate, free fatty acid rate, moisture content, foam stability, pH and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the obtained soap shows that with the formulation by 0.5 g of methanol maceration extract of mangrove apple resulted in soap with IC50 antioxidant activity of 122.30 μg/mL.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Soap Containing Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) for Enhanced Skin Health

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a herbal soap formulation containing Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and other natural ingredients to promote skin health. The soap was prepared using the double boiling method, incorporating Tulsi powder, turmeric, aloe vera gel, almond oil, rose water, and lavender essential oil into a glycerin soap base. The formulation process and ingredient selection were based on the therapeutic properties of each component, with a focus on antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and moisturizing effects. The resulting soap was subjected to various evaluation parameters, including organoleptic properties, physical characteristics such as foam retention, foamability, and pH, as well as skin sensitivity and irritation tests. The herbal soap demonstrated favorable characteristics in terms of appearance, odor, and skin compatibility. Its natural composition offers potential advantages over conventional soaps, including the absence of harsh chemicals and the presence of active phytochemicals that may benefit skin health. This study contributes to the growing body of research on natural cosmetic formulations and highlights the potential of herbal ingredients in personal care products. Further research, including clinical trials, is recommended to fully elucidate the efficacy and long-term benefits of this herbal soap formulation for various skin types and conditions

Formulation of Body Odor Bacteria Inhibiting Deodorant Spray from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Klika Kesambi

Acne is one of the skin damages caused by acne-causing bacteria. Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins in taro tubers can potentially have activity against acne-causing bacteria. This study aims to determine the formulation of extract transparent solid soap preparation that meets the characteristics and assess the activity of soap preparation as anti-acne against acne-causing bacteria. Taro tubers were extracted by maceration method. The extract was formulated as transparent solid soap preparations with variations in extract concentration, namely F0 0%, F1 2%, F2 4%, and F3 8%. The soap was evaluated for characteristics including organoleptic test, pH, moisture content, free fatty acids and alkali, mineral oil test, and foam stability test. Antibacterial activity testing of transparent soap extracts was carried out against acne-causing bacteria. The extraction results obtained an extract yield of 10.86%, the three extract formulas have transparent solid soap characteristics that meet the requirements. Soap preparation formula 1 has an inhibition zone of 21.66 ± 0.31 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 19.11±0.53 mm against S. epidermidis, 21.74±0.34 mm against S. aureus. Soap preparation formula 2 has an inhibition zone of 18.53±0.26 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 18.71±0.49 mm against S. epidermidis, 20.16±0.34 mm against S.aureus and soap preparation formula 3 has an inhibition zone of 19.03±0.68 mm against P. acnes bacteria, 19.93±0.86 mm against S. epidermidis, 22.75±0.59 mm against S.aureus. In conclusion, formula 2 with 2% extract concentration has the best soap characteristics and has the most optimal inhibition zone.

Physicochemical Quality of Transparent Solid Soap with The Addition of Forest Honey (Apis dorsata) as An Environmentally Friendly Sanitizer

Soap is the result of a saponification reaction between fatty acids and bases, which produces soap and glycerol. Transparent solid soap has attracted public attention because it is more attractive and can be used as a body cleanser. Honey is known to contain secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which have antibacterial and anti-free radical activity. So, honey has been developed as a business innovation in product diversification. This research aims to determine the physicochemical quality and antioxidant activity of transparent solid soap with the addition of forest honey. The research method used was laboratory experiments with the addition of honey concentration to transparent soap formulations with concentration values of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The results of the research show that transparent soap with the addition of honey has an average value for colors L*, a*, and b*, respectively, of 27.48– 40.60, (-5.12)–(1.40), 3.06–10.93. The pH value and texture of soap have an average value of 9.48–10.17 and 8.47–13.27 N, respectively. The percentage of water content and foaming power has an average of 10.73–13.42% and 73.64–87.72%, respectively. The free fatty acid content and antioxidant activity of soap have average values of 0.24–0.64 and 1.48–1.86 μg/mL. These results indicate that transparent solid soap with the addition of forest honey produces a quality that conforms to SNI 06-3532-1994 and SNI 3532:2016 in terms of physicochemical properties and contains high antioxidant activity.

