Glucose Powder Research Articles

Fructose restriction has beneficial effects on adipose tissue distribution but not on serum adipokine levels: Post-hoc analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

We aimed to examine the effects of isocaloric fructose restriction on adipose tissue distribution and serum adipokines. Individuals with BMI >28 kg/m2 (n = 44) followed a 6-week fructose-restricted diet and were randomly allocated to (double-blind) oral supplementation with fructose (control) or glucose (intervention) powder three times daily. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue was quantified with MRI. Serum interleukin 6 and 8, tumour necrosis factor alpha and adiponectin levels were measured with sandwich immunoassay. BMI decreased in both groups, but the change did not differ between groups (-0.1 kg/m2, 95%CI: -0.3; 0.5). SAT decreased statistically significantly in the control group (-23.2 cm3, 95%CI: -49.4; -4.1), but not in the intervention group. The change in SAT did not differ between groups (29.6 cm3, 95%CI: -1.2; 61.8). No significant differences in VAT were observed within or between study arms. The VAT/SAT ratio decreased statistically significantly in the intervention group (-0.02, 95%CI: -0.04; -0.003) and the change was significantly different between groups (-0.03, 95%CI: -0.54; -0.003). Serum adipokine levels were not affected by the intervention. This study shows that a fructose-restricted diet resulted in a favourable change in adipose tissue distribution, but did not affect serum adipokines. Further studies are warranted to clarify the underlying mechanisms how fructose affects adipose tissue distribution.

Large Dynamic Range Spectral Measurement in Terahertz Region Based on Frequency Up-Conversion Detection via OH1 Crystal.

Terahertz spectroscopy systems, which integrate terahertz sources and detectors, have important applications in many fields such as materials science and security checking. Based on highly sensitive frequency up-conversion detection, large dynamic range spectral measurements in a terahertz region are reported. Our system realized the detection sensitivity at a 10 aJ level with a 2-(3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5,5-dime-thylcyclohex-2-enylidene) malononitrile (OH1) crystal and a dynamic range up to seven orders. Based on this system, we verified the validity of the spectral measurement with tests which were conducted on monohydrate glucose, anhydrous glucose and mixed tablet samples with a thickness of 0.8 mm in 1~3 THz, respectively. Also, a mini coppery elbow tube with an inner diameter of 1 mm was used for the transmission of a terahertz wave to simulate some strip biological tissue samples. By allowing terahertz to transmit through this tube filled with 0.5 g glucose powder, we successfully obtained the absorption spectrum with a minimum transmittance at the absorption peak in the order of 10-4.

Metabolic characteristics of different phenotypes in reproductive-aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine metabolic disorder in reproductive-aged women. The study was designed to investigate the metabolic characteristics of different phenotypes in women with PCOS of reproductive age. A total of 442 women with PCOS were recruited in this cross-sectional study. According to different phenotypes, all women were divided into three groups: the chronic ovulatory dysfunction and hyperandrogenism group (OD-HA group, n = 138), the chronic ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovarian morphology group (OD-PCOM group, n = 161), and the hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology group (HA-PCOM group, n = 143). The metabolic risk factors and prevalence rates of metabolic disorders among the three groups were compared. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of women from the OD-HA group and HA-PCOM group were significantly higher than those of women from the OD-PCOM group (p < 0.05). The serum insulin concentration and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR) at 2h and 3h after oral glucose powder in women from the OD-HA group and HA-PCOM group were significantly higher than those from the OD-PCOM group (p < 0.05). The serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in women from the OD-HA group and HA-PCOM group were significantly higher than those in women from the OD-PCOM group (p < 0.05). The prevalence rates of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and dyslipidemia of women with PCOS were 17.9%, 3.6%, 58.4%, 29.4%, 46.6%, and 43.4%, respectively. The prevalence rates of IGT, IR, MS, NAFLD, and dyslipidemia of women in the OD-HA group and HA-PCOM group were significantly higher than those of women in the OD-PCOM group (p < 0.05). T concentration (>1.67 nmol/L) and Ferriman-Gallwey (F-G) score (>3) significantly increased the risk of metabolic disorders in women with PCOS (p < 0.05). The phenotypes of OD-HA and HA-PCOM in women with PCOS were vulnerable to metabolic disorders compared to OD-PCOM. Thus, the metabolic disorders in women with PCOS especially those with the HA phenotype should be paid more attention in order to reduce long-term complications.

