Glucose Oxidase Method Research Articles

Higher Serum Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Activity in Newly Diagnosed Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Background Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) enzyme inhibition is a therapeutic modality for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, its activity is insufficiently explored yet in youth-onset T2DM. Objective The objective of this study is to measure serum DPP4 enzyme activities in youth-onset T2DM and compare them with those in patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Methods This cross-sectional study comprised 29 young participants with newly diagnosed untreated T2DM (age 24.5±4.5 years, range 13-30 years, 51.7% female) and an equal number of young participants with NGT (age 26.5±2.9 years,48.3% female) screened by a two-sample 75gm oral glucose tolerance test. The relevant history of each participant was obtained, and the waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI) were measured according to the standard procedure and recorded in the data collection sheet. Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxidase method, and serum DPP4 activity was measured using the colorimetry method. Results Participants with DM exhibited significantly higher serum DPP4 activity than NGT (DM vs. NGT: 481.4±70.4 pmol/min. vs. 420.3±49.2 pmol/min, mean±SD; p<0.001). A multivariate linear regression model adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and hypertension, found DM as an independent predictor for DPP4 activity (β=0.63.5, 95% CI 28.7-98.4, p=0.022). Conclusion DPP4 activity was significantly elevated in young participants with newly diagnosedT2DM. There might be a pathophysiological implication of DPP4 activity in young-onset T2DM.

Transcending antibiotic resistance: The potential of mass Galla chinensis et camelliae Fermentata to Dismantle Helicobacter pylori biofilms and enhance anti-biotic activity

Ethnopharmacological relevanceHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infections are on the rise, presenting a significant global health challenge. Mass Galla chinesis et camelliae Fermentata (Chinese gall leaven, CGL), a traditional Chinese medicinal product made from the fermentation of Rhus chinensis Mill., is frequently employed to address digestive system ailments. Contemporary pharmacological research reveals that CGL exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, and enzyme-inhibitory activities and holds potential as a treatment for H. pylori infections. However, the precise mechanisms underlying CGL's efficacy against H. pylori remain to be fully elucidated. AimThe objective of the study is to evaluate CGL's ability to disrupt the H. pylori biofilm and to explore its synergistic potential with antibiotics in targeting the biofilm-efflux pump system, a mechanism implicated in bacterial resistance. MethordsThe study determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of CGL and metronidazole against H. pylori and evaluated their effects on H. pylori biofilms using an in vitro model. Structural changes induced by drug interventions were compared to those in untreated and antibiotic-treated models through scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal microscopy. The accumulation of H33342 dye in planktonic and biofilm H. pylori before and after drug treatment was assessed to evaluate cell viability and biofilm disruption. The study also involved adding experimental drugs to a biofilm H. pylori medium containing D-glucose, measuring glucose concentrations post-intervention using the glucose oxidase method, and calculating changes in glucose uptake. Finally, the relative expression levels of several genes in planktonic and biofilm H. pylori treated with CGL alone or in combination with antibiotics were measured to understand the impact on the biofilm-efflux pump system. ResultsBoth CGL alone and in combination with metronidazole demonstrated effective disruption of H. pylori biofilms. The combination therapy was particularly effective in reducing the biofilm transfer-enhancing effect of metronidazole and decreasing SpoT expression in the 'SpoT-(p)ppGpp' pathway, especially in biofilms. It showed a greater inhibition of the 'σ54-gluP-sugar uptake' pathway, with significant reductions in rpoN and gluP expression under biofilm conditions compared to CGL or metronidazole alone. The treatment also suppressed H. pylori proliferation and may have altered glucose uptake mechanisms. Moreover, it significantly inhibited the 'hp0939/hp0497/hp0471-RND efflux pump' pathway, with a notable reduction in gene expression compared to the 1/2 MIC metronidazole treatment. ConclusionThis study demonstrates that CGL effectively hinders the development of drug resistance in H. pylori by targeting biofilm formation and critical molecular pathways associated with antibiotic resistance. The synergistic effect of combining CGL with metronidazole notably enhances biofilm disruption and inhibits the bacterium's metabolic and reparative mechanisms. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these results and to investigate additional mechanisms of CGL's action.

Evaluation for serum glucose standardization in clinical laboratories of Southern China by consecutive 6 years proficiency testing based on JCTLM-recommended reference methods

Abstract Objectives The accuracy of blood glucose measurement in clinical laboratories is vital for diabetes diagnosis. Trueness Verification Plan was carried out and analyzed for evaluating the standardization of serum glucose among clinical laboratories. Methods Trueness verification samples were distributed to clinical laboratories for three days measurement, and their target values were assigned by two certified reference laboratories. The relative bias, coefficient of variation (CV), and total error (TE) for each clinical laboratory were calculated and analyzed. Moreover, the Six Sigma metrics and Quality Goal Index were utilized to reflect the measurement quality of the clinical laboratories. Results The pass rates evaluated by bias, CV, and TE ranged from 45.2 % to 64.8 %, 96.8 %–98.9 %, and 83.9 %–97.1 % over the six years. The matched systems used in clinical laboratories demonstrated better accuracy than the un-matched systems. The pass rate by bias of hexokinase method is 53.1 %–78.6 %, while the glucose oxidase method is 29.2 %–52.2 %. Overall, 74.2 %–85.7 % of clinical laboratories achieved an acceptable level (both σ&gt;3), and 35.2 %–61.4 % of laboratories reached a “world-class” level (both σ&gt;6). Conclusions The quality for serum glucose measurement has been greatly improved. However, standardization among clinical systems still needs to be further promoted.