Pelatihan Membuat Sabun Transparan Bunga Telang Anggota PKK Desa PAL IX Sungai Kakap Kubu Raya

The workshop on making butterfly pea transparent soap (Clitoria ternatea) was carried out with the aim of increasing the insight of PKK members of Pal IX Village, Sungai Kakap District, Kubu Raya Regency on how to use butterfly pea flowers. As we know the urban society’s interest in the butterfly pea flower was increasing nowadays. It can be seen from the increasing public interest in buying butterfly pea plants in commercial nurseries. Interesting flowers and it’s benefits for traditional medicine causes this plant in demand by the public. Transparent soap has a finer foam compared to opaque soap which is not transparent. The methods used in this workshop were lectures and surveys by distributing questionnaires to find out how far the level of knowledge of respondents had changed after attending the workshop in the form of pre-test and post-test questionnaires which were distributed before and after the training was carried out. After the workshop of making transparent butterfly pea soap, the knowledge of members of PKK Desa pal IX Sungai Kakap Kubu Raya about butterfly pea flowers and the possibility of making transparent soap preparations has been increased.

Optimasi Formula dan Evaluasi Sediaan Sabun Transparan dari Putik Saffron (Crocus Sativus L.)

Transparent solid soap, namely soap in the form of a bar with a transparent appearance, the resulting foam on the skin is softer. Saffron has been used as a food ingredient, treatment, and traditional medicine since ancient times. The content of saffron is like saponins which can be used in making transparent soap. This study aims to formulate a transparent soap from saffron essence as a skin protecting property. This research includes the manufacture of saffron extract, manufacture of transparent soap and transparent soap test parameters including organoleptic test, pH test, foam stability test, water content test and preference test by respondents. Based on research results, saffron extract can be formulated into transparent solid soap preparations that meet the requirements for water content in accordance with SNI, namely for F0 9.12 ± 0.56, FI 8.6 ± 0.42, F2 8.6 ± 0.43, F3 8.6±0.93. For the results of the foam height test, it was found that the foam results were quite stable. For the results of the irritation test, it can be concluded that soap preparations containing saffron essence are safe to use because they do not show any side effects after use.

TRANSPARENT SOAP FORMULATION WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF CONCENTRATION OF TEAK LEAF EXTRACT (TECTONA GRANDIS L.F.)AS ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP

The purpose of this study was to examine the organoleptic, homogeneity and antibacterial properties of transparent soap. The treatment used is; F1 (3% teak leaf extract), F2 (6% teak leaf extract), F3 (9% teak leaf extract), and F4 (12% teak leaf extract). The implementation of the research begins with product optimization in advance of the proportion of the use of raw material components. The results of the homogeneity test experiment showed that all formulas were homogeneous and in accordance with SNI standards, then the results of the water content obtained from each preparation proved to meet the requirements set by SNI ( Indonesian National Standard). The results of the pH measurements showed that at pH F0 it remained at 8. The results for measuring pH F1 showed results with a pH of 8. Meanwhile, pH F2 had a pH of 8. The last measurement for pH at pH F3 showed the same pH results as the other formula, namely at pH 8. So that F0, F1, F2, and F3 have the same pH, namely pH 8, where pH 8 is the pH of the positive control, namely soap on the market. Staphylococcus aureus with a concentration of 3% by 13 mm, 6% by 15 mm, 9% by 17 mm, 12% by 20 mm. The greater the concentration of teak leaf extract in transparent solid coir, the greater the inhibition of bacterial growth.

Refinery technology of used cooking oil by utilizing coffee dregs and sugar cane bagasse as raw materials for making antiseptic transparent soap of guava leaf extract

Cooking oil is an important basic ingredient in the frying process with the main function as a medium for conducting heat, adding savory taste, in-creasing nutritional value and heating food ingredients. The massive use of cooking oil also has an impact on the waste produced, namely used cooking oil (UCO), which is more increasing. The sustainable use of used cooking oil can damage health. The aim of this study was to obtain purification of used cooking oil with coffee dregs and bagasse as raw materials for making antiseptic transparent soap with guava leaf extract. Preparation of raw materials, extraction of guava leaves, oil refining process, production of antiseptic transparent soap with guava leaf extract, and sample quality analysis are the stages of research. The data from the analysis was then tested with ANOVA. Purification of used cooking oil using bagasse adsorbent produced oil with a pH value of 6.43-6.86, moisture content of 0.67-0-769%, free fatty acids of 0.301-1.982% and acid value of 2.3-3.490%, while for the type of coffee dregs adsorbent produced oil with a pH value of 6.60-6.83, moisture content of 0.068-0.549%, free fatty acids of 0.292-0.921 and acid value of 1.120-5.850. The antiseptic transparent soap formulation results obtained a pH value of 11.427-13,687, moisture content of 27.78-36.505, foam height of 19-21.5 mm and antiseptic power of 2-12 colonies.