Bi-directional and multi-modal effects of dexamphetamine on spatial binding windows in healthy individuals.

Stimuli that are separated by a short window of space or time, known as spatial and temporal binding windows (SBW/TBWs), may be perceived as separate. Widened TBWs are evidenced in schizophrenia, although it is unclear if the SBW is similarly affected. The current study aimed to assess if dexamphetamine (DEX) may increase SBWs in a multimodal visuo-tactile illusion, potentially validating usefulness as an experimental model for multimodal visuo-tactile hallucinations in schizophrenia, and to examine a possible association between altered binding windows (BWs) and working memory (WM) suggested by previous research. A placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and counter-balanced crossover design was employed. Permuted block randomisation was used for drug order. Healthy participants received DEX (0.45mg/kg, PO, b.i.d.) or placebo (glucose powder) in capsules. The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Spatial Span was employed to determine whether DEX would alter SBWs and WM, respectively. Schizotypy was assessed with a variety of psychological scales. Most participants did not experience the RHI even under normal circumstances. Bi-directional and multimodal effects of DEX on individual SBWs and schizotypy were observed, but not on WM. Bidirectional multimodal effects of DEX on the RHI and SBWs were observed in individuals, although not associated with alterations in WM.

Enhanced terahertz vibrational absorption spectroscopy using an integrated high-Q resonator

The terahertz (THz) absorption spectrum is a powerful method to identify substances. The improvement focuses on sensitivity and recovery ability. Here, we demonstrate enhanced THz vibrational absorption spectroscopy based on an on-chip THz whispering gallery mode resonator (THz-WGMR). A THz-WGMR with high Q can store energy and enhance the interaction between the THz waves and the target substances to capture the unique absorption fingerprint information. Therefore, it possesses significant sensitivity to identify trace amounts of substances. As a proof of concept, lactose powder and glucose powder are applied to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in recovering fingerprint absorption spectroscopy. Compared with a straight waveguide, the high sensitivity of the THz-WGMR is illustrated. The change of the transmissivity caused by the lactose reaches 7.8 dB around 532 GHz for the THz-WGMR, while only 1.4 dB for the straight waveguide, demonstrating the state-of-the-art sensing performance in fingerprint absorption recovery. We believe the proposed integrated THz-WGMR will promote the THz identification of tiny fingerprint substances.

Pengolahan Pati Rumbia menjadi Serbuk Glukosa secara Hidrolisis Enzimatis dengan Variasi Perbandingan Pati dan Air, Suhu Evaporasi, dan Suhu Pengeringan

Glucose is a simple sugar that can be used as an sucrose alternative. Rumbia starch is rich in carbohydrates and abundant in Indonesia, potentially being used as a raw material for the production of glucose powder. The process involves starch hydrolysis, evaporation, and drying. The purpose of this study was to obtain optimal conditions of reducing sugar content, evaporation, and drying temperature based on variations in starch and water ratio (1:3, 1:4, 1:5, and 1:6), evaporation temperature (100 °C and 115 °C), and drying temperature (50 °C, and 70 °C). From this study, the optimal ratio of starch and water was 1:4 with a reduced sugar content of 99,77%. The optimal evaporation temperature was 115 °C, the brix content obtained is 85%, and the optimal drying temperature was 70°C, the water content obtained is 3,60%. Based on SNI of glucose, the glucose powder products meet the standard for water content and ash content. However, only in the ratio of starch and water 1:4 and 1:5, the reducing sugar content met the SNI of glucose.

