Glucose Levels Research Articles

Protium heptaphyllum essential oil from the fruit as a sedative and anesthetic in Rhamdia quelen: influence in cardiac frequency, biochemical, and oxidative parameters.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Protium heptaphyllum fruit essential oil (PHEO) on the physiology of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) during anesthesia and recovery, through studying echocardiograms, oxidative status, and metabolic parameters. Three experiments were performed: (1) 50 silver catfish juveniles were submitted to anesthesia and recovery tests with 300, 400, 500, 600, and 700mg L-1 of PHEO. (2) Echocardiogram analysis was performed in anesthetized and non-anesthetized fish. (3) Biochemical parameters were evaluated at 0, 30, 60, and 120min of recovery after being anesthetized for 3min with 600mg L-1 PHEO. Times to sedation and deep anesthesia were reduced with PHEO increasing concentrations. The echocardiogram showed a higher cardiac rate in anesthetized fish. Plasma glucose levels increased in control fish through recovery time, but anesthetized fish showed lower levels than controls at 120min of recovery. Metabolic parameters such as plasma and hepatic glucose did not show changes considering the recovery time of up to 120min. Hepatic glycogen, lactate, and triglycerides reduced their levels over recovery times. Fish anesthetized enhanced superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels but decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) levels at 30min compared to controls. After 60min, GSH values were significantly higher in anesthetized fish than in controls. These results suggest that PHEO at 600mg L-1 is an effective anesthetic for the rapid handling of silver catfish, providing stable metabolic parameters and enhanced antioxidant responses during recovery. Echocardiogram analysis confirms the anesthetic effect, supporting PHEO as a viable and efficient option for fish anesthesia in aquaculture. The use of PHEO in aquaculture can enhance fish welfare by reducing stress during handling and transportation, potentially leading to improved growth, health, and survival rates.

Asprosin: the potential player in combined double diabetes and hypothyroidism.

Double diabetes is a term used to describe people with type 1 diabetes who are overweight, show signs of insulin resistance, or have a family history of type 2 diabetes. Asprosin is a novel glucogenic adipokine; Asprosin regulates appetite and glucose metabolism. The study aimed to investigate the level of asprosin in people with double diabetes with and without hypothyroidism and its association with markers of insulin resistance. This case-control study was conducted in Iraq between March 2022 and January 2023. One hundred sixty participants were enrolled; the selected participants were classified into three age and sex-matched groups. The first group consisted of eighty healthy controls served as the control group. Of eighty participants with newly discovered DD, half (40) have DD alone, and 40 have both DD and hypothyroidism. Serum asprosin, insulin, thyroid, lipid profile, glucose, and glycated hemoglobin were measured. The estimated glucose disposal rate, triglyceride-glucose index, and HOMA-IR were calculated. Participants with double diabetes had significantly (p ≤ 0.001) greater circulation asprosin levels than subjects in the control group. Comparatively, to double diabetes participants without hypothyroidism, asprosin levels were also higher in double diabetes subjects with hypothyroidism (p ≤ 0.001), and the insulin resistance markers increased in a stepwise way across the asprosin quartiles (p ≤ 0.001). Asprosin significantly correlated with insulin resistance markers, eGDR, plasma glucose, HbA1C, triglycerides, HDL-C, and LDL-C. Elevated asprosin levels might be a potential biomarker for the alteration in glucose metabolism, insulin resistance, and double diabetes. It may be the missing link between metabolic and endocrine disorders.

Preventing diabetes complications.

The key aim of diabetes management is to prevent complications, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. At an individual level, people with diabetes are less likely than they were several decades ago to experience classical macrovascular and microvascular complications as a result of improvements in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and preventive healthcare. However, a significant burden of diabetes complications persists at a population level because of the increasing incidence of diabetes, as well as longer lifetime exposure to diabetes because of younger diagnosis and increased life expectancy. Trials have shown that the most effective strategy for preventing complications of diabetes is a multifactorial approach focussing simultaneously on the management of diet, exercise, glucose levels, blood pressure and lipids. In addition to the cornerstone strategies of addressing diet, exercise and lifestyle measures, the introduction of newer glucose-lowering agents, including sodium-glucose transport protein 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, have brought about a paradigm shift in preventing the onset and progression of complications of type 2 diabetes, particularly cardiovascular and renal disease. The improvement in rates of classical complications of diabetes over time has been accompanied by a growing awareness of non-traditional complications, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These emerging complications may not respond to a glycaemic-centred approach alone and highlight the importance of foundational strategies centred on lifestyle measures and supported by pharmaceutical therapy to achieve weight loss and reduce metabolic risk in patients living with diabetes.

