Glucosinolate Content Of Rapeseed Research Articles

A Rapid and Nondestructive Detection Method for Rapeseed Quality Using NIR Hyperspectral Imaging Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

In this study, a fast and non-destructive method was proposed to analyze rapeseed quality parameters with the help of NIR hyperspectral imaging spectroscopy and chemometrics. Hyperspectral images were acquired in the reflectance mode. Meanwhile, the region of interest was extracted from each image by the regional growth algorithm. The kernel partial least square regression was used to build prediction models for crude protein content, oil content, erucic acid content, and glucosinolate content of rapeseed. The results showed that the correlation coefficients were 0.9461, 0.9503, 0.9572, and 0.9335, whereas the root mean square errors of prediction were 0.5514%, 0.5680%, 2.8113%, and 10.3209 µmol/g for crude protein content, oil content, erucic acid content, and glucosinolate content, respectively. It demonstrated that NIR hyperspectral imaging is a promising tool to determine rapeseed quality parameters in a rapid and non-invasive manner.

Glucosinolate Content in Rapeseed in Relation to Suppression of Subsequent Crop

In crop rotations that include rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the growth of the crops following rapeseed is sometimes inhibited. The aim of this study was to assess the role of glucosinolates (GSLs) in the inhibitory effect. Three cultivars with zero erucic acid content (Asakano-natane, Kizakino-natane, Nanashikibu: single-low cultivars) and one cultivar with zero erucic acid and low GSL contents (Kirariboshi: double-low cultivar) were grown. The GSL contents differed greatly depending on plant part, stage of development, and cultivar. Progoitrin and gluconapin were detected mainly in the seeds of the single-low cultivars. Their contents either did not change or increased slightly during the reproductive stage. The double-low cultivar Kirariboshi contained almost none of either progoitrin or gluconapin in any part during the reproductive stage. Glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin were detected, mainly in the roots, of all four cultivars, and tended either to decrease or to remain steady as plants matured. Dense stands of rapeseed seedlings that had germinated from seeds dropped at harvest grew together with the subsequent crop. The GSL contents in the leaves and roots of these seedlings were high. These results suggest that the GSLs in the seeds of single-low cultivars, in the roots of both types at harvest, and in the leaves and roots of volunteer seedlings are the candidate cause of the generally observed phenomenon of inhibited growth of the crop following rapeseed.

Effect of Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop on the glucosinolate content of rapeseed

SummaryThe suitability of rapeseed as a protein supplement for human consumption and in animal feed is limited because of toxicity problems caused by the presence of antinutritional factors such as glucosinolates. There are a number of procedures for removing or decreasing the quantity of glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products but all these processes have major drawbacks such as protein loss, incomplete inactivation, cost and a lack of economic viability. In this study, Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop (Détente Instantanée Contrôlée DIC®) treatment was evaluated on rapeseed meal. The results demonstrate the efficiency of DIC® as a new process for the detoxification of rapeseed. Indeed, glucosinolate content decreased by 40% after 1 min of treatment and by 98% after a 7‐min treatment, demonstrating the efficiency of DIC® as a new process for rapeseed treatment.

Effect of Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop on the glucosinolate content of rapeseed

Effect of Instantaneous Controlled Pressure Drop on the glucosinolate content of rapeseed

A rapid chromatographic method for determining the glucosinolate content in crambe seed

Abstract Crambe abyssinica is becoming a reliable source of industrial oil with good technical characteristics because of its high erucic acid content. The possibility of using the industrial defatted meal of crambe as a feed could further promote the interest in this crop, but is prevented by the high glucosinolate content (70‐150 μmol/g). Therefore the possibility of reducing this parameter by selection was evaluated and a search for a new quick analytical procedure begun. When hydrolysed by myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.3.1.), at pH 6.5 or higher, epiprogoitrin, the main glucosinolate in crambe seed (>90% of total glucosinolates), gives (5R)‐5‐vinyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione quantitatively. The latter can be easily estimated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. This is the background of the proposed analytical procedure that permits rapid analysis of about 100 samples per day using about 25 mg of crambe meal (five seeds) for assay. The method can also be used to select for glucosinolate content in rapeseed and, probably with some adjustment, all crops that have a 2‐hydroxy‐glucosinolate as the main glucosinolate.