Preparation of graphene-coated Cu particles with oxidation resistance by flash joule heating

Cu particles are limited in their applications due to their susceptibility to oxidation. Here we report a cost-effective method for producing Cu particles with oxidation resistance. By heating the mixture of basic cupric carbonate and glucose powders, Cu particles coated with amorphous carbon were achieved. The amorphous carbon was then converted into graphene through flash joule heating (FJH). The conductivity of the final product was 47.1 S/cm after FJH, which remained as 42.3 S/cm even after in hot air for 30 min, i.e., 89.8% conductivity retention. The product was demonstrated for the application of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding with an average EMI shielding effectiveness of 12.3 dB and 11.7 dB before and after oxidizing treatment, respectively.

Effect of Additives on Heat Hardened Inorganic Solid Foundry Binder

AbstractRenewed interest in inorganic binders for sand molding has also intensified research on different forms of it. In this study, solid inorganic sodium silicate binder was tested with different additives to see how these affected the silica mold quality. The five additives used were: glucose, sucrose, boric acid, aluminum oxide and iron(III)oxide powders. The mold quality was assessed through tests like bending strength, tensile strength, hot distortion, wear resistance, gas evolution and collapsibility tests. In addition, SEM imaging was done on some select mold fracture samples. In the end, a casting trial was carried out followed by a surface roughness and defects analysis. A reduction in mold strength was noticed with glucose and boric acid, while collapsibility was improved by glucose, sucrose and boric acid additives. Casting trials have shown the best surface finish to be obtained with sucrose additive. All the casts in general showed some penetration; however, repeat casts have proven that altering some casting parameters could result in casts with excellent surface finish using solid silicates.

Processing Rumbia Starch Into Glucose Powder by Enzymatic Hydrolysis with Optimum Saccharification Temperature

Glucose powder is glucose in solid form which has the main component of glucose syrup obtained from starch hydrolysis, including sago from rumbia starch. As the population increases, it increases consumption of sugar as a sweetener for basic necessities such as food and drinks, the purposes of this research is identifying the optimum temperature for saccharification of the glucose powder produced from the enzyme hydrolysis process. This research used an enzyme hydrolysis process with the stages of gelatinization, liquification and saccharification for 72 hours with variations in temperature of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C and 70°C and obtained the optimum temperature results from these four temperatures. The optimal saccharification temperature is achieved by incubating at 50°C and 60°C with an incubation time of 72 hours or 3 days

Study on Thermal Decomposition Mechanisms of Indian Honey of Different Origins using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Vector Elemental Analyzer Techniques

Background: This paper reports the thermal decomposition mechanisms of five pure honey samples of Indian origin using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Euro Vector Elemental Analyzer (EVEA) techniques. Methods: We have identified three transition temperatures along with a change in specific heat capacity (ΔCp), change in enthalpy (ΔH), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of these samples. Finally, samples were subjected to thermal elemental analyses to quantify the released amount of O, N, C, and H. Since glucose, fructose, and sucrose are the principal ingredients, they are present in the honey sample, along with good numbers of other organic molecules in small quantities. In addition, we have also recorded the C, H, and O percentages of pure glucose, fructose, and sucrose powders and correlated the ratio of C/H and C/O with honey samples. Results: The decomposition temperature for honey samples lies between 113.83°C and 127.07°C range. The ratios of these elements help us to ascertain the purity of these samples as well as to identify the dominating percentage of principal ingredients present in the given honey sample. Conclusion: The obtained experimental results were further used to identify the source of origin and medicinal quality and stability of honey samples.

1283-P: Pilot Study Reveals Excellent Agreement between the Newly Developed Pastry Sugar Tolerance Test and the OGTT in the Diagnosis of Diabetes