Effect of Temperature of Turmeric Extraction and Incorporation of Palm Oil in Transparent Soap Making Applications as a Skin Protection Media

Effect of Temperature of Turmeric Extraction and Incorporation of Palm Oil in Transparent Soap Making Applications as a Skin Protection Media

Formulation and Evaluation of Sappan Wood Extract Transparent Solid Soap with Variations in the Concentration of Glycerin as a Humectant

Soap is a product that can be used to clean hands from bacteria and dirt. One of the natural ingredients that can be formulated into soap is sappan wood. Sappan wood contains 5 compounds belonging to flavonoids, including brazilin, brazilein, 3'-O-methyl brazilin, sappanin, chalcone, and sappanchalcone which have antioxidant and antibacterial properties. This study aims to formulate sappan wood extract into a transparent solid soap preparation with an olive oil base using variations in glycerin concentration, namely F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%) transparent soap preparations. The type of research conducted is experimental research. Evaluation of transparent soap preparations consisted of organoleptic testing, pH, moisture content, foam stability, wetting power, and hardness of the preparation. The results of the study showed that the transparent soap met the requirements for the organoleptic test, pH test, water content test, wetting power test, and hardness test. In the results of the stability test, F3 foam has a longer foam stability compared to F1 and F2.

Aktivitas antibakteri sabun transparan dengan penambahan ekstrak kulit nanas [Antibacterial activity of transparent soap with addition of pineapple peel extract

The ability of pineapple peel extract to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus thus it can be applied to a transparent soap. The effect of pineapple peel extract addition in the inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and quality of transparent soap was studied. The study used a complete randomized design with five treatments and three replications. The data was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and continued with DNMRT at the level of 5%. The treatments were different concentrations of pineapple peel extract addition: 0%, 1,5%, 2%, 2,5%, and 3% in the transparent soap. The result showed that the variations of pineapple peel extract addition in the making of the transparent soap significantly affected antibacterial activity, water content, amount of fatty acids, free alkali, pH, foam stability, and sensory test. The selected treatment from this study was 3% addition of pineapple peel extract. Transparent soap from this treatment had 11.47% water content, 35.35% total fatty acid, 0.22% free alkali, 10.07 degree of acidity, 73.30% foam stability, and 26.36 mm antibacterial activity against S. aureus. The descriptive test showed that the transparent soap had hard texture, dark brown color, pineapple flavor, and rather transparent.

The Mixing of Ethanol Extract of Terminalia catappa L in Transparent Soap Base to maintaining it's the Organoleptic properties, Solid quality and Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) caused skin surface infections. The active ingredients in soap dosage forms of Terminalia catappa L extract have antibacterial properties and retain alkaline properties. The study evaluated Terminalia catappa L extract's quality in a transparent soap formulation in inhibiting S. aureus and maintaining soap organoleptic. Terminalia catappa L was extracted by the maceration method also phytochemical screening. An organoleptic assay examined soap's formulation, and an inhibitory of S. aureus was analyzed by disk method. The ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L contains alkaloids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, quinones, flavonoids, and triterpenoids. The transparent soap formulation with the addition of ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L has good organoleptic properties according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 3532-2016. Also, there is a change in the color of transparent solid soap based on the concentration, at a concentration of 1% (light brown and transparent), 2% (dark brown and transparent), and 3% (dark brown and transparent). Soap with ethanol extract content of Terminalia catappa L has high inhibition of S. aureus at a concentration of 3% (20.09 mm). While the concentration is 1% (13.33mm), 2% (15.58 mm), and soap base (19.36 mm). The transparent solid soap base added with ethanol extract of Terminalia catappa L has good quality, maintains the organoleptic properties of soap, and can inhibit the development of S. aureus.

Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sabun Padat Transparan dari Ekstrak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

Rosella flower is a plant with an antioxidant effect because it contains anthocyanins included in the flavonoid group. Therefore, it is essential to develop rosella flower extract in the form of soap preparations. This present work formulated and evaluated transparent solid soap preparations with 70% ethanol extract. This laboratory experimental research analyzed transparent solid soap preparations that were made of three formulas with different concentrations of active substances, namely FI (0.5%), FII (1%), FIII (2%). In addition, the evaluation of solid soap preparations involved organoleptic observations (smell, color, shape), pH test, foam height test, and irritation test on volunteers' skin. The results of quality inspection of organoleptic preparations indicated that the higher the concentration of the active substance in solid soap preparations, the less transparent the soap looks; the pH test produced 10.63-11.43; the initial foam height test resulted in 80 mm, and the final rest got 70 mm, 60 mm, and 50 mm; skin irritation tested to volunteers showed a negative reaction. The formulation in this study was formula 1, which produced the best transparent soap. It is concluded that FI, FII, and FIII soap with 70% ethanol extract of rosella flowers can be formulated as transparent solid soap.