#1549 The effect of sglt2 inhibitors (dapaglifozin) on albuminuria in patients of diabetic nephropathy above standard of care

Abstract Background and Aims Albuminuria is the hallmark of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and progression of albuminuria denotes declining renal functions culminating in End Stage Renal Disease. Intensive blood glucose control (HbA1c &amp;lt;7%), intensive blood pressure control (&amp;lt;130/90 mmHg), blockade of Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS) by Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-i) and Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) constitute the standard line of care for treatment of DN with proteinuria. Sodium Glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are drugs are recently introduced for proteinuria reduction with no data available in this part of the world. Hence, I, observed the antiproteinuric effect of SGLT2i in patients who have type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with albuminuria and who are already on maximum doses of ACE-I or ARBs. My study population was on dapaglifozin due to easy availability and low cost. Method it is an observational study including patients who attended the out-patient clinic of Nephrology, at Medica Hospital, Kolkata between July 2022 to February 2023. Inclusion criteria: Exclusion criteria: Quantitative estimation of urine albumin was performed using the VITROS Chemistry Products mALB Reagent along with the VITROS Chemistry Products Calibrator Kit 24 on the VITROS 5,1 FS Chemistry System and the VITROS 5600 Integrated System. Blood sugar was measured by glucose oxidase method. eGFR by CKD EPI equation. Statistical Methodology Continuous variables were presented with mean and standard deviation and tested for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Categorical variables were summarized using frequency and percentages. For testing of related samples, Wilcoxon sign ranked test is used. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software with version 26.0. Results A total of 100 patients were included in the study, of which 3 patients were lost to follow up and 2 patients discontinued the study at 3 months due to fall in eGFR below 25 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 4 patients discontinued after 3 months because of fungal genital infections. After Dapaglifozin administration, a significant reduction in Urine Albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) was observed, by a percentage decrease of 37.3% (p&amp;lt;0.001) at 3 months and of 70.2% (p&amp;lt;0.001) at 6 months from baseline. Similarly, there was an acute reduction in eGFR from baseline. A percentage decrease by 5.16% (p&amp;lt;0.001) was observed at 3 months &amp; a decrease by 5.69% (p&amp;lt;0.001) at 6 months from baseline. Conclusion Conventional approaches reduce but have not been able to stop disease progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD). SGLT2i can protect against the onset of DKD, slow disease progression independently. They have an antiproteinuric effect in patients with diabetic nephropathy which was sustained throughout the follow-up period in my study. Studies have also shown that SGLT2i reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM and established cardiovascular disease. With the new results of EMPA-KIDNEY trial, SGLT2i are being used at even lower eGFR (&amp;lt;25 ml/min/1.73 m2 till on hemodialysis) and such vast health benefits, invention of SGLT2i are is a boon to the mankind.

Proportion of Newly Detected Hypothyroidism among the Diabetic and Nondiabetic Pregnant Ladies and Correlation of Different Parameters with Thyroid Stimulatory Hormone in Pregnancy Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital

ABSTRACT Background: Subclinical hypothyroidism and gestational diabetes are the two most common endocrinopathy encountered in daily clinical practice. Many literature showed a higher frequency of hypothyroidism in the persons with diabetes but others did not find it. Objectives: The study was intended to compare the proportion of newly detected hypothyroidism in persons with diabetes and without diabetes in pregnancy (DIP). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study enrolled 175 pregnant women by convenient sampling from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, BIRDEM General Hospital, with or without diabetes after IRB clearance. According to the study protocol, Thyroid function test (TFT) and oral glucose tolerance test were done in the participants. Thyroid stimulatory hormone (TSH), free thyroxin, and antithyroid antibodies were tested using the chemiluminescent technique by the ADVIA centaur, Siemens. Plasma glucose was analyzed by Advia-1800, SIEMENS, USA by glucose oxidase method. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 25. Nonparametric tests were chosen for statistical analysis. Results: The median maternal age was 30 years, and half of the participants had a family history of diabetes mellitus (DM). Hundred patients had diabetes either gestational DM or DIP or preexisting diabetes. Among the persons with diabetes, 34% had hypothyroidism, and in euglycemic patients, 29.3% had hypothyroidism. There was no statistically significant (P = 0.785) difference in the median values of TSH across the glycemic status among the hypothyroid subjects. TSH had a positive correlation with thyroid peroxidase antibody (P = 0.174) within the hypothyroid patients. In the study subjects, TSH was inversely correlated with hemoglobin (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: There is no statistically significant concordance in diagnosing hypothyroidism in pregnancy between the persons with diabetes and without diabetes.

PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE TRIGLYCERIDE-GLUCOSE INDEX IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE, ASTHMA AND THEIR OVERLAP

Considering that patients with concurrent COPD and asthma frequently have metabolic disorders, special attention should be given to their detection and subsequent correction, as their presence triggers mechanisms of mutual exacerbation, and their progression worsens the prognosis.The goal is to study the correlation between the triglyceride-glucose index, bioimpedance analysis parameters, and spirometry in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, asthma-COPD overlap, and comorbid type 2 diabetes.Materials and methods. 25 patients with COPD, 23 with asthma, 25 with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO), and 33 patients with ACO and diabetes mellitus type 2 were examined. The average age of patients was 57[52;67] in the COPD cohort, 52[50;65] for asthma, 51[43;52] for asthma-COPD overlap (ACO), and 60[53.5;65] for ACO with diabetes mellitus type 2. The parameters of external respiration were determined using the BTL 08 SpiroPRO spirometer (UK), bioimpedance analysis was carried out using the portable TANITA BC-601 device (Japan). The level of triglycerides (mmol/L) was determined by the colorimetric method, and fasting glucose was determined by the glucose oxidase method. The triglyceride-glucose index was calculated using the formula: TyG index = ln [fasting TG (mg/dL) x fasting glucose (mg/dL) / 2].Results. The following correlations were established: BMI and FEV1/FVC before bronchodilation (r = 0.23, p = 0.02) and SVC (r = -0.24, p = 0.01); % fat and FVC before bronchodilation (r = -0.23, p = 0.01), as well as SVC (r = -0.21, p = 0.03); visceral fat levels with FEV1 before and after bronchodilation (r = -0.36, p &lt; 0.001 and r = -0.35, p &lt; 0.001) and FVC before and after bronchodilation (r = -0.32, p &lt; 0.001 and r = -0.30, p &lt; 0.001) and SVC (r = -0.33, p &lt; 0.001); TyG and FEV1 before and after the bronchodilation test (r = -0.25, p = 0.01 and r = -0.28, p = 0.005), as well as FVC only after the use of bronchodilator (r = -0.25, p = 0.02).Conclusions. The bioimpedance analysis and TyG index correlate with pulmonary function test parameters (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, SVC, MVV) in examined patients with COPD, asthma, ACO, and the combination of ACO and type 2 diabetes. Further research prospects. Further studies are needed to clarify the possibility of using the TyG index in clinical practice not only as an alternative indicator of insulin resistance but also as a marker of deteriorating lung function in case of airflow obstruction.

The regulatory effects of (p)ppGpp and indole on cAMP synthesis in Escherichia coli cells.

Bacterial stress adaptive response is formed due to changes in the cell gene expression profile in response to alterations in environmental conditions through the functioning of regulatory networks. The mutual influence of network signaling molecules represented by cells' natural metabolites, including indole and second messengers (p) ppGpp and cAMP, is hitherto not well understood, being the aim of this study. E. coli parent strain BW25141 ((p) ppGpp+) and deletion knockout BW25141ΔrelAΔspoT which is unable to synthesize (p)ppGpp ((p)ppGpp0) were cultivated in M9 medium supplemented with different glucose concentrations (5.6 and 22.2 mM) in the presence of tryptophan as a substrate for indole synthesis and in its absence. The glucose content was determined with the glucose oxidase method; the indole content, by means of HPLC; and the cAMP concentration, by ELISA. The onset of an increase in initially low intracellular cAMP content coincided with the depletion of glucose in the medium. Maximum cAMP accumulation in the cells was proportional to the concentration of initially added glucose. At the same time, the (p) ppGpp0 mutant showed a decrease in maximum cAMP levels compared to the (p)ppGpp+ parent, which was the most pronounced in the medium with 22.2 mM glucose. So, (p)ppGpp was able to positively regulate cAMP formation. The promoter of the tryptophanase operon responsible for indole biosynthesis is known to be under the positive control of catabolic repression. Therefore, in the cells of the (p)ppGpp+ strain grown in the tryptophan-free medium that were characterized by a low rate of spontaneous indole formation, its synthesis significantly increased in response to the rising cAMP level just after glucose depletion. However, this was not observed in the (p)ppGpp0 mutant cells with reduced cAMP accumulation. When tryptophan was added to the medium, both of these strains demonstrated high indole production, which was accompanied by a decrease in cAMP accumulation compared to the tryptophan-free control. Thus, under glucose depletion, (p)ppGpp can positively regulate the accumulation of both cAMP and indole, while the latter, in its turn, has a negative effect on cAMP formation.