Achieving early diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Africans is challenging. The Glucola used in the OGTT is expensive and unavailable in most African countries. Alternatives to the OGTT are fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and A1C, but they have a low diagnostic sensitivity in Africans. As an alternative to the Glucola (75g glucose) used in the OGTT, we developed the Pastry Sugar Tolerance Test (PSTT) with pastry sugar (75g glucose powder) dissolved in hot water. Pastry sugar is inexpensive and widely available in Africa. Hence, our aim was to determine the diagnostic agreement between (1) OGTT and PSTT; (2) OGTT and A1C; (3) OGTT and FPG in the detection of T2D in 48 African-born Blacks living in America (male: 67%; age: 41±10y (mean±SD)). At Visit 1, an OGTT, A1C and FPG were performed. At Visit 2, which occurred 8±3 days later, a PSTT was performed (Fig). ADA criteria were used for the OGTT, A1C≥6.5% and FPG≥126 mg/dL. Agreement between tests was determined by κ-statistic. T2D, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance occurred in 8% (4/48), 31% (15/48) and 61% (29/48), resp. All individuals with T2D were detected by both the OGTT and PSTT (κ=0.99). Yet, A1C only detected 50% (2/4) (κ=0.65), and FPG only detected 25% (1/4) (κ=0.38) of Africans with T2D. This pilot study suggests that in the detection of T2D, agreement between the PSTT and the OGTT may be both excellent and superior to A1C and FPG. Disclosure B.R.Schenk: None. A.E.Sumner: None. J.Hurston: None. J.Gatete: None. C.Dubose: None. L.Mabundo: None. S.Yang: None. C.Worthy: None. A.B.Courville: None. R.Jagannathan: None.

20 Can a common cereal grain be used to help indicate the presence of insulin dysregulation

Equine insulin dysregulation (ID) comprises a combination of basal and/or postprandial hyperinsulinemia and/or tissue insulin resistance. ID increases the risk of hyperinsulinemia-associated laminitis (HAL) and equids with ID need to be managed appropriately with a low non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) diet. Diagnosis is therefore crucial. The oral sugar test (OST) or the oral glucose test are currently the recommended practical diagnostic tests for basal and post prandial hyperinsulinemia. The Karo syrup orally administered in the OST is not available in all countries and glucose powder added to feed is not accepted by all equids. Recent work has shown ID animals have an augmented response to small amounts of even moderate NSC feedstuffs. This study evaluated the potential to use this response as a possible alternative indicator of ID status. The postprandial insulin responses to small amounts of the cereal grain, dehulled oats (DO, no further processing), were therefore evaluated in healthy (non-insulin dysregulated; NID) and ID horses (categorized by their results to an OST, 0.15 mL/kg BW). Twelve non-insulin dysregulated (573.2 + 59.9 kg; 16.1 + 3.6 yrs.) and 18 ID horses (594.7 + 93.3 kg; 15.2 + 2.6 yrs.) from 2 separate studies were examined. Horses were grain fasted and blood was collected via jugular venipuncture before (T0)offering DO (1.25 kg/BW study 1, S1; 1.0 kg/BW study 2, S2) and 60-min postprandially (T60). Insulin was analyzed by RIA and delta insulins were calculated (T60-T0). Statistics were analyzed on GraphPad 9.4.0 using ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc. Significance taken as P < 0.05. NID horses’ showed no significant change (P = 0.8) from basal insulin levels following both the DO and the OST (∼8 μIU/mL delta insulin). The ID horses showed a similar augmented mean insulin response to both the DO and the OST which was significantly higher than the NID response (P < 0.05). There was, however, more individual variation in the response to the DO than to the OST (T60 mean + SD [delta insulin]: S1–140.1 + 45.5 [82.0 + 10.1] μIU/mL OST, 170.4 + 92.1 [100.6 + 21.7] μIU/mL DO; S2–123.9 + 37.0 [76.0 + 11.3] μIU/mL OST, 158.6 + 64.4 [98.7 + 19.2] μIU/mL DO). The work suggests that feeding 1g/kg BW of DO might be a possible alternative method of identifying an ID animal when the currently recommended methods are not possible. However, more work is needed to define indicative cutoffs and to evaluate the individual variability.