Impacts of 1.5 T MRI Static Magnetic Field on Biochemical and Enzyme Activity Parameters on Radiology Department Workers.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an important diagnostic technique that uses powerful magnetic fields to generate detailed images of the human body. The aim of this study is to investigate to how static magnetic fields (SMF) affect the levels of trace elements and biochemical parameters in MRI staff' blood serum. This study examines the impacts of these exposures of 18 participants (9 males and 9 females) aged between 25 and 60.on the levels of trace elements in the blood serum and the biochemical parameters of the MRI staff at Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok and Zakho General Hospital-Bidari in Zakho City. Eighteen participants, consisting of nine males and nine females aged between 25 and 60, were selected from these hospitals. The researchers obtained blood samples and conducted analysis to determine the presence of trace elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride) as well as numerous biochemical markers. The results showed that potassium and calcium levels increased with age, and older females had considerable deviations. Chloride levels exhibited a significant increase with age in both males and females. Glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea levels showed an increase with age, suggesting the possible damage to kidney function caused by continuous exposure to MRI. Increased levels of liver enzymes (GPT, GOT, ALP) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were noticed, particularly in older females, indicating potential liver and thyroid dysfunction. These results highlight the importance of applying strict safety protocols and conducting regular health assessments for MRI personnel to minimize the possible hazards.

The effect of USM-IAM-based counselling vs standard counselling on insulin adherence, FBS and HbA1c among patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM): a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundMany patients with T2DM on insulin are not optimally controlled despite receiving standard diabetes education counselling. Poor insulin adherence may be a contributing factor. We developed and evaluated a new module [Universiti Sains Malaysia-Insulin Adherence Module (USM-IAM)] on insulin-treated patients with poorly controlled diabetes.MethodsEligibility criteria are those diagnosed with T2DM, aged between 18 and 65 years, with HbA1c between 8 and 15% and on insulin therapy for 1 year. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either the USM-IAM-based counselling or the standard counselling (SC) at baseline and the second visit. Patients were instructed to adjust insulin doses based on blood glucose levels. Outcomes were changes in adherence score, FBS and HbA1c levels from baseline to 3 months and baseline to sixth month.ResultsNinety patients were randomised to each group. The baseline sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were homogenous among groups. Ninety patients were analysed for each group. Adherence score changes between baseline to 3 months were − 8.30 (− 11.47, − 5.14) in USM-IAM-based counselling group (USM-IAM) and − 7.64 (− 10.89, − 4.40) in standard counselling group (SCG), between baseline to sixth month were − 10.21 (− 13.40, − 7.03) in USM-IAM and − 10.79 (− 14.64, − 6.97) in SCG. FBS changes between baseline to 3 months were 1.374 (0.25, 2.50) in USM-IAM and 0.438 (− 0.66, 1.54) in SCG, and between baseline to sixth month were 1.713 (0.473, 2.95) in USM-IAM and 0.998 (− 0.02, 2.01) in SCG. HbA1c changes between baseline to 3 months were 1.374 (0.25, 2.50) in USM-IAM and 0.547 (0.12, 0.98) in SCG, and between baseline to sixth month were 1.03 (0.65, 1.41) in USM-IAM and 0.617 (0.20, 1.03) in SCG. Between-subjects effects for all outcomes were not statistically significant.ConclusionBoth groups had significant improvements in adherence score and HbA1c with time, with higher improvement in patients receiving the USM-IAM. FBS reductions were significant in the intervention group but not in the control group.Trial registrationThis study protocol is registered with Clicaltrials.gov with ID NCT05125185 dated 17th November 2021.

The potential role of finerenone in patients with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a global health concern, associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and decreased quality of life. Many patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) will develop CKD over their lifetime. Uncontrolled glucose levels, which occur in patients with T1D as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D), are associated with substantial mortality and cardiovascular disease burden. T2D and T1D share common pathological features of CKD, which is thought to be driven by haemodynamic dysfunction, metabolic disturbances, and subsequently an influx of inflammatory and profibrotic mediators, both of which are major interrelated contributors to CKD progression. The mineralocorticoid receptor is also involved, and, under conditions of oxidative stress, salt loading and hyperglycaemia, it switches from homeostatic regulator to pathophysiological mediator by promoting oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. Progressive glomerular and tubular injury leads to macroalbuminuria a progressive reduction in the glomerular filtration rate and eventually end-stage renal disease. Finerenone, a non-steroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, is approved for treatment of patients with CKD associated with T2D; however, the benefit of finerenone in patients with T1D has yet to be determined. This narrative review will discuss treatment of CKD in T1D and the potential future role of finerenone in this setting.