Effects of Administration of Bouillon Cubes on Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile and Renal Function Parameters in Female Albino Rats

Aim: To evaluate the effects of administration of bouillon cubes on insulin resistance, lipid profile and renal function parameters in female albino rats. Methodology: A total of thirty-five (35) female albino rats, weighing between 120 and 150 grams, were used for the study. The bouillon cubes, Star Maggi and Knorr were administered daily to the rats, using an oral gavage tube for 90days. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was determined using the Glucose oxidase method. Fasting plasma insulin (FPI) and Cystatin C levels were quantitatively determined by a rat-specific sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Insulin resistance was determined using the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) method. The electrolytes, sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) and were determined using ion selective electrode method. Urea was determined using Urease-bertholet method. Creatinine was determined using the Jaffe-Slot method. Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by enzymatic methods. Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated from the Friedewald’s equation. Kidney sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining technique. Quantitative analysis of monosodium glutamate (MSG) content of the bouillon cubes was analyzed using ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy while the sodium content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry according to the method of the American Public Health Association. Results: There were no significant differences (P&gt;.05) in FPG, FPI and HOMA-IR in all the treatment groups. The mean cystatin C value in group E (High Dose Knorr) was significantly higher (P &lt;.05) than the negative control and all other treatment groups. The results also show the mean sodium values in groups D (High Dose Maggi) and E (High Dose Knorr) were significantly lower (P &lt;.05) when compared to the negative control. There were no significant differences (P &gt;.05) in TC and HDL-C levels in the negative control, compared to the treatment groups. There were no significant differences (P &gt;.05) in TG levels, except for group B (Low Dose Maggi) which significantly lower (P &lt;.05) than the negative control. Also, there were no significant differences (P &gt;.05) in LDL-C levels, except for group B (Low Dose Maggi) which significantly higher (P &lt;.05) than the negative control. Histologic analysis of the kidneys of the treated groups showed histological changes in the architecture of the tissues indicating tissue distortion, acute tissue damage, glomerular nephritis and distorted capillaries and degeneration compared to the negative control group which showed no tissue distortion. Conclusion: Chronic exposure to bouillon cubes did not impact fasting plasma glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in the treated rats. Chronic administration of Knorr cubes impacted the integrity of the kidney as levels of cystatin C and sodium were altered in the albino rats. Histoarchitecture of the kidneys of the treated rats showed histological changes indicating tissue distortion, acute tissue damage, glomerular nephritis and distorted capillaries. Lipid profile/metabolism was relatively not affected by the administration of bouillon cubes.

Comparison of Methods and Verification of Some Performance Characteristics of Accu-Chek® Instant Glucose Meter

Introduction: Frequent and accurate blood glucose measurements and control can delay the onset of diabetic complications. This is facilitated by the use of point-of-care glucose meters (POCGM). There is a need to verify some claims made by manufacturers of POCGM with regard to accuracy, precision and linearity. We compared blood glucose results obtained from Accu-Check Instant blood glucose meters with laboratory results as reference in order to verify some of these claims. Method: This prospective analytical study involved the verification of some characteristics of Accu-Chek Instant POCGM using different concentrations of glucose calibrators prepared in-house. Blood was obtained from volunteers who had no need for an overnight fast. It was tested using Accu-Chek Instant POCGM and routine laboratory glucose oxidase method as reference and compared using the Bland-Altman plot. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05 Results: There were188 blood samples tested using the two methods. The difference between the means of glucose values from the two methods was 10.3 mg/dL (12.8%) with Accu-Chek POCGM returning higher results than the routine laboratory method. The difference was not statistically significant using the Bland-Altman plot (p=0.60). The analytical range of the POCGM was determined to be between 20mg/dl to 300 mg/dL. Results indicating ‘Hi’ on the POCGM were below 600 mg/dL contrary to what was claimed by the manufacturer. Conclusions and Implications: There was some level of agreement between the two methods studied. Results obtained at high glycaemic states may be more precise but are lower than central laboratory values.

The association of rs4646994 ACE and rs1799983 eNOS gene polymorphisms with metabolic effects of dapagliflozin in patients with diabetic nephropathy and essential hypertension