Effects of Exiguobacterium sp. DYS212, a Saline-Alkaline-Tolerant P-Solubilizing Bacterium, on Suaeda salsa Germination and Growth

Soil nutrient availability under saline-alkali stress limits plant primary productivity. P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) improve inorganic P dissolution and promote plant growth. However, the application studies of saline-alkaline-tolerant PSB are still scarce. We isolated one PSB strain from bird droppings in saline-alkali regions and identified its growth characteristics and resistance to salt and alkali. A potting experiment with PSB addition was performed to analyze the effect of this strain on the germination and growth of Suaeda salsa. The PSB were identified as Exiguobacterium sp. DYS212 strain, and it utilized glucose, ammonium sulfate, and yeast extract powder well. The strain is halophilic, has the ability to dissolve inorganic P, and improved P-solubilization under 1–5.5% salinity (available P &gt; 200 mg L−1), reached a maximum at 2.5% NaCl concentration yielding 410.73 mg L−1 of available P. The PSB promoted seed germination, especially under high alkaline stress, wherein the growth promoting rate increased to 5.26%. The PSB improved the growth of S. salsa, in terms of plant height, stem diameter, and biomass (up to 2.5 times), under saline and alkaline conditions. This study highlights the potential of Exiguobacterium sp. isolates as biofertilizers, and provides reference for environment sustainability of saline-alkali region.

Abstract P560: Pilot Study Reveals Excellent Agreement in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Between the Newly Developed Pastry Sugar Tolerance Test and the OGTT: Africans in America Study

Introduction: Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest percentage of people in the world living with diabetes who are undiagnosed. To avoid end-organ damage, identification of undiagnosed diabetes needs prioritization. Glucola (75g glucose) used for the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is expensive and rarely available in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to hemoglobinopathies, G6PD deficiency, and challenges associated with fasting, both A1C and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) may be diagnostically unreliable. As an alternative to the OGTT, we developed the Pastry Sugar Tolerance Test (PSTT). For the PSTT, pastry sugar (75g glucose powder) is dissolved in hot water. Pastry sugar is more widely available in sub-Saharan Africa and nine times less expensive than Glucola. Objective: Our goals were to determine the diagnostic agreement for the detection of diabetes between the OGTT and: (1) PSTT, (2) A1C and (3) FPG. Methods: The participants were 36 African-born Blacks enrolled in the Africans in America study (male: 67%; age: 42±10y (mean±SD); BMI: 28.5±5.2 kg/m2). At Visit 1, each enrollee had an OGTT, A1C and FPG. At Visit 2, which occurred 8±3 days after Visit 1, a PSTT was performed. Glucose tolerance status was based on glucose results from the OGTT. The kappa-statistic was used to determine the diagnostic agreement between the OGTT and each of the following: PSTT, A1C and FPG. Results: Based on the OGTT, diabetes, prediabetes and normal glucose tolerance occurred in 11%(4/36), 33%(12/36) and 56%(20/36) resp. For diabetes, diagnostic agreement between the OGTT and PSTT was excellent (κ=0.99) but much lower for the OGTT and A1C (κ=0.64) and the OGTT and FPG (κ=0.38) (Figure). Conclusions: This pilot study has revealed that for diabetes screening, the PSTT has excellent diagnostic agreement with the OGTT, is less expensive than the OGTT, and is more accurate than A1C or FPG.

Impacts of High-Fiber Snack on Satiety Hormonal Responses and Glucose Homeostasis in Healthy Volunteers

Background: Dietary fiber decreases the glycemic index and produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that will affect gastrointestinal hormone secretion, such as glucagon-like peptide- 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). This study investigated the effects of high-fiber snacks on the glycemic index (GI), GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin secretions. Materials and Methods: The study involved ten participants who received both 42 g of tested snack and glucose solution as a standard by washout period for a week. The standard glucose was prepared by dissolving 50 g of glucose powder in 200 mL of water (200 kcal), while 42 g of snack (195.8 kcal) containing 11.70% fiber from arrowroot, pumpkin, sweet potato, and cassava. The blood samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after consuming snacks or standard glucose. Results: The GI of the tested snack is 69.14, which is categorized as medium. The area under the glucose curve of the tested snack was lower compared to standard glucose (p= &lt;0.001), and the plasma glucose was lower than standard glucose. Compared to standard glucose, the tested snacks had the area under the insulin curve lower than standard glucose, but it was not statistically significant (p= 0.082). No statistically significant difference was also found in the GLP-1, PYY and ghrelin concentrations between both standard glucose and tested snack intervention (p= 0.948). Conclusion: Our results suggest that consuming high-fiber snacks with a medium glycemic index may have no effect on GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin, otherwise, it could improve glucose and insulin homeostasis.

