Glutathione S-tranferase Research Articles

Acute Exposure to Crude Oil Induces Epigenetic, Transcriptional and Metabolic Changes in Juvenile Sciaenops ocellatus.

In this study, we report molecular and metabolic responses of Sciaenops ocellatus during an acute oil exposure bioassay (100, 800 and 8000mg 1-1 of crude oil). The global DNA methylation and expression profiles of key genes of the xenobiotic biotransformation system (cytochrome P450 1A [cyp1a] and glutathione S-tranferase [gst]), oxidative stress system (glutathione peroxidase [gpx], catalase [cat], aldehyde dehydrogenase [aldh]) and reproductive system (vitellogenin [vtg]) were evaluated. At the metabolic level, we evaluated the concentration of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites -hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, hydroxypyrene, hydroxynaphthalene and hydroxyphenanthrene- in fish bile. The results of this study revealed that fish exposed to crude oil exhibited hypomethylation of DNA, up-regulation of cyp1a and gst and down-regulation of gpx, cat, aldh and vtg and high concentrations of PAH metabolites with respect to the control.

Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Caloric Restriction in an Aged and Obese Rat Model: The Role of Adiponectin.

Caloric restriction (CR) represents a powerful intervention for extending healthspan and lifespan in several animal models, from yeast to primates. Additionally, in humans, CR has been found to induce cardiometabolic adaptations associated with improved health. In this study, we evaluated in an aged and obese rat model the effect of long-term (6 months) caloric restriction (−40%) on the oxidative/inflammatory balance in order to investigate the underlining mechanisms. In plasma, we analyzed the oxidative balance by photometric tests and the adiponectin/tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gene/protein 6 (TSG-6) levels by Western blot analysis. In the white adipose tissue, we examined the protein levels of AdipoR1, pAMPK, NFκB, NRF-2, and glutathione S-tranferase P1 by Western blot analysis. Our results clearly showed that caloric restriction significantly improves the plasmatic oxidative/inflammatory balance in parallel with a major increase in circulating adiponectin levels. Additionally, at the level of adipose tissue, we found a positive modulation of both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways. These adaptations, induced by caloric restriction, with the achievement of normal weight, suggest that inflammatory and redox imbalance in obese aged rats appear to be more linked to obesity than to aging.

Growth performance and physiological status of intensively raised West African dwarf (WAD) goats supplemented with dietary antioxidants

This study explored the impact of dietary antioxidant supplementation on growth performance and blood profile of intensively raised West African dwarf goats. Thirty West African dwarf goats (8.00 ± 0.13 kg) were divided into five treatment groups of six (6) animals per group and randomly allotted to one of the five diets supplemented with (1). no dietary antioxidant (control); (2). Vitamin E (200mg/kg of feed); (3).Vitamin C (600mg/kg of feed); (4). 200mg Vitamin E+ 0.2mg Selenium/kg of feed; (5). 600mg Vitamin C+ 0.2mg Selenium/ kg of feed respectively, in a completely randomized design. The results revealed that dietary antioxidant supplementation significantly (p<0.05) influenced the red blood cell (RBC) with higher values in selenium supplemented groups, white blood cell (WBC) and basophil counts. Albumin, glucose and alanine transaminase (ALT) significantly (p<0.05) differed across the diets. The significantly (p<0.05) reduced thiobabutiric acid substance (TBARS) in supplemented groups compared to the control justified the scavenging characteristics of the supplemented antioxidants. Furthermore, cholesterol, uric acid, glutathione (GSH), glutathione S -tranferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were oxidative biomarkers significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the antioxidants supplementation while bilirubin and Vitamin E were similar across the treatments. The findings of this study revealed that Vitamin E, Vitamin C and their combination with Selenium did not only enhance erythrocyte formation but improved immune response and health status as well as the oxidative status of the goats by reducing the activities of TBARS and increasing the activities of SOD, GSH and GST.