Objective — to establish possible associations of rs4646994 ACE and rs1799983 eNOS gene polymorphisms with metabolic effects of dapagliflozin in patients (pts) with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and essential hypertension (EH).&#x0D; Materials and methods. Clinical investigation and examinations involved 171 pts, from them 85 (49.7%) females and 86 (50.3%) males with DN of I—IV stages and EH of II—III stages, aged 31 to 82 years old (an average age was 59.38±1.58 years). They were also genotyped for rs4646994 (I/D) ACE and for rs1799983 (G894T) eNOS gene polymorphisms with the use of polymerase chain reaction. Among the patients with I/D polymorphism of ACE gene there were 24 (14.0%) pts with genotype II, 32 (18.7%) pts with genotype ID and 26 (15.2%) subjects with genotype DD. Among the participants with G894T eNOS gene polymorphism GG genotype was revealed in 29 (16.9%) pts, GT genotype was found in 33 (19.3%) cases and 27 (15.8%) examined persons had TT genotype. Standard parameters of lipid profile were measured in all included pts with a use of an immune enzyme method. Glucose oxidase and immune enzyme methods were used to define serum glucose and insulin levels; level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was detected by fluid chromatography method. Insulin resistance (IR) indices such as HOMA‑IR, triglyceride‑glucose index (TGGI), METS‑IR (metabolic score for insulin resistance) index were calculated by known formulas. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) of the pts was estimated by ­METS‑IR index. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), total fat mass (TFM) and fat mass index (FMI) in all the pts were calculated by standard known formulas. Serum uric acid concentration was measured with phosphovolframic method. Dapagliflozin 10 mg/daily was added for 24 weeks to the basic standard antidiabetic therapy including gliclazide or glimepiride and metformin combined with lipid lowering therapy containing atorvastatin. The standard therapy was not changed during the whole period of observation.&#x0D; Results. No association has been revealed between I/D ACE and G894T eNOS gene polymorphisms in pts with DN and EH, with a noted improvement of lipid blood spectrum due to administration of dapagliflozin in a dose of 10 mg/daily for 24 weeks. It has been established that allele D was associated with a reduction of dapagliflozin efficacy in the correction of carbohydrate metabolism disorders in pts with DN and EH. At presence of allele D (ID and DD) in genotype, the levels of glycemia, insulinemia, HbA1C, IR indices such as HOMA‑IR, TGGI, METS‑IR decreased less effective than in the case of allele D absence (genotype II). In pts with DN and EH who had G894T eNOS gene polymorphism, dapagliflozin 10 mg/daily improved muscle sensitivity to insulin and decreased CMR depended on genotype in the following order: GT &gt;TT &gt;GG, whereas the intensity of glycemia, insulinemia, HbA1C and HOMA‑IR index reduction was found to be associated with genotype as follows: GG &gt;GT &gt;TT. Allele I compared with allele D of I/D ACE gene polymorphism in pts with DN and EH was revealed to be associated with more significant reduction of BFP, TFM and FMI due to dapagliflozin administration. In pts with DN and EH who had G894T eNOS gene polymorphism dapagliflozin 10 mg/daily reduced a body mass due to its influence on fat accumulation but not on muscle tissue both in phenotype of visceral obesity (genotype GG) and in phenotype of sarcopenic obesity (genotype GT). In the realization of hypouricemic effects of dapagliflozin in patients with DN and EH, both genetic factors (D and T alleles of I/D ACE and G894T eNOS gene polymorphisms correspondingly), and metabolic factors (initial levels of HbA1C and UA together with anthropometric parameters characterized visceral obesity phenotype such as BMI, TFM and FMI) were involved.&#x0D; Conclusions. In pts with DN and EH, the association of I/D ACE (rs4646994) and G894T eNOS (rs1799983) gene polymorphisms with metabolic effects of dapagliflozin 10 mg/daily has been established. A presence of allele D of I/D ACE and allele T of G894T eNOS gene polymorphisms in genotype was concluded to be associated with less significant metabolic effects of dapagliflozin compared with an absence of these alleles in genotype.&#x0D;

Correlation of Fasting and Postprandial Blood Glucose with Hba1c in monitoring Glycemic Control of Diabetic Patients in FCT Abuja, Nigeria

Achieving glycemic control or reduction of hyperglycemia would significantly decrease most of the complications associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. It has been stated that measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) remains the gold standard for the assessment of glycemic control; there is no consensus whether the Fasting or Postprandial is a better predictor of glycemic control in poor resource setting where HbA1C is not easily accessed or available. The aim of this research is to determine fasting and postprandial plasma glucose and their correlation with HbA1C in glycemic control. A cross sectional case control study was carried out from January, 2023 to July, 2023; a total of 203 participants were recruited into the study. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 hours post prandial blood glucose (2HPBG) were determined in all the subjects using the enzymatic glucose oxidase method for glucose estimation according to the instruction of the manufacturer, while HbA1C was determined using Boroaffinity Chromatographic method according to the instruction of the manufacturer. Statistical data analysis was carried out using SPSS software (Version 25.0, IBM Corp., Armonk, New York USA), and p&lt;0.001 were defined as statistically significant; the correlation between the parameters was carried out using Pearson’s correlation. Both the FBG and the 2HPBG showed positive correlation with HbA1C in the diabetic and control subjects; however, the level of correlation varies. The correlation of FBG and 2HPBG with HbA1C is directly proportional to the concentration of blood glucose level. The FBG for the control and the subjects are 7.40±1.59 and 143.67±5.01, with HbA1C of 4.45±0.05; 6.26±1.47 respectively. The 2HPBG for the control and the subjects are 120.70±1.75 and 192.92±7.05, with HbA1C of 5.56±0.07; 7.82±0.22 respectively. The FBG correlation to HbA1C is r= 0.875, p&lt;0.001; while 2HPBG is r= 0.908, NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH AND PHARMACY (NIJPP) Volume 4 Issue 2 2023 OPEN ACCESS ©NIJPP ONLINE ISSN: 2992-5479 Publications 2023 PRINT ISSN: 2992-605X Page | 10 p&lt;0.001. The study showed positive correlation of FBG and 2HPBG with HbA1C, since HbA1C is the value of the percentage concentration of glucose at a given period of time; FBG, 2HPBG and HbA1C can be used to evaluate the degree of glycemic control in diabetic patients’ management, in order to minimize or avoid diabetic complications. Keywords: FBG, PBG, Diabetes, HbA1C, Correlation, Complications