Formulasi Dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Sediaan Sabun Transparan Ekstrak Gambir Terpurifikasi Kombinasi Vco Terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

One of the skin diseases that are often encountered by teenagers is acne. Acne is caused by several factors, one of which is a bacterial infection, namely the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. One of the anti-acne preparations is anti-acne facial cleanser. Soap is formed from the reaction of saponification of triglycerides using alkali. One of the triglycerides that can be used in soap making is Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). One of the anti-acne soap is transparent soap. To improve the quality of transparent soap preparations, in this study purified gambier extract was added. The polyphenolic compounds contained in this gambier extract are catechins which are antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds. Addition with variations in the concentration of purified gambier extract F0:0, F1: 0.25%, F2: 0.50% and F3: 0.75%. Soap was evaluated for its physical properties, namely pH, organoleptic, homogeneity, water content, high foam test, stability of preparation and antibacterial activity test against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. Based on the research results, it is known that the purified gambir extract combined with VCO can be used as a transparent soap preparation that meets the requirements and has an inhibitory power against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes ATCC 11827.

Pembuatan Sabun Ultra Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa (Virgin Coconut Oil) Melalui Proses Pemanasan (Hot Process)

Indonesia is the second largest coconut producing country in the world and demand for coconut products continues to increase both in the export and domestic markets. Coconut oil is one of the most important raw materials for making soap. There are two processes of making soap by saponification reaction, namely hot and cold processes. The purpose of this study was to provide scientific information about the benefits of adding the content of soap making. This research is expected to help improve the economy of coconut farmers in Indonesia. The materials used in this study were VCO, stearic acid, NaOH, glycerin, ethanol (70%), sorbitol solution (66.66%). This experimental research method uses laboratory experimental methods (pH and homogeneity tests) using descriptive analysis (using SPSS), to provide information about the manufacture of this soap product. The hot process method is carried out to streamline the saponification process in soap making so that ultra transparent soap products can be formed properly because the hot process has the advantage of accelerating the saponification reaction process. The results of testing/evaluation of ultra transparent soap products are in accordance with the SNI (1994) standard, namely having a satisfactory level of satisfaction, pH 9.46 and having homogeneity properties.

Formulation and Evaluation of a Laterite Soil Based Scrubbing Effect Herbal Cleansing Bar

Cosmetics play a dynamic role for every person to have a glad and confident life. In the current scenario, herbal cosmeceuticals have more demand because they have no side effects. People often suffer from acne, whiteheads, and blackheads, so scrubbing becomes essential. The main objective of the present study was to prepare a herbal-mineral facial scrubbing effect cleansing bar. Majorly facial skin comes in direct contact with dirt, pollution, dust particles, and many dead cells. Some facial preparations are required to remove the dead cells and make the skin in fine fettle, cleaned, and nourished. The present study formulated a laterite soil-based herbal scrubbing effect cleansing bar for all typed skin using laterite soil powder. In contrast, glycerin soap base, virgin coconut oil, olive oil, bee honey, aloe vera, lime juice, turmeric, and lavender essential oil are used and evaluated by using various parameters such as physical appearance, color, odor, pH, washability, irritants, stability studies, microbial tests, heavy metals, and total fatty matter. It was given fruitful results with all the tests. The herbal formulation had characteristic pleasant order, reddish-brown in color having, light, non-irritant to the skin and quite an elegant, microbial and heavy metal safe product. Thus, the formulated scrubbing effect facial cleansing bar can be utilized efficaciously without a side effect that exfoliates makes healthy, clean, and glowing skin.
 Keywords: Facial scrub, Cosmetic, Herbal, Mineral, Laterite soil

Uji Standar Mutu Sabun padat transparan minyak atsiri sereh wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L )

Transparent solid soap is a bar-shaped soap with a transparent appearance, resulting in a softer foam on the skin and appearance is more shiny than other types of soap. Soap quality standards are needed to determine the quality of soap. This research aims to find out the quality standards of soap formula whether it meets SNI standards. Quality standard tests from the study were taken from transparent soap formulations using the active substances of fragrant lemongrass essential oil on a VCO basis made by the watering method (Fx). Evaluation of the quality standards of transparent solid soaps of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a free alkaline test, pH test, water content test using a comparison soap containing essential oils circulating in the market (Fy). Quality standard test results on the Fx and Fy formulas are on the verge of pH 9-11 meeting SNI standards. While the results of fx and Fy formula testing on water content testing > 15% and alkali free > 0.1% so it does not meet SNI standards. So the transparent solid soap formula of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) has not met the required SNI standards.