Relations between Total Sulphur and Glucosinolate Content in Rapeseed – Calibration of the X‐RF Method

AbstractThe X‐RF method according to Schnug and Haneklaus has become a widely used method for the determination of the total glucosinolate content in rapeseed. This contribution deals with the calibration of the method by means of the standard reference rapeseed materials supplied by the Commission of the European Communities and describes the upgrading of results derived by calibration systems formerly released for the X‐RF method. In addition guidelines for the correction of data obtained from samples with extreme deviations in seed protein content and composition are described.

Quantitative glucosinolate analysis in Brassica seeds by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy

AbstractX‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (X‐RF) is an indirect method which is suitable for the quantification of the total glucosinolate content of Brassica seeds. The X‐RF method is based on two major principles: the close relationship between total sulphur and total glucosinolate content in rapeseed and the distinctive applicabilities of X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy for total sulphur determination in organic matter. The whole preparation procedure consists of only three steps and needs less than five minutes per sample. A special advantage of the method is the availability of a centralized calibration system which ensures the comparability of data derived from different laboratories.

A Systematical Study on Factors Influencing the Determination of the Total Glucosinolate Content in Rapeseed by the X‐RF Method

AbstractThe X‐RF method for the determination of the total glucosinolate content in rapeseed is a comparatively new method, which is, due to its striking features in precision and speed, becoming the most favoured method for glucosinolate analyses within the European Community. This contribution presents a first systematic study on sources of variations in analytical results obtained with the X‐RF method. Sample born sources of variations (immaturity, contaminations with weeds and fungi, inhomogeneity) primary cause deviations of the results obtained by chemical reference or control methods. One of the most striking problems is the immaturity of seeds which leads to systematically lower glucosinolate values by chemical methods so that the results obtained by the X‐RF method appear to high. Compared to this possible error, variations caused by mistakes during preparation and measurement are of less importance. However, the knowledge of these factors may give helpful hints when deviations to results of other analytical methods want to be explained and to optimize the routine work in order to avoid systematic errors in the analytical procedure.

Total Glucosinolate Content in Rapeseed Using Reflectance

AbstractA method has been developed for the determination of total glucosinolate content in rapeseed. Following selective hydrolysis of glucosinolates by the endogeneous myrosinase in rapeseed, the glucose produced is detected with commercially available glucose test strips. The intensity of the colour on the strips is measured using a portable reflectometer. This method is suitable for use by plant breeders and for the determination of glucosinolate content in commercial rapeseed loads.

Theoretical principles for the indirect determination of the total glucosinolate content in rapeseed and meal quantifying the sulphur concentration via X‐ray fluorescence (X‐RF method)

AbstractThe introduction of double low oilseed rape cultivars into common crop production will require the development of methods for a precise, rapid and simple determination of the total glucosinolate content in rapeseed. Recent methods are often inappropriate for plant breeding work, and also for the trade and oil mills in separating parcels of seed according to their glucosinolate contents. In contrast to the methods commonly used (chromatography, enzymic and colorimetric tests) an indirect method is described here which is based on the very close correlation between the total sulphur and glucosinolate content in rapeseed. The sulphur content of the samples can be determined precisely and non‐destructively by means of X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (X‐RF). This new method, which is suitable for rapeseed and meal, requires simple preparation of the seed samples by grinding and compressing. The whole analytical procedure (sample preparation and measurement) takes 2‐4 min. If necessary, moist seed samples can be quickly dried by microwave heating, because the method does not require intact glucosinolates. The steps of the X‐RF method are fairly insensitive to errors. The method shows an excellent repeatability (r = 1.9 μmol g−1) and reproducibility (R = 3.8 μmol g−1). The results obtained with this X‐RF method correlate closely with the conventional reference methods (r2 = 96‐99%).