Study of cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase activity for differential diagnosis of tuberculous and non-tuberculous meningitis

Background: Diagnosing a case of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) has always been challenging. Numerous previous studies have demonstrated that cerebrospinal fluid-Adenosine deaminase (CSF-ADA) estimation is useful in the diagnosis of TBM and can differentiate TBM from other types of meningitis. Aims and Objectives: The current study aims to look for a simple, rapid, cost-effective, and specific test to differentiate tubercular etiology from other causes of meningitis. Materials and Methods: A total of 80 patients admitted to the hospital with signs and symptoms of meningitis were selected and divided into two groups: Group 1 (Cases): 40 patients of TBM, Group 2 (Control): 40 patients of pyogenic and viral meningitis. The CSF ADA was estimated by enzymatic method, CSF Protein by turbidimetric method, and CSF Glucose by Glucose oxidase (GOD) and Peroxidase (POD) method. Results: CSF ADA levels (mean ± SD) in the TBM and non-TBM groups were 10.874+7.72 IU/L and 2.44+1.757 IU/L, respectively (highly significant, P&lt;0.001). With the CSF ADA cut off as &gt;6 IU/L, the sensitivity of the test was 95%, and the specificity of 92.5%. On comparison of the values of CSF ADA in the two groups, the t value is −6.75, and the difference in these two values was found to be highly significant (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion: ADA estimation in CSF is a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and specific method for making a diagnosis of tuberculous etiology in TBM. As a screening test, the determination of ADA activity in CSF can help the physician diagnose TBM early and reduce irreversible brain damage and neurologic sequelae by early administration of anti-tuberculous medications.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among women attending antenatal clinic in a Tertiary Hospital in Northern Nigeria

Introduction: Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at an increased risk of adverse perinatal and maternal morbidities and mortalities. Hence, early detection and management of this condition is vital to ensure a good outcome for both mother and baby. Aim: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for GDM among antenatal attendees in Federal Medical Centre Gusau (FMCG), Zamfara state, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. Screening was done between 24 and 28-weeks gestational age with a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Plasma glucose measurements was performed using the glucose oxidase method. GDM was diagnosed according to the 2013 WHO diagnostic criteria. Data were collected using a proforma and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26. Descriptive data were presented in frequency tables. Statistical testing using Chi-square, and multivariate analysis (Odd ratio and CI) were carried out with a level of significance set as P&lt; 0.05. Results: One hundred and thirty-six women between the gestational ages of 24-28 weeks were recruited. The mean age of the participants was 25.9±5.4 years. The prevalence of GDM was found to be 16.9%. Fasting blood glucose alone correctly diagnosed 87% of the patients. Previous history of macrosomic babies (≥4kg) and history of GDM in previous pregnancies were significantly associated with GDM. Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM is high among antenatal attendees in Federal Medical center, Gusau.

Central Obesity Diminishes Circulating Betatrophin Level in Middle-aged Male Subjects

Central adiposity presents an important risk factor for advancing insulin insensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Betatrophin, a liver or adipocyte-derived hormone, was assumed to improve islet insulin secretion and compensate insulin resistance but its level during obesity is still conflicted. This study aimed to explore serum betatrophin level in centrally-obese middle-aged men with diabetic potentials compared with age-matched non-obese ones. Sixty-eight male subjects of 40-60 years of age, residing in North Okkalapa Township, Yangon, Myanmar, were recruited and classified into centrally-obese group (n=34) and non-obese group (n=34). Fasting blood samples were obtained to quantify plasma glucose by glucose oxidase method, and serum insulin and betatrophin levels by ELISA. Plasma glucose levels were comparable between the two groups, while insulin concentration of obese group was significantly greater than that of non-obese group. Therefore, HOMA-IR was markedly increased in obese subjects when compared to non-obese ones (4.87±0.28 vs 1.90±0.14, p&lt;0.001) and so did HOMA-β (310.88±26.58 vs 149.00±11.83, p&lt;0.001). Interestingly, betatrophin hormone level was significantly reduced in obese group than non-obese group (1.72±0.21 vs 2.72±0.26 ng/ml, p&lt;0.01). Moreover, betatrophin had a strong negative correlation with glucose and insulin levels (p&lt;0.05) as well as with the indicator of central adiposity, waist circumference (p&lt;0.05), among the subjects. However, significant correlation between betatrophin and HOMA-IR and HOMA-β was not observed in both groups (p=0.14 and 0.20 respectively). Taken together, betatrophin hormone has been found to decrease in adult central obesity, which is noticeably associated with insulin resistance and compensatory beta-cell hyperfunction. Betatrophin, previously regarded as beta-cell mitogen, has been denied in this study, owing to lack of correlation with HOMA indexes of diabetes.