Colistin sulphate induced neurotoxicity: Studies on cholinergic, monoaminergic, purinergic and oxidative stress biomarkers

This study evaluated the influence of colistin sulphate on cholinergic, monoaminergic, purinergic and oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain of male rats. Rats were randomized into four (4) groups (A-D) of five rats each. Group A rats received the vehicle of administration for 7 days. Rats in groups B, C and D received 5-, 7.5- and 15-mg/kg body weight colistin sulphate intravenously for 7 days. Colistin sulphate administration significantly raised the narrow beam, landing foot spread distance and gait scores. Administration of colistin sulphate dose dependently increased the activities of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, monoamine oxidases A and B, ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase and ecto-5′ nucleotidase. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-tranferase activities in the brain of rats treated with colistin sulphate decreased significantly. Similarly, colistin sulphate lowered the level of reduced glutathione. Caspase-3, malondialdehyde and fragmented DNA in the brain of rats were significantly raised. Colistin sulphate induced gross nuclear condensation and depletion, in addition to cytoplasmic degenerative changes and dilated blood vessels in the brain of rats. Available data from this study show that alterations in the cholinergic, monoaminergic, purinergic and oxidative stress biomarkers are associated with colistin sulphate-mediated neurotoxicity.

Oxidative stress in the hybrid fish jundiara (Leiarius marmoratus × Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) exposed to Roundup Original®

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Roundup Original®, a glyphosate-based herbicide, against biochemical parameters including thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl, enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant responses and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of jundiara fish (Leiarius marmoratus × Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) at a sublethal concentration of 1.357 mg L−1. Fish exposed to the herbicide for different periods (6–96 h) showed a significant increase of both hepatic and muscular TBARS and protein carbonyl. Enzymatic antioxidant activity was decreased in the liver and brain after 48 h of exposure. Glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) had its levels raised in the brain and gills, probably as a toxicity event response. Non protein thiols (GSH) demonstrated a reduction after 6 and 24 h of exposure in the hepatic tissue, followed by an increase at 48 and 96 h in the same tissue. GSH brain levels, however, increased only after 96 h. AChE activity in muscle decreased for all the times tested (26.5, 45, 38 and 14% for 6, 24, 48 and 96 h respectively), but only at 96 h (34%) in the brain. We found that Roundup Original® is able to trigger important changes in the biochemical parameters tested, showing it can be a potential threat for the health and survival of fish in the environment.

Repellency of essential oils against Nephotettix cincticeps: Laboratory and glasshouse assays

AbstractFour oils from Piper nigrum, Litsea cubeba, Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Curcuma longa were obtained by ethanol extraction. The repellency of these oils and two major compounds (linalool and piperine) was evaluated against female adult and third‐instar nymphs of the rice pest, Nephotettix cincticeps, under laboratory and glasshouse conditions. Paired‐choice and no‐choice assays were used for each treatment, with essential oils evaluated after 24 and 48 hr of exposure and chemical compounds evaluated after 12 and 24 hr of exposure. The potential effects of essential oils on activities of glutathione S tranferase (GST), carboxyl esterase (CarE) and acetyl cholinesterase (AchE) were also evaluated after 48 hr of exposure to leafhoppers. The constituents of the essential oils were determined using GC‐MS. The results showed that the major components in the oils were piperine (34.75%) for P. nigrum, 9,12‐octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z) (18.74%) for L. cubeba, ethanone, 1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethoxyphenyl) (18.51%) for Z. bungeanum and turmerone (15.89%) for C. longa. In all cases, the essential oils repelled female adults and third‐instar nymphs of N. cincticeps. The repellency of the tested oils and chemicals compounds in the paired‐choice assay was higher than in the no‐choice assay. In all experimental conditions, P. nigrum and C. longa oils were the most and the least potent, respectively. Linalool was the best repellent among the single‐tested compounds under laboratory conditions. In the glasshouse study, the highest repellency was observed in the mixture of linalool and piperine. GST and CarE activities of leafhoppers were significantly enhanced by exposure to the four essentials oils; AchE activity increased significantly only in the P. nigrum and L. cubeba assays. Our results clearly indicate that the tested oils and chemical compounds are promising agents for developing plant‐based pesticides to control N. cincticeps.