Comparison Of Formulations And Antioxidant Activity Of Transparent Soap From Red And Black Plum (Prunus domestica L.)

Transparent soap is a type of soap for the face and body to cleanse and protect the skin from free radicals. Plums are fruits that have very high antioxidant capabilities, because they have the content of flavonoids and tannins. This research aims to make transparent soap with the addition of red and black plum juice and compare the antioxidant activity capabilities of soap. This research captures the process of taking cider, phytochemical screening, and soap making. Analysis is pH test, moisture content, foam stability, free alkaline, and antioxidant activity test with DPPH method. The results of the antioxidant activity test are very strong with a value of IC50 < 50 ppm namely red plum juice (30.83 ppm), black plum juice (47.74 ppm), red plum soap (16.52 ppm), black plum soap (12.08 ppm). Soap has a pH of negative blanko (8.5), positive blanko (8.3), red plum (8.6), black plum (8.0). Water content of blanko soap is negative (1.88), blanko positive (2.69), red plum (1.76), black plum (1.83). Negative blanko soap foam stability (50), positive blanko (20), red plum (45), black plum (65), and alkaline free negative blanko soap (0.04), positive blanko (0.08), red plum (0.05), black plum (0.06). Transparent soap meets the quality requirements in accordance with SNI 3532:2016.

Pengaruh Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Pembuatan Sabun Transparan dari Minyak Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) dan Minyak Ayam (Gallus domesticus)

Transparent soap is synthesized from vegetable oils with alkaline bases through the saponification reaction with the addition of a transparent agent. The different material characteristics of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) and chicken oil (Gallus domesticus) have the potential to produce unique transparent soap. Ultrasonic wave cavitation homogenizes the mixture and accelerates the reaction rate. The purpose of this research is to synthesize transparent soap from coconut oil and chicken oil and compared the soap produced using ultrasonic waves and with soap from the heating method. This experimental laboratory research was carried out with the stages of preparation and characterization of coconut oil and chicken oil, followed by saponification of coconut oil and chicken oil accompanied by ultrasonic waves. Characterization of the synthesized transparent soap. The results in this study indicate that soaps made from coconut oil are more transparent than those made from chicken oil, and soaps made with ultrasonic waves are more transparent than those made by normal heating. The ultrasonic transparent soap character of coconut oil has a moisture content of 22.02%, the non-saponified fraction 1.01%, insoluble part of alcohol by 1.79%, free alkaline by 0.04%, pH 9.35, and this is in accordance with SNI for soap except for its water content. Meanwhile, ultrasonic soap from chicken oil has a moisture content of 23.26%, non-saponified fraction 5.57%, the insoluble portion of alcohol was 4.69%, free alkaline 0.12%, pH 9.60, this is not in accordance with SNI soap. The soap produced by the ultrasonic method with coconut oil has the best character and has the most compatibility with SNI for solid soap.

The influence of cocamide DEA towards the characteristics of transparent soap

Soap is a mixture of fatty acid compounds used as body cleansers so it must not caused irritation to the skin. The quality of sugar, alcohol, and glycerin is crucial for the clarity and clearness of soap. Replacement of hazardous chemicals are neccessary because chemical surfactants contain lots of carcinogenic substances, skin irritants, eyes and respiratory disorders. This research was conducted as natural surfactants applied on transparent soap including cocamide DEA. Cocamide DEA concentration varies at 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%. The surfactant properties of cocamide DEA will characterized based on Critical Micell Consentration (CMC), Hydrophile Lipophile Balance (HLB), and foaming properties. After the characteristics of cocamide DEA are investigated, hereinafter it applied to produce transparent soap. The process of making soap uses the hot method with a hotplate as the medium. The addition of surfactant cocamide DEA was able to reduce the surface tension up to 31.27x10−3 N/m implied the surface tension reduction for 56.56% to water. The transparent soap with the addition of 10% cocamide DEA had the best formulation with the properties of has 8% moisture content, 69.38% foaming ability, 0.146% free fatty acid, 0.0938% free alkali, unsaponified fat 2.376%, pH 8.9 and hardness 569.6 mm/g/s, has highest brightness level, and still in accordance with indonesian standard.