THIOCYANATE ION, A HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT OF GLUCOSINOLATES FROM RAPE AND MUSTARD SEED

Seed meals from commercial cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus and B. campestris rapeseed and B. juncea mustard, when incubated with a yellow mustard (B. hirta) myrosinase isolate, released between 5.4 and 13.1 μmoles of thiocyanate ion per gram of oil-free meal. Low glucosinolate rapeseed cultivars released amounts (8.6–11.4 μmoles) similar to that released by normal glucosinolate cultivars (10.1–13.1 μmoles). Mustard cultivars released less thiocyanate ion (5.4–6.9 μmoles). Stoichiometric agreement between analysis for glucose, sulphate and the combined isothiocyanates and thiocyanate ion released from aqueous extracts of B. napus cv. Tower meal which had been incubated with the myrosinase isolate indicated that in addition to isothiocyanates, thiocyanate ion is a product of glucosinolate hydrolysis. Thus the indirect determination of the glucosinolate content of rapeseed and brown or Oriental mustard seed by analysis for the isothiocyanate hydrolysis products should be complemented by analysis for thiocyanate ion.

A thiourea‐UV assay for total glucosinolate content in rapeseed meals

AbstractA rapid and sensitive method for the determination of the total glucosinolate content in rapeseed is described. The method is based on the specific UV absorbance of the thioureas and oxazolidine‐2‐thiones. Results obtained were confirmed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Recoveries varying from 94 to 103% were obtained for samples containing mixtures of isothiocyanate and oxazolidine‐2‐thione (a total of 0.25 to 0.78 mg per assay). The relative stadard deviation for rapeseed meals varied from 4 to 10% for the total glucosinolate content (expressed as 3‐butenylisothiocyanate) and depended on the size of sample taken. The relative standard deviation for oxazolidine‐2‐thione varied from 5 to 35% for the same meal. The lower limit of detection for rapeseed meal is of the order of 0.25 mg of 3‐butenylisothiocyanate per g.

INHERITANCE OF THE MAJOR GLUCOSINOLATES OF RAPESEED (BRASSICA NAPUS) MEAL

Glucosinolate content of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) meal was investigated in parental, hybrid and segregating populations derived from the cultivar Bronowski, and a strain derived from Target. The gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin content of seed meal was determined by the genotype of the maternal plant, rather than the embryo genotype. Higher values of gluconapin were partially dominant to the lower values. Three loci were indicated in the control of gluconapin content. Overdominance of high values of glucobrassicanapin was demonstrated. Four or five loci probably control glucobrassicanapin content. The high values of progoitrin were partially dominant to the absence of progoitrin. Four loci were indicated for progoitrin. The gene systems controlling the three compounds did not segregate independently of each other.

Glucosinolate content and amino acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal as affected by sulphur and nitrogen nutrition

AbstractRapeseed plants have been grown in soil‐free culture with varying amounts of nitrogen fertiliser applied as nitrate, and with 50% of the nitrate‐N exchanged for ammonium. The experiment was performed at two levels of sulphate fertiliser. Yield, protein content, glucosinolate content and amino acid composition were studied. The glucosinolate content was lower and the protein content was higher at a high level of nitrogen fertiliser. Exchange of 50% of the nitrate‐N for ammonium caused no significant change in glucosinolate or protein content. The amount of glucosinolate was higher at the high sulphate level. There were no sulphur‐nitrogen interactions. Content of total aspartic acid increased with nitrogen fertilisation, while total content of other amino acids did not change significantly with fertilisation.The effect of a wide variety of applications of sulphate fertiliser on glucosinolate and total amino acid content have been studied in a separate experiment. Although both protein content and methionine content were reduced at a low sulphate level, glucosinolate content was reduced considerably more.Experiments in the field revealed that although a reduction in glucosinolate content of rapeseed may be obtained from using fertilisers low in sulphur on sandy soils this does not seem possible on heavy soils.

Glucosinolate Content of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) Meal as Influenced by Pod Position on the Plant1

Three major glucosinolates “gluconapin,” “glucobrassicanapin,” and “progoitrin” were quantitatively determined in rapeseed meal for three pod positions on plants of the varieties ‘Nugget’ (Brassica napus L.) and ‘Echo’ (B. campestris L.) grown in three environments. Significant position effects were found for all three glucosinolates in Nugget, but only for gluconapin in Echo when position effects were averaged for three environments. However, within environments the pod position effects did not always follow these patterns. Single pod samples should be restricted to the same position on each plant to reduce the random variation in glucosinolate content. The effect of environment on the glucosinolate content of seed from plants grown under three environments was significant. Comparisons of glucosinolate values for plants grown at different times or locations should be avoided.