Urban Pollution Increases Sensitivity to Temperature Changes in Elliptio complanata Mussels Exposed to Municipal Wastewaters

The cumulative effects of pollution in the context of global warming are not well understood at the present time. The purpose of this study was to determine whether organisms exposed to urban pollution are more susceptible to temperature changes. Feral Elliptio complanata freshwater mussels were caged and immersed for 1, 12 and 24 days in the final aeration pond treating domestic wastewaters from a township with a population of about 25,000. Mussels were also placed in the river upstream from the township to serve as reference. Following each exposure times, mussels were collected for temperature-dependent mitochondrial electron transport (METT) activity assessments. Other biomarkers were used, including xenobiotic metabolism (cytochrome P4503A4, glutathione S-tranferase and metallothioneins), energy budget (MET at 20oC and total lipids) and gonad status endpoints (gonadosomatic index [GSI], lipid peroxidation [LPO] and vitellogenin-like proteins). The data revealed that mussels exposed to the aeration pond had elevated METT and MET activities, suggesting that they were more sensitive to temperature changes and spent more energy than the controls. METT activity was negatively correlated with lipid stores in gonad, pointing to a negative energy budget. METT activity was also influenced by all xenobiotic metabolism and gonad status markers, with the exception of GSI. This suggests that temperature sensitivity is increased in mussels exposed to urban pollution and involves the expression of xenobiotic biotransformation, oxidative stress and endocrine disruption.

Nephroprotective and antioxidant effect of aqueous leaf extract of Costus Afer Ker gawl on cyclosporin-a (Csa) induced nephrotoxicity

BackgroundOxidative stress (OS) has been linked to the pathology of a variety of chronic and degenerative diseases. Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds which are capable of preventing and fighting these diseases. The nephroprotective and antioxidant properties of the aqueous leaf extract of Costus afer (C.afer) against cyclosporine A CsA - induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar albino rats were investigated.MethodsSix groups of five weight-matched animals each, were used for the study. The first and second groups served as normal and toxic control and were given olive oil and CsA (50 mg/kg b.w.) orally respectively while groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 ingested 375, 750 and 1125 mg/kg b.w. aqueous leaf extract and 100 mg/kg b.w. of the Silymarin respectively one hour prior to administration of CsA 50 mg/kg b.w.ResultsTreatment with C. afer extract at doses of 375, 750 and 1125 mg/kg prevented the CsA induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative impairments of the kidney, as evidenced by a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced plasma creatinine, BUN, K+ and renal malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, all the doses were able to induce a significant increment (P < 0.05) of renal levels of glutathione (GSH) and plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase(CAT), glutathione-S-tranferase (GST), serum electrolytes (Na+ and HCO3−), body and kidney weight. The nephroprotective effects of C.afer extract were confirmed by a reduced severity of renal cellular damage.ConclusionAqueous leaf extract of C.afer has a protective role against CsA- induced nephrotoxicity probably mediated through its antioxidant properties.

Influence of methanol, ethanol and cypermethrin on the Glutathione S-tranferase catalyzed reaction of Glutathione with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene: A method for detection and quantification of cypermethrin

This article describes application of normal mediatorless cyclic voltammetry and UV-visible spectroscopy to study the Glutathione S-tranferase (GST) catalyzed reaction of reduced glutathione(GSH) with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene(CDNB) in two solvents methanol and ethanol, and influence of pyrethroid cypermethrin on it. The course of the reaction between CDNB and GSH in presence of GST differs in the two solvents, viz., methanol and ethanol. Unlike the case when ethanol was used as the solvent, in methanol GSH got transformed to an electro active state under the influence of electrode polarization. This electro active intermediate undergoes oxidation at 0.3V, sufficiently stable (more than two hours) and reacts with CDNB to form UV active but electro inactive final product. The same electro active intermediate is also formed by non-electrochemical process in presence of CDNB in methanol and the formation is catalyzed by GST. The said reaction is quantitatively affected by cypemethrin. A 25ppb cypermethrin solution can suppress completely the cyclic voltammetric peak as well as the UVpeak obtained from a 1:1 millimolar mixture of GSH and CDNB in presence of 20μL (0.02mg) of GST. Based on this, an electrochemical method for quantification of cypermethrin has been proposed that can detect cypermethrin down to 2ppb.The work has opened up new possibilities for electrochemical study of detoxification processes carried out by GSH.