Effects of sodium acetate, glucose, and Chlorella powder as carbon source on enhanced treatment of phenolic compounds and NO2–-N in coal pyrolysis wastewater

Large amount of phenols and nitrogen in coal pyrolysis wastewater have become a major bottleneck that restricts industrial development. There are few studies on enhanced phenol treatment and short-cut denitrification with dried Chlorella powder as carbon source in coal pyrolysis wastewater treatment. This study aimed to explore the effects of sodium acetate, glucose, and Chlorella powder as carbon source on enhanced treatment of phenolic compounds and NO2−-N in coal pyrolysis wastewater. The appropriate dosage of Chlorella powder was 180 mg/L in the reactor. The corresponding removal ratios of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phenol (TPh), NO2−-N, and total nitrogen were 96.91%, 98.60%, 99.50%, and 98.60%, respectively. The pH of influent in reactor with Chlorella powder should be maintained between 6.5 and 7.5, whereas the hydraulic retention time (HRT) should be maintained above 8 h. Sodium acetate, glucose, and Chlorella improved the stability and sedimentation of sludge. Addition of Chlorella powder in the reactor resulted in the enrichment of Comamonas (5.83%), Povalibacter (9.53%), Acidaminobacter (13.41%), Youngiibacter (8.81%), Flavobacterium (5.09%), and Gemmobacter (5.03%). Among these, Comamonas, Povalibacter, Youngiibacter, Flavobacterium, and Gemmobacter are phenolic compounds degrading functional bacteria, whereas Povalibacter, Flavobacterium, and Gemmobacter are short-cut denitrification functional bacteria. Combined with economic analysis, the results revealed that Chlorella powder has advantages of good treatment effect, easy addition, low direct cost, and low operation and maintenance cost. Thus, Chlorella powder can be used as an alternative carbon source for phenol degradation and short-cut denitrification of coal pyrolysis wastewater.

Effects of fructose restriction on blood pressure: Secondary analysis of a double-blind randomized controlled trial

Despite convincing animal data, there is an ongoing debate on whether and how fructose affects blood pressure in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fructose restriction on blood pressure, and the role of endothelial function herein. forty-four overweight individuals were asked to follow a fructose-restricted diet (<7.5g/meal and <10g/day) for 6 weeks. They were randomly assigned to double-blind supplementation with glucose (=intervention group) or fructose (=control group) powder three times daily. Office blood pressure was measured with an automated device, and endothelial function was assessed by reactive hyperemia peripheral arterial tonometry, skin laser doppler flowmetry, and serum sE-selectin. Thirty-seven participants completed the study. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the intervention group (change from baseline:-3.3mmHg; 95%CI:-8.8,- 0.3), but this change was not statistically different from the control group. In contrast, diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly in the intervention group in comparison to controls (difference:-4.0mmHg; 95%CI:-9.5,-0.5). Furthermore, the change in fructose intake was associated with the change in diastolic blood pressure (beta: 0.085mmHg; 95% CI: 0.032;0.138). The endothelial markers were not affected by the intervention. Finally, the effects of the intervention on diastolic blood pressure appeared to be higher in individuals consuming high amounts of salt at baseline (difference:-9.0mmHg; 95%CI:-14.5,-2.5). Six-week fructose restriction per se results in a dose-dependent decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the effects of fructose restriction on salt-sensitive hypertension in humans. www. gov; NCT03067428.

Sawdust Biodegradation: Cellulase and Ligninase Production via Submerged Fermentation and Glucose Production by Streptomyces lazureus

Forty streptomycetes were isolated from the soils of farms in Riyadh. Only three isolates (St-2, St-9, and St-25) exhibited cellulolytic-ligninolytic activity, with the St-9 isolate exhibiting the highest activity and identified as Streptomyces lazureus. The optimum environmental and nutritional conditions for maximum cellulolytic-ligninolytic activity were determined as fermentation batch of pH of 7.5, inoculum size of 200 µL of bacterial suspension, incubation period of 7 d, and incubation temperature of 30°C. In addition, the fermentation batch contained peptone and yeast extract as the best nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. Cellulase and ligninase were purified via gel filtration column chromatography. The accumulated end-product of the fermentation process was glucose powder, which was subjected to a partial characterization process. The glucose powder appeared white, melted at 146°C, was highly soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ethyl ether. The glucose solution appeared clear without precipitates and had a low electric conductivity of 15 µS.cm-1.