Senescence metabolomics of <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L. VBI-0 heterotrophic suspension cultures

BACKGROUND: Heterotrophic cell cultures are widely used as a model in plant biology. During a culture cycle the composition of the medium changes: the sucrose and other substrates are depleted, metabolism products are accumulated and the density increases. Finally, arrest of a growth is followed by cell death in a short time. These processes are accompanied with physiological alterations, corresponding to senescence. AIM: To resolve metabolic features of tobacco cells in growing and stationary senescent suspension cultures VBI-0. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nicotiana tabacum VBI-0 cells were cultured in suspension MS medium supplied with 3% sucrose. Cells were sampled at 7th day, during intensive growth, and at 28th day, when the culture was in the stationary phase. The GC-MS method was used to profile the metabolites. RESULTS: Sucrose depletion in media caused starvation of heterotrophic tobacco cell culture and was associated with a decrease in the accumulation of free amino acids. At the same time, the level of pentoses and complex sugars, including sucrose, increased, while the levels of glucose and fructose were not changed significantly and levels of hexose phosphates decreased. During culture senescence cells showed higher levels of accumulation of malate, pyruvate and some other carboxylates. CONCLUSIONS: The metabolomic data indicate that culture senescence was associated with a drop in amino acids metabolism, a decrease in the activity of the upper part of glycolysis, and the accumulation of complex sugars, pentoses and carboxylates.

Stress and recovery of yellowtail kingfish (Seriola aureovittata) during Sea-land relay transportation: Biochemical, microecological and transcriptomic responses

Sea-land relay transportation (SRT) is a key part of the “land-based greenhouse + offshore net cage” mariculture system for yellowtail kingfish. In this study, the physiological status of yellowtail kingfish during SRT was assessed by determining serum biochemical indexes (levels of cortisol, glucose, and malondialdehyde (MDA), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), the composition of intestinal microflora, and the liver transcriptome before (control), during, and after transportation (T1 and T2) and after recovery for 6 hours (6 h), 12 hours (12 h), 1 day (D1), 3 days (D3), and 7 days (D7). The results show that the serum cortisol and glucose levels, MDA level, and activities of SOD and CAT significantly increased during transportation, and decreased to similar levels to those in the control after 1 day of recovery. Bacteria including Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Comamonas accounted for more than 91 % of the microbial community in the gut of yellowtail kingfish, and these genera were associated with changes in serum glucose levels, indicating that they may help to alleviate the effects of transportation stress. Analyses of liver transcriptome data showed that significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the T2, D1, D3 and D7 groups were significantly enriched in the “Protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)” pathway. At the end of transportation (T2 group), the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway was activated, with up-regulation of hsp40, hsp70, and hsp90α. The transcript levels of these genes gradually returned to levels similar to those in the control during the recovery period. At the first day of recovery, the unfolded protein response imposed stress upon the ER, accompanied by significant down-regulation of PEPK and Calmin and significant up-regulation of CRT. The DEGs in the D3 group were enriched in the “ER”, “Steroid biosynthesis”, “Fatty acid degradation”, “PPAR signaling”, and “Fat digestion and absorption” pathways, whereas the number of DEGs related to lipid metabolism and stress pathways was significantly decreased in the D7 group. Our results indicate that hsp70 and hsp90α can be used as stress markers, and hsp40 can be used as a physio-metabolic recovery marker for yellowtail kingfish. These results show that, although serum indices recovered 24 hours after transportation, up to 3 days after transportation is an important period for recovery from transportation stress at the transcriptome level. “Protein processing in the ER pathway” is an important pathway regulating stress and recovery in yellowtail kingfish.

Potentials of bone marrow cells-derived from naïve or diabetic mice in autoimmune type 1 diabetes: immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti hyperglycemic, and antioxidative.