Brain effects of manganese exposure in mice pups during prenatal and breastfeeding periods

Manganese (Mn) is a trace element essential for brain development and functioning of the central nervous system. However, there is a lack of information concerning the neurotoxicity of Mn under realistic doses in early stages of development, though excess of Mn results in a progressive disorder of the nervous system called manganism. In the current study, adult mice were exposed to three doses of Mn for 60 days through daily gavages, while mice pups were exposed to the same Mn doses during developmental period (gestational and breast-feeding). From the latter group of mice, a group was exposed for more 60 days to the same Mn doses. Chemical analysis revealed a dose-dependent bioaccumulation of Mn in mice's brain. Biochemical parameters revealed that (1) Mn affects non-protein thiol levels, glutathione S-tranferase and acetylcholinesterase activities, as well as the levels of oxidized lipids and proteins in mice brain, though lipids and proteins alterations were found only after exposure to high and unrealistic doses; (2) Realistic doses of Mn affects the activity of brain AChE and finally; (3) Pups' brain were affected by Mn even whether only the parental females had been previously exposed. The current study shows evidences of chemical stress in mice exposed to Mn during the early period of development and an efficient mechanism of Mn elimination under higher doses. These findings open new lines of investigation regarding manganese toxicity in vertebrates mainly in the early stages of development.

Adaptation and detoxification mechanisms of Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) growing on gold mine tailings

ABSTRACTVetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) was investigated for its potential use in the rehabilitation of gold mine tailings, its ability to extract and accumulate toxic metals from the tailings and its metal tolerant strategies. Vetiver grass was grown on gold mine tailings soil, in a hothouse, and monitored for sixteen weeks. The mine tailings were highly acidic and had high electrical conductivity. Vetiver grass was able to grow and adapt well on gold mine tailings. The results showed that Vetiver grass accumulated large amounts of metals in the roots and restricted their translocation to the shoots. This was confirmed by the bioconcentration factor of Zn, Cu, and Ni of >1 and the translocation factor of <1 for all the metals. This study revealed the defense mechanisms employed by Vetiver grass against metal stress that include: chelation of toxic metals by phenolics, glutathione S-tranferase, and low molecular weight thiols; sequestration and accumulation of metals within the cell wall that was revealed by the scanning electron microscopy that showed closure of stomata and thickened cell wall and was confirmed by high content of cell wall bound phenolics. Metal induced reactive oxygen species are reduced or eliminated by catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase dismutase.

CuO nanoparticles induce apoptosis by impairing the antioxidant defense and detoxification systems in the mouse hippocampal HT22 cell line: Protective effect of crocetin

Several studies have reported that CuO nanoparticles (CuONPs) have the capacity to cross the blood brain barrier and exert a toxic effect. The aims of our study were to investigate mechanisms underlying CuONPs-induced neurotoxicity in vitro and neuroprotective effects of crocetin. We investigated the toxicological effects of exposure of HT22 hippocampal cells to CuONPs (31nm) in the presence or absence of crocetin. Crocetin is a carotenoid with wide spectrum of pharmacological effects and the ability to cross blood-brain barrier. Exposure of HT22 cells to CuONPs resulted in: (1) increased cell death in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with a LC50 of 25.9μg/ml after 24h; (2) decreased antioxidant/detoxification enzymes activities: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-tranferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels; (3) decreased gene expression of GPx and SOD; (4) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; (5) enhanced apoptosis; and (6) up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic genes Bax, and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-2. Importantly, all these effects were significantly attenuated by co-incubation of hippocampal cells with 5μM crocetin.

Antioxidant and antiarthritic potential of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves

Summary Aim Present investigation was undertaken to assess the antioxidant and antiarthritic activities of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) leaves in osteoarthritis patients. Methods The antioxidant and antiarthritic activities of coriander (C sativum L.) leaves were assessed in vivo by the administration of coriander leaf powder (5 g/day) to selected osteoarthritis patients for 60 days and by the estimation of a number of biochemical and clinical parameters before and after the administration of coriander leaves and by comparing with that of untreated patients. Results Oxidative stress as shown by increased lipid peroxidation, increased activity of catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes, decreased serum β carotene and vitamin C observed in arthritis patients was countered by coriander leaves in the treated group. In addition, increased activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme i.e. glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and a significantly decreased activity of alkaline phosphatase, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and increased serum calcium levels observed in the treated osteoarthritis patients support the efficacy of the leaves. Conclusions Coriander leaves significantly influenced almost all the parameters in arthritis patients without any detrimental effects by virtue of a number of phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals present in the leaves having therapeutic effects. The antioxidant and antiarthritic activities exhibited by the leaves are a result of the synergistic action of the bioactive compounds present in the leaves.

Oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant response to sublethal waterborne zinc in a euryhaline teleost Fundulus heteroclitus: Protective effects of salinity

Zinc is an essential trace metal, but many aspects of its toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we investigated zinc effects on oxidative stress parameters and antioxidant profile in four tissues (gill, liver, kidney, and white muscle) of Fundulus heteroclitus. Possible interactive effects of salinity were also studied. Killifish were exposed to sublethal level (500μgL−1) of waterborne zinc for 96h in 0% (fresh water), 10% (3.5ppt), 30% (10.5ppt) and 100% sea water (35ppt). Salinity per se had no effect on any parameter in the control groups. Zinc exposure clearly induced oxidative stress, and responses were qualitatively similar amongst different tissues. Salinity acted as a strong protective factor, with the highest levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and greatest damage (protein carbonyls, lipid peroxidation as indicated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in 0ppt, the least in 100% sea water (35ppt), and gradations in between in many of the observed responses. Increases in total oxidative scavenging capacity (TOSC) occurred at higher salinities, correlated with increases in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S-tranferase (GST), as well as in tissue glutathione (GSH) concentrations. However, TOSC was depleted in zinc-exposed fish at 0ppt, accompanied by decreases in SOD, GST, GSH, and also catalase (CAT) activity. Our results confirm that sublethal waterborne zinc is an oxidative stressor in fish, and highlight the important protective role of higher salinities in ameliorating the oxidative stress associated with zinc toxicity in this model estuarine teleost.

Antidiabetic activity and modulation of antioxidant status by fractions of Argemone mexicana in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Background: Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae) commonly known as prickly poppy is an indigenous herb used as a medicinal plant in several countries. Aim: The investigation was carried out to study the effects of chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions from hydroalcoholic extract of Argemone mexicana in normoglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic rats. It was also intended to establish correlation between the marker antioxidant enzymes and diabetes. Materials and Methods: Hyperglycemia was induced in rats by alloxan monohydrate (150mg/kg body weight i.p.). After alloxan induction diabetic rats received chloroform and aqueous fractions orally at 150 mg/kg body weight daily for 21days. The parameters studied were blood glucose, creatinine and urea, serum lipid profile, serum enzymes [serum glutamate pyruvate transaminases and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminases, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. The results of test drug were compared with standard hypoglycaemic drug-glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Statistical analysis: All data were expressed as means ± SEM. Dunnet’s t-test and one-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean values of test groups and control. Results: . Experimental findings showed that the chloroform and aqueous soluble fractions significantly (P < 0.01)normalized blood glucose levels, serum biochemical parameters; decreased LPO and recovered glutathione‑S‑tranferase (GST) and CAT as compared with those of alloxan controls.. Conclusion: From this study it may be concluded that the potential anti‑diabetic action of chloroform and aqueous fractions of A. Mexicana is plausibly due to its modulation of endogenous antioxidant status Key words: Anti‑diabetic activity, Argemone mexicana, alloxan monohydrate

Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Glutathione S-Transferase Omega 1 That Impair Cancer Drug Resistance

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a superfamily of enzymes that conjugate glutathione to a wide variety of both exogenous and endogenous compounds for biotransformation and/or removal. Glutathione S-tranferase omega 1 (GSTO1) is highly expressed in human cancer cells, where it has been suggested to play a role in detoxification of chemotherapeutic agents. Selective inhibitors of GSTO1 are, however, required to test the role that this enzyme plays in cancer and other (patho)physiological processes. With this goal in mind, we performed a fluorescence polarization activity-based protein profiling (fluopol-ABPP) high-throughput screen (HTS) with GSTO1 and the Molecular Libraries Small Molecule Repository (MLSMR) 300K+ compound library. This screen identified a class of selective and irreversible α-chloroacetamide inhibitors of GSTO1, which were optimized to generate an agent KT53 that inactivates GSTO1 with excellent in vitro (IC(50) = 21 nM) and in situ (IC(50) = 35 nM) potency. Cancer cells treated with KT53 show heightened sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, supporting a role for GSTO1 in chemotherapy resistance.