GLP-1 receptor agonists modulate blood glucose levels in T2DM by affecting Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance in the intestine.

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a class of medications used to treat type 2 diabetes, including metformin, which is considered first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes. In recent years, GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have been found to alter the composition and structure of gut flora and also promote the production of gut probiotics. However, there have been few clinical studies regarding the effects of GLP-1 RAs on gut flora. In this study, we investigated changes in the abundance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii (L delbrueckii) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F prausnitzii) 1 week after administration of a GLP-1 RA in the clinical treatment of type 2 diabetes. The association with glycemic and body mass index (BMI) correlations was also explored. Twelve newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes were examined for changes in the abundance of L delbrueckii and F prausnitzii by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization 1 week after administration of GLP-1 RAs. Subjects BMI was measured and fasting glucose changes were detected using the glucose oxidase method, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to explore their relevance. There was no significant change in the abundance of L delbrueckii in the intestine (P = .695) and no significant correlation with BMI and fasting glucose levels (R = 0.134, P = .534) after the use of GLP-1 RA (R = -0.098, P = .647); F prausnitzii on the other hand had a significantly higher abundance (P = .002) and a significant negative correlation with fasting glucose level (R = -0.689, P < .001), but no significant correlation with BMI (R = -0.056, P = .796). F prausnitzii may be one of the pathways through which glucose is regulated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by GLP-1 RAs.

Glucose and Insulin Activities in the Leaf Extracts of Aloe vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy Gourd

Objectives: Allopathic medicines, although they play a crucial role in controlling blood sugars among diabetic patients, alone may be insufficient for the effective management of diabetes. Therefore, it is essential to explore the food for its anti-diabetic potential and delay the development of long-term complications of this debilitating disease. Aloe vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd are edible and, if included in daily food, could contribute to preventing and managing diabetes. In this study, we have estimated the glucose and insulin concentrations of A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd plant extracts. Materials and Methods: The leaf extracts of A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd were assessed for glucose and insulin. Glucose was estimated using the glucose-oxidase peroxidase method and insulin was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Ivy gourd leaf extract revealed the highest concentration of both glucose and insulin at concentrations of 56 mg/dL and 46.46 µIU/mL, respectively. Bryophyllum leaf extracts revealed moderate concentrations of insulin (24.14 µIU/mL) and glucose (23.11 mg/dL). Among the extracts tested, the A. vera extract revealed the lowest concentrations of glucose (22 mg/dL) and insulin (10.87 µIU/mL). Conclusions: A. vera, Bryophyllum, and Ivy gourd leaves have reasonable concentrations of insulin which could be explored for pharmacological purposes. Moreover, being edible, these could be included in the diet as alternative methods to prevent and manage diabetes.

Alpha lipoic acid improved blood glucose level and lipid profile in type-2 diabetic Wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders that is associated with many complications such as dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of alpha lipoic acid (ALA) on blood glucose levels and lipid profile in type-2 diabetic male Wistar rats. Thirty (30) Wistar rats weighing between 200 – 250 grams were distributed into six groups of five each (n=5). Diabetes was induced using a high-fat diet for eight weeks with a single low dose of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at the end of the sixth week. Group I served as normoglycemic control and received 1 ml/kg normal saline; groups II, III, IV, V, and VI were diabetic and received 1 ml/kg normal saline; glibenclamide 1 mg/kg; ALA 100 mg/kg, ALA 200 mg/kg and ALA 400 mg/kg; respectively. All administrations were done orally for a duration of 21 days. Blood glucose level was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Serum was collected for lipid profile determination. The results obtained from this study showed that ALA across all doses (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg) decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) the fasting blood glucose level (10.02 ± 0.71 mmol/L, 8.78 ± 0.94 mmol/L and 8.6 ± 0.68 mmol/L, respectively) when compared to the diabetic control group (20.06 ± 0.70 mmol/L). Lipid profiles were improved with HDL- and LDL- cholesterols increasing and decreasing significantly (42.60 ± 1.66 mg/dL and 1.12 ± 3.68 mg/dL) in the 400 mg/kg ALA group compared to the diabetic untreated group (37.00 ± 2.55 mg/dL and 26.31 ± 2.95 mg/dL, respectively). Therefore, the study demonstrated that ALA has both antihyperglycemic and antilipidemic in type-2 diabetic Wistar rats.