Effects of Multi-Ingredient Nutritional Drink Including Mulberry Leaf Extract (MLE) on Postprandial Glycemic and Appetite Responses in Healthy Chinese Adults

ObjectivesOur study aimed to evaluate the impact of adding MLE to a nutritional drink containing protein, fat, carbohydrate (maltodextrin) on maltodextrin digestion in-vitro and postprandial glucose and appetite responses in healthy Chinese adults. MethodsTwo randomized cross-over trials were conducted in healthy Chinese adults (20–40 y; 19–24 kg/m2) measuring glucose, hunger and satiety responses. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to evaluate hunger and satiety. In trial 1, participants (n = 12) received either 25 g anhydrous glucose powder mixed in water or the tested nutritional drink (25 g carbohydrate and MLE). Blood glucose was tested 5 min before and at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min after sample intake. In trial 2, participants (n = 10) received either the MLE nutritional drink (∼200 kcal) or a reference food with similar energy and macronutrient composition but no MLE. VAS results were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min after sample intake. An in-vitro digestion study was conducted using 3 different ratios of MLE and maltodextrin to explore the effects of MLE on maltodextrin digestion. ResultsBaseline glucose levels were similar between the two groups. Postprandial glucose was significantly lower in the test group at 15 min (5.9 ± 0.3 mmol/L vs 7.4 ± 0.4 mmol/L), 30 min (5.9 ± 0.7 mmol/L vs 8.3 ± 0.7 mmol/L) and 45 min (5.7 ± 0.6 mmol/L vs 7.0 ± 0.9 mmol/L) compared to reference group. Glucose iAUC0-120 min was also significantly lower (64.6 ± 11.1 mmol/L x min vs 135.0 ± 14.5 mmol/L x min) in the test group. In trial 2, VAS desire to eat iAUC0-120 min, was significantly lower (–494.9 ± 80.97 cm x min vs –307.4 ± 52.05 cm x min) in MLE test group, but other satiety parameters were similar between the two groups. Maltodextrin hydrolysis rate (in-vitro digestion study) iAUC0-180 min was significantly inhibited by MLE (P < 0.05) at ratio of 20:1 and 10:1 (Maltodextrin: MLE). ConclusionsConsumption of tested nutritional drink with optimized MLE dose produced a significant lower postprandial glucose response and meets the ISO requirements to be claimed low GI. Moreover, the satiety (as measured by desire to eat using VAS) is higher than the reference food with similar energy and macronutrient composition without MLE. Therefore, adding MLE into nutritional drink lowers GI, reduces postprandial glucose response and may promote satiety. Funding SourcesMary Kay, Inc.

Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on structural features and immunomodulatory activity of exopolysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum

In this work, the effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on structural features and immunomodulatory activity of exopolysaccharides (EPS) from Ganoderma lucidum were studied. When glucose and yeast powder were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, the apparent viscosity of fermentation broth and EPS yield and the corresponding sugar content were higher than those cultured with other carbon and nitrogen sources. The main polysaccharide components (20E) with molecular weights ranging from 2.78 × 106 to 3.96 × 106 g/mol were isolated from fermentation broth through 20% ethanol precipitation. Monosaccharide analysis showed that the carbon source significantly affected the monosaccharide compositions of 20E, and the initial carbon source of the medium accounted for the largest proportion of monosaccharide in 20E. The immunoenhancing activities on inducing NF-κB activation by 20E fractions from different carbon and nitrogen combinations exhibited significant differences. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the immunomodulatory activity of 20E fractions was positively correlated with sugar contents and the molar ratios of glucose, while it was negatively correlated with the molar ratios of xylose. As the structural features and biological activities of EPS are highly dependent on the polysaccharide medium composition, this variability can be used advantageously to produce tailor-made polysaccharides with specific applications.