The scarcity of transplanted human islet tissue and the requirement for immunosuppressive drugs to prevent the rejection of allogeneic grafts have hindered the treatment of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through islet transplantation. However, there is hope in adoptively transferred bone marrow cells (BMCs) therapy, which has emerged as a propitious pathway for forthcoming medications. BMCs have the potential to significantly impact both replacement and regenerative therapies for a range of disorders, including diabetes mellitus, and have demonstrated anti-diabetic effects. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of adoptively transferred bone marrow cells derived from either naïve mice (nBMCs) or diabetic mice (dBMCs) in treating a T1DM mice model. Male Swiss albino mice were starved for 16 h and then injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days to induce T1DM. After 14 days, the diabetic mice were distributed into four groups. The first group served as a diabetic control treated with sodium citrate buffer, while the other three groups were treated for two weeks, respectively, with insulin (subcutaneously at a dose of 8 U/kg/day), nBMCs (intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/mouse/once), and dBMCs (intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/mouse/once). It is worth noting that administering adoptively transferred nBMCs or adoptively transferred dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice resulted in a significant amelioration in glycemic condition, accompanied by a considerable reduction in the level of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin % (HbA1C %), ultimately restoring serum insulin levels to their initial state in control mice. Administering nBMCs or dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice led to a remarkable decrease in levels of inflammatory cytokine markers in the serum, including interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1 β (L-1β), interlekin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Additionally, STZ-induced T1DM mice, when treated with nBMCs or dBMCs, experienced a notable rise in total immunoglobulin (Ig) level. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the levels of islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA). Furthermore, the serum of STZ-induced T1DM mice showed a significant increase in Zinc transporter 8 antigen protein (ZnT8), islet antigen 2 protein (IA-2), and glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen protein (GAD) levels. Interestingly, the administration of nBMCs or dBMCs resulted in a heightened expression of IA-2 protein in STZ-induced T1DM mice treated with nBMCs or dBMCs. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased, while the levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased in non-treated STZ-induced T1DM mice. However, when nBMCs or dBMCs were administered to STZ-induced T1DM mice, it had a significant impact on reducing oxidative stress. This was accomplished by reducing the levels of MDA in the serum and enhancing the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like CAT and SOD. STZ-induced T1DM mice displayed a significant elevation in the levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST, as well as heightened levels of creatinine and urea. Considering the crucial roles of the liver and kidney in metabolism and excretion, this research further examined the effects of administering nBMCs or dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice. Notably, the administration of these cells alleviated the observed effects. The present study suggests that utilizing adoptively transferred nBMCs or adoptively transferred dBMCs in the treatment of T1DM led to noteworthy decreases in blood glucose levels, possibly attributed to their capacity to enhance insulin secretion and improve the performance of pancreatic islets. Additionally, BMCs may exert their beneficial effects on the pancreatic islets of diabetic mice through their immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties.

Incidental diagnosis of bilateral common iliac artery aneurysms: a case report and comprehensive literature review

Introduction and importance: Aneurysms are dilatations of arteries, with abdominal aortic ectasias (AAE) considered precursors to abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). Iliac artery aneurysms (IAAs), often accompanying AAA, present a serious risk, particularly due to rupture. Here, the authors present a case highlighting the importance of recognizing and managing isolated bilateral common iliac artery aneurysms (CIAAs). Case presentation: A 66-year-old male presented following a road traffic accident (RTA) with ankle and leg pain. Examination revealed tenderness in the leg, mild right flank tenderness, and a history of mild pelvic pain. Biochemical studies showed deranged glucose and lipid levels. Imaging revealed large CIAAs, prompting surgical intervention. The patient’s fracture was also managed accordingly. Clinical discussion: CIAAs are rare but serious, typically occurring in elderly males with risk factors including advanced age, male sex, smoking, and hypertension, while diabetes and hyperlipidemia may exert protective effects. While often asymptomatic, they can lead to complications such as thrombosis or rupture. Diagnosis relies on imaging, and intervention is recommended for larger or symptomatic aneurysms. Conclusion: It’s crucial to consider CIAAs in high-risk individuals and recognize the significance of early detection and intervention to prevent potentially life-threatening complications. Prompt management, either through open surgical repair or endovascular options, is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pregnancy.