Prediabetes and Endothelial Involvement among Apparently Healthy Persons

Prediabetes is a state in between non-diabetic and diabetic conditions. While it is capable of progressing to diabetes, it also holds the potential for reversal of the disease process. Timely detection of this phase is therefore necessary for the control of diabetes. Moreso, persistent hyperglycaemia drives system changes through glycation processes. Notable among these changes are vascular-related complications. This study investigated hyperglycaemic states using glycated haemoglobin among persons previously screened as non-diabetic by fasting plasma glucose. The study also estimated some markers of endothelial involvement among the studied population. This study enrolled 134 apparently healthy middle-aged health workers whose highest fasting plasma glucose level (after 3 consecutive measurements) fell below the lower limit of 6.1 mmol/L used in the classification of prediabetes. Glucose oxidase and ion exchange resin methods were used to respectively assay fasting plasma glucose and glycated haemoglobin. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type1 and soluble thrombomodulin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The study observed proportions of 28% prediabetes and 10% diabetes among the participants. Mean values of glycated haemoglobin as well as plasminogen activator type1 and soluble thrombomodulin were significantly higher (p = 0.001) in subjects with prediabetes. Significant correlations were observed between glycated haemoglobin and both markers of endothelial involvement (p = 0.006 for plasminogen activator inhibitor and p = 0.013 for soluble thrombomodulin). This study observed significant vascular involvement in prediabetes.

The standardized Jamu pahitan, an Indonesian antidiabetic formulation, stimulating the glucose uptake and insulin secretion in the in-vitro models

Jamu pahitan is a polyherbal formulation commonly used for the traditional management of diabetes in Indonesia and is mainly prepared from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees. It is widely varied in herbal composition for every region has their own plant component addition to the formulation. A version of the formulation used in the greater Surakarta area contained five plant constituents. This study evaluated the in-vitro glucose uptake and insulin secretion stimulatory activities of Jamu pahitan to provide scientific evidence on its efficacy and safety of use. The water and ethanol extracts of three Jamu pahitan formulations were prepared. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts was evaluated by the standard Folin-Ciocalteau method. Their effects on the viability of L6 skeletal muscle and RIN-m5F pancreatic cells were evaluated by a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The glucose utilized by L6 myotubes treated with Jamu pahitan was assessed indirectly by the glucose oxidase method. The insulin secreted by RIN-m5F treated with the formulation extracts was analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between TPC and the profile of safety and efficacy of the formulation was statistically evaluated. The water extracts of Jamu pahitan were safe and exerted significant glucose uptake and insulin secretion stimulatory activity in L6 and RIN-m5F, respectively. The ethanol extracts showed more potent effects than their water counterpart, albeit they exerted cytotoxic effects on the cells at the higher tested concentrations. The formulations at lower concentrations stimulated the proliferation of RIN-m5F. In addition, the TPC was strongly correlated with the glucose uptake and insulin secretion stimulatory activities and also the IC50 of the cells in positive manner. The present study supported the use of Jamu pahitan for the traditional management of diabetes in Indonesia by stimulating glucose uptake in the muscle cells and improving insulin secretion in β-cells.

THE ROLE OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS IN THE ACTION OF ADRENALINE ON PLASMA LACTATE, GLUCOSE, LIVER, AND SKELETAL MUSCLE GLYCOGEN IN THE COMMON AFRICAN TOAD BUFO REGULARIS

In mammals, the roles of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen in adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemia are well known. However, in amphibians, there is limited information on the relative contribution of liver and skeletal muscle glycogen in adrenaline-induced hyperglycaemia. This study investigated the effects of adrenaline on blood glucose, plasma lactate, liverand skeletal muscle glycogen and the role of adrenergic receptors in the common African toad, bufo regularis. One hundred and twenty-five adult common African toads (70-100g) of both sexes were randomly collected and used in the study.Blood samples were collected from truncus arteriosus to estimate glucose and lactate levels. Blood glucose was determined immediately by modified glucose oxidase method. Plasma lactate was determined by modification of the Barker-Summerson method. Liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen were determined using anthrone reagents method. Adrenaline caused significant increase in blood glucose, lactate levels and significant reduction in liver and muscle glycogen. When toads were pre-treated with propranolol or prazosin, adrenalines reduction in liver and muscle glycogen was significantly reduced while the increase in blood glucose and lactate levels was prevented. Combination of both blockers abolished the increase in blood glucose, lactate levels and blocked reduction in liver and muscle glycogen produced by adrenaline. The results of this study showed that adrenalinecaused liver and skeletal muscle glycogen breakdown, increase in plasma lactate levels which resulted in hyperglycaemia in the common African toad bufo regularis. The study also showed that both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors are involved in mediating the effects of adrenaline on blood glucose, plasma lactate, liver, and muscle glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.