No evidence for a correlation of glutathione S-tranferase polymorphisms and chronic rhinosinusitis

Cellular detoxification mechanisms are mandatory for cellular protection against oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species. One major group of antioxidative active enzymes involved in cellular detoxification are the Glutathione S-Transferases (GST). Multiple subtypes like GSTM1, GSTP1, and GSTT1 and variants of them are known, arising from allelic variations of the GST loci. Moreover, functional variants occur in high percentages and have been associated with diseases like bronchial asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. The interplay of oxidative stress, detoxifying genes like GSTs and the genesis of respiratory tract illness is under contradictory debate. In this study, we analysed the potential association of GST-polymorphisms and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In total 170 nasal tissue samples, 49 tissue samples from patients with CRS without nasal polyps, 69 tissue samples from CRS with nasal polyps and 52 healthy tissue controls of the inferior turbinate were analysed for their individual GST-status. Genotypes for GSTM1 (null versus present), GSTT1 (null versus present), and GSTP1 (Ile105Val) were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction. The respective genotypes were correlated to the incidence of CRS with and without nasal polyps in aspirin-tolerant and intolerant patients and to the individual health status concerning asthma and allergies. No correlation between any GST-polymorphism and CRS with and without nasal polyps or allergies or asthma or aspirin-intolerance was observed. Our results do not suggest that there is a relevant genetic predisposition considering the individual GST-status for the susceptibility of nasal respiratory epithelia leading to CRS.

Detection of metals and polychlorobiphenyls and their correlation with detoxificant enzymes activity in Dicentrarchus labrax

Several pollutants released to the environment, are biotransformed into more soluble molecules, in liver, by several enzymes, as catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-tranferase (GST), which are fundamental for detoxification and excretion. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships among xenobiotic levels and CAT and GST enzymatic activities, in reared European sea bass.

Comparison of aniseeds and coriander seeds for antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities

AIM: In the present study, it was aimed to investigate and to compare the antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aniseeds (Pimpinella anisum) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seeds in type 2 diabetics as aniseeds and coriander seeds are rich in antioxidants and beneficial phytochemicals. METHODS: The antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of aniseeds and coriander seeds were assessed in vivo by the administration of aniseed and coriander seed powder (5g/day) respectively to the selected two groups of type 2 diabetes patients for 60 days followed by the estimation of a no. of biochemical parameters viz. fasting glucose, lipid profile, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. RESULTS: Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress as shown by increased lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and increased activity of catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes, decreased serum beta carotene, vitamin A, E and C observed in diabetics were countered by aniseeds and coriander seeds in the respective treated groups. In addition, decreased activities of erythrocyte antioxidant enzyme i.e. glutathione-S-tranferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) content were significantly improved in the treated-diabetics. CONCLUSION: Both the seeds significantly influenced almost all the parameters without any detrimental effects by virtue of a number of phytochemicals, vitamins and minerals present in the seeds having therapeutic effects. The antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities exhibited by the seeds are a result of the synergistic action of the bioactive compounds present in the seeds.

Effect modification of air pollution on Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine by genotypes: an application of the multiple testing procedure to identify significant SNP interactions

BackgroundAir pollution is associated with adverse human health, but mechanisms through which pollution exerts effects remain to be clarified. One suggested pathway is that pollution causes oxidative stress. If so, oxidative stress-related genotypes may modify the oxidative response defenses to pollution exposure.MethodsWe explored the potential pathway by examining whether an array of oxidative stress-related genes (twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs in nine genes) modified associations of pollutants (organic carbon (OC), ozone and sulfate) with urinary 8-hydroxy-2-deoxygunosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of oxidative stress among the 320 aging men. We used a Multiple Testing Procedure in R modified by our team to identify the significance of the candidate genes adjusting for a priori covariates.ResultsWe found that glutathione S-tranferase P1 (GSTP1, rs1799811), M1 and catalase (rs2284367) and group-specific component (GC, rs2282679, rs1155563) significantly or marginally significantly modified effects of OC and/or sulfate with larger effects among those carrying the wild type of GSTP1, catalase, non-wild type of GC and the non-null of GSTM1.ConclusionsPolymorphisms of oxidative stress-related genes modified effects of OC and/or sulfate on 8-OHdG, suggesting that effects of OC or sulfate on 8-OHdG and other endpoints may be through the oxidative stress pathway.