To examine the presentation, management, and outcomes of pregnancies complicated by diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in a contemporary obstetric population. This is a case series of all admissions for DKA during pregnancy at a single Midwestern academic medical center over a 10-year period. Diabetic ketoacidosis was defined per the following diagnostic criteria: anion gap more than 12 mEq/L, pH less than 7.30 or bicarbonate less than 15 mEq/L, and elevated serum or urine ketones. Demographic information, clinical characteristics, and maternal and neonatal outcomes were assessed. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between individuals with type 1 and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Between 2012 and 2021, there were 129 admissions for DKA in 103 pregnancies in 97 individuals. Most individuals (n=75, 77.3%) admitted for DKA during pregnancy had type 1 diabetes. The majority of admissions occurred in the third trimester (median gestational age 29 3/7 weeks). The most common precipitating factors were vomiting or gastrointestinal illness (38.0%), infection (25.6%), and insulin nonadherence (20.9%). Median glucose on admission was 252 mg/dL (interquartile range 181-343 mg/dL), and 21 patients (17.6%) were admitted with euglycemic DKA. Fifteen admissions (11.6%) were to the intensive care unit. Pregnancy loss was diagnosed during admission in six individuals (6.3%, 95% CI, 2.3-13.7%). Among pregnant individuals with at least one admission for DKA, the median gestational age at delivery was 34 6/7 weeks (interquartile range 33 2/7-36 3/7 weeks). Most neonates (85.7%, 95% CI, 76.8-92.2%) were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit and required treatment for hypoglycemia. The cesarean delivery rate was 71.9%. Despite similar hemoglobin A1C values before pregnancy and at admission, individuals with type 1 diabetes had higher serum glucose (median [interquartile range], 256 mg/dL [181-353 mg/dL] vs 216 mg/dL [136-258 mg/dL], P=.04) and higher serum ketones (3.78 mg/dL [2.13-5.50 mg/dL] vs 2.56 mg/dL [0.81-4.69 mg/dL] mg/dL, P=.03) on admission compared with those with type 2 diabetes. Individuals with type 2 diabetes required intravenous insulin therapy for a longer duration (55 hours [29.5-91.5 hours] vs 27 hours [19-38 hours], P=.004) and were hospitalized longer (5 days [4-9 days] vs 4 days [3-6 days], P=.004). Diabetic ketoacidosis occurred predominantly in pregnancies affected by type 1 diabetes. Individuals with type 1 diabetes presented with greater DKA severity but achieved clinical resolution more rapidly than those with type 2 diabetes. These results may provide a starting point for the development of interventions to decrease maternal and neonatal morbidity related to DKA in the modern obstetric population.

Treatment Outcomes of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors and Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 Inhibitors in Diabetes Mellitus with Poor Glycemic Control

Background: Diabetes, a progressive disease necessitating multifaceted pharmacological interventions for glycemic control, commonly employs Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). The ongoing challenge lies in determining the superior option for safety and efficacy. Objective: This study aims to describe the treatment outcomes of DPP-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) and Sodium- Glucose Co-Transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) receiving metformin with poor glycemic control. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Endocrinology Outpatient Department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, and included 90 individuals with diabetes mellitus who met the selection criteria. Divided into two groups, Group I (n=45) received DPP-4 inhibitors plus metformin, and Group II (n=45) received SGLT2 inhibitors plus metformin. Baseline data, including HbA1c, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood glucose 2 hours after breakfast, weight, lipid profile, and serum creatinine, were recorded at the first visit and 12 weeks. Safety was assessed based on adverse drug effects. Results: After 12 weeks, both groups exhibited significant reductions in HbA1c, FBG, and postprandial blood glucose levels. However, the SGLT-2i group demonstrated significant improvements in HbA1c (P<0.012), fasting plasma glucose (P<0.003), and postprandial glucose levels (P<0.001), along with a reduction in body weight (P<0.042). Hypoglycemia rates were low and balanced between groups. Notably, SGLT-2i usage correlated with an increased incidence of urinary tract infections (13.33% vs. 6.66% in DPP-4i) and exclusive genital infections (11.11%, P<0.022). Conclusion: Diabetic patients receiving SGLT-2 inhibitors had better glycemic control and body weight improvements in comparison to DPP-4 inhibitors. However, SGLT-2 inhibitors encountered more genital infections than DPP-4 inhibitors. J MEDICINE 2024; 25: 107-114

Chronic hyperglycemia aggravates lung function in a Scnn1b-Tg murine model.

Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), the most common comorbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF), leads to increased mortality by accelerating the decline in lung function. Scnn1b-Tg transgenic mice overexpressing the epithelial sodium channel β subunit exhibit spontaneous CF-like lung disease, including airway mucus obstruction and chronic inflammation. Here, we established a chronic CFRD-like model utilizing Scnn1b-Tg mice made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin. In Ussing chamber recordings of trachea, Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited larger amiloride-sensitive currents and forskolin-activated currents, without a difference in ATP-activated currents compared to wildtype (WT) littermates. Both diabetic WT (WT-D) and diabetic Scnn1b-Tg (Scnn1b-Tg-D) mice on the same genetic background exhibited substantially elevated blood glucose at 8 weeks; glucose levels also were elevated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) Bulk lung RNA-seq data showed significant differences between WT-D and Scnn1b-Tg-D mice. Neutrophil counts in BALF were substantially increased in Scnn1b-Tg-D lungs compared to controls (Scnn1b-Tg-con) and compared to WT-D lungs. Lung histology data showed enhanced parenchymal destruction, alveolar wall thickening, and neutrophilic infiltration in Scnn1b-Tg-D mice compared to WT-D mice, consistent with development of a spontaneous lung infection. We intranasally administered Pseudomonas aeruginosa to induce lung infection in these mice for 24 hours, which led to severe lung leukocytic infiltration and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the BALF. In summary, we established a chronic CFRD-like lung mouse model using the Scnn1b-Tg mice. The model can be utilized for future studies toward understanding the mechanisms underlying the lung pathophysiology associated with CFRD and developing novel therapeutics.

Rapid benefits in older age from transition to whole food diet regardless of protein source or fat to carbohydrate ratio: Arandomised control trial.

Plant-based diets reduces the risk of chronic conditions. The interaction between protein source and other macronutrients-fat (F) and carbohydrate (C)-has yet to be investigated. The aim was to assess the main and interactive effects of protein-source (plant vs. animal) and F:C (high or low) and the transition from an Australian diet to a whole food diet on various health markers in older individuals. This single-blinded, parallel, randomised experimental trial used a 2 × 2 factorial design to compare pro-vegetarian (70:30 plant to animal) versus omnivorous (50:50 plant to animal) diets at 14% protein and varying fat-to-carbohydrate ratios (high fat ~40% vs. low fat ~30%) over 4 weeks. Study foods were provided, alcohol consumption was discouraged, and dietary intake was determined through food records. Analysis included both RCT and observational data. Changes in appetite, palatability of diets, and dietary intake were assessed. Body composition, muscle strength, function, gut microbiome, and cardiometabolic health parameters were measured. Data from 113 (of the 128 randomised) individuals aged 65-75 years were analysed. Pro-vegetarian diets reduced diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Moreover, the overall sample exhibited increased short-chain fatty acids and FGF21 levels, as well as improvements in body composition, function, and cardio-metabolic parameters irrespective of dietary treatment. Transitioning to a diet rich in fruit, vegetables, fibre, and moderate protein was associated with improved health markers in older age, with added benefits from pro-vegetarian diets. Further research on long-term effects is needed.

Glucose influences endometrial receptivity to embryo implantation through O-GlcNAcylation-mediated regulation of the cytoskeleton.

Phenotypic changes to endometrial epithelial cells underpin receptivity to embryo implantation at the onset of pregnancy but the effect of hyperglycaemia on these processes remains poorly understood. Here we show that physiological levels of glucose (5mM) abolished receptivity in the endometrial epithelial cell line, Ishikawa. However, embryo attachment was supported by 17mM glucose as a result of glucose flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and modulation of cell function via protein O-GlcNAcylation. Pharmacological inhibition of HBP or protein O-GlcNAcylation reduced embryo attachment in co-cultures at 17mM glucose. Mass spectrometry analysis of the O-GlcNAcylated proteome in Ishikawa cells revealed that myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) is more highly O-GlcNAcylated in 17mM glucose, correlating with loss of its target protein, phospho-myosin light chain 2, from apical cell junctions of polarised epithelium. 2D and 3D morphologic analysis demonstrated that the higher glucose level attenuates epithelial polarity through O-GlcNAcylation. Inhibition of RhoA-associated kinase (ROCK) or myosin II led to reduced polarity and enhanced receptivity in cells cultured in 5mM glucose, consistent with data showing that MYPT1 acts downstream of ROCK signalling. These data implicate regulation of endometrial epithelial polarity through RhoA signaling upstream of actomyosin contractility in the acquisition of endometrial receptivity. Glucose levels impinge on this pathway through O-GlcNAcylation of MYPT1, which may impact endometrial receptivity to an implanting embryo in women with diabetes.

Exposure to Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Impacts Gill Structure and Function in Adult Zebrafish.

Total suspended solids (TSS) are a major contributor of anthropogenic impacts to aquatic systems. TSS exposure have been shown to affect the function of gills, but the mode of action is unclear. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is emerging as an excellent model for mechanistic toxicology, and as there are no baseline studies on TSS effects in zebrafish gills, we tested the hypothesis that environmental concentrations of TSS damages gill structure and function in this species. Adult zebrafish were exposed to either 0, 10, 100, 500, 1000, or 2000mg/L TSS for 4 days to assess the gill morphology. The minimal concentration that affected the gill structure was further tested for the distribution of key ion transporters, including Na+/K+- ATPase (NKA) and vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (VHA), using confocal microscopy. Our results reveal that TSS concentration as low as 100mg/L alters the morphology of gills, including greater filament thickness, lamellae thickness, and epithelial lifting. This was also associated with a reduction in NKA immunoreactive (IR) cell count and intensity in the 100mg/L TSS group, while there was neither a change in the VHA-IR cell count or expression nor the transcript abundance of atp6v1a and atp1a1a4 in the gills. Markers of stress response in these animals, including levels of cortisol, glucose, lactate, and glycogen were not altered after 4 days of TSS exposure. Overall, environmentally relevant concentrations of TSS can damage the gill structure and function in zebrafish and has the potential to enhance the toxicity of contaminants acting via the gills.

Sugar Accumulation Patterns and Transcriptome Analysis during the Developmental Stage of Small-Fruit Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus L.)

The sugar content in watermelon significantly influences its flavor. To understand the sugar accumulation pattern in small-fruited watermelon and identify candidate genes involved in sugar synthesis and conversion, we measured the sugar content (sucrose, fructose, and glucose) at five developmental stages: 10d, 16d, 22d, 28d, and 34d post-pollination. Two watermelon varieties with the largest sugar content difference at 28d post-pollination (high-sugar G38-28 and low-sugar 482276-28) were selected for transcriptome sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using RT-qPCR. Additionally, the sugar contents of three commercial varieties (‘Su Meng NO.5’, ‘Su Meng NO.6’, ‘Su Meng NO.7’) and their parents were compared at five stages. Results showed glucose and fructose levels peaked between 22d and 28d, followed by a decrease, while sucrose content continuously increased. F1 hybrids exhibited glucose and sucrose trends similar to their paternal parent and fructose trends similar to their maternal parent. Transcriptome sequencing identified 9337 DEGs (5072 upregulated and 4265 downregulated). Gene Ontology analysis highlighted overrepresentation in categories such as pectinase and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG analysis identified 12 DEGs involved in sugar synthesis and conversion pathways, including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and pentose and glucuronate interconversions. RT-qPCR validation corroborated the transcriptome data. These findings explain the distinct sugar accumulation patterns in G38-28 and 482276-28 at the transcriptional level, offering insights for genetic breeding and regulation of key sugar-related genes in watermelon.

Physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of healthy juices containing aloe vera gel and probiotics and their antidiabetic effects on albino rats

The consumption of fruit and vegetable juices is widely recognized as a healthy choice across all age groups. Orange, carrot, and aloe vera are renowned for their functional properties and health benefits. In this study, we investigated the potential incorporation of aloe vera gel into blended orange and carrot juices. We also evaluated the resulting mixed probiotic juices (chemical, microbiological, and sensory aspects) during a 14-day storage period at refrigerator temperature. The chemical composition and phytochemical structure of aloe vera gel were examined, followed by an assessment of the biological effects of these healthy juices on diabetic albino rats. The results indicated improvements in total soluble solids, reducing sugars, and total sugars with increasing storage duration. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that incorporating aloe vera into the natural mixed juices enhanced their phytochemical quality. The treatment supplemented with aloe vera gel gave the highest total content of phenolic and flavonoid substances, which were 310 mg of GAE/100 g and 175 mg of quercetin/100 g, respectively. Probiotic strains (Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb12, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299V, and Lactobacillus acidophilus L10) exhibited good viable cell counts in orange and mixed orange and carrot probiotics juices with viable counts of 7.42–8.07 log CFU/mL. Regarding sensory attributes, the study found that increasing the ratio of orange juice improved the taste while increasing the ratio of carrot juice enhanced the color in juice mixtures. Incorporation of aloe vera into mixed natural juices also enhanced the reduction of blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, creatinine, ALT, AST, and urea levels while increasing total protein and HDL levels in diabetic rats. Based on these findings, oranges, carrots, and aloe vera offer the potential to produce new, flavorful, nutritious, and appealing juices. Moreover, this study determined that a functional juice with favorable sensory properties can be created by blending 75% orange juice, 20% carrot juice, and 5% aloe vera gel. Additionally, aloe vera demonstrated greater efficacy as an antidiabetic agent in rats. Further research is suggested to explore the potential advantages of aloe vera gel and probiotic juices in mitigating diabetes and other metabolic syndromes.

Astaxanthin attenuates diabetic kidney injury through upregulation of autophagy in podocytes and pathological crosstalk with mesangial cells

Objectives: Astaxanthin (ATX) is a strong antioxidant drug. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ATX on podocytes in diabetic nephropathy and the underlying renal protective mechanism of ATX, which leads to pathological crosstalk with mesangial cells.Methods: In this study, diabetic rats treated with ATX exhibited reduced 24-h urinary protein excretion and decreased blood glucose and lipid levels compared to vehicle-treated rats. Glomerular mesangial matrix expansion and renal tubular epithelial cell injury were also attenuated in ATX-treated diabetic rats compared to control rats.Results: ATX treatment markedly reduced the α-SMA and collagen IV levels in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Additionally, ATX downregulated autophagy levels. In vitro, compared with normal glucose, high glucose inhibited LC3-II expression and increased p62 expression, whereas ATX treatment reversed these changes. ATX treatment also inhibited α-SMA and collagen IV expression in cultured podocytes. Secreted factors (vascular endothelial growth factor B and transforming growth factor-β) generated by high glucose-induced podocytes downregulated autophagy in human mesangial cells (HMCs); however, this downregulation was upregulated when podocytes were treated with ATX.Conclusions: The current study revealed that ATX attenuates diabetes-induced kidney injury likely through the upregulation of autophagic activity in podocytes and its antifibrotic effects. Crosstalk between podocytes and HMCs can cause renal injury in diabetes, but ATX treatment reversed this phenomenon.

Role of Brown Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Health and Efficacy of Drug Treatment for Obesity

(1) Background: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis, and its activation has become a new object as both a determinant of metabolic health and a target for therapy. This study aimed to identify the relationships between the presence of BAT, parameters that characterize metabolic health (glucose, lipids, blood pressure (BP)), and the dynamics of body mass index (BMI) during weight-reducing therapy. (2) Methods: The study included 72 patients with obesity. We investigated metabolic parameters, anthropometric parameters, and BP. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) were performed. (3) Results: Before weight-reducing therapy, BAT was revealed only in 19% patients with obesity. The presence of BAT was associated with a lower risk of metabolic deviations that characterize metabolic syndrome: shorter waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.02) and lower levels of glucose (p = 0.03) and triglycerides (p = 0.03). Thereafter, patients were divided into four groups according to the type of therapy (only lifestyle modification or with Liraglutide or Reduxin or Reduxin Forte). We did not find a relationship between the presence of BAT and response to therapy: percent weight reduction was 10.4% in patients with BAT and 8.5% in patients without BAT (p = 0.78) during six months of therapy. But we noted a significant positive correlation between the volume of BAT and the effectiveness of weight loss at 3 months (r = 0.52, p = 0.016). The dynamic analysis of BAT after 6 months of therapy showed a significant increase in the volume of cold-induced metabolically active BAT, as determined by PET/CT with 18F-FDG in the Liraglutide group (p = 0.04) and an increase in the activity of BAT standardized uptake value (SUV mean and SUV max) in the Reduxin (p = 0.02; p = 0.01, respectively) and Liraglutide groups (p = 0.02 in both settings). (4) Conclusions: The presence of brown adipose tissue is associated with a lower risk of metabolic abnormalities. In general, our study demonstrated that well-established drugs in the treatment of obesity (Liraglutide and Reduxin) have one more mechanism for implementing their effects. These drugs have the ability to increase the activity of BAT. A significant positive relationship between the total volume of BAT and the percentage of weight loss may further determine the priority mechanism of the weight-reducing effect of these medicaments.