Serum Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

8070 Atypical New Onset Diabetes Mellitus in a Young Male: Is this LADA vs Type 1 or Type 2?

Abstract Disclosure: S.K. Devineni: None. S. Shaik: None. J.L. Gilden: None. Background: Recent literature suggests that autoantibody seropositivity is common in new onset autoimmune Diabetes Mellitus (DM), especially in younger patients. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), a form of adult-onset autoimmune DM. is considered a mix of type 1 and type 2 DM, sharing similar immune cell characteristics to both subtypes. Unlike type 1, LADA patients do not require insulin for glycemic control for the first six months after diagnosis. Unlike type 2, LADA patients are positive for single islet autoantibody, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), and anti-gliadin antibodies. Patients with LADA often present with symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, nocturia, fatigue, and visual changes). We present a case of new onset Diabetes Mellitus in a young male, autoantibody seronegative, at the time of diagnosis. Case report: A 19-year-old Caucasian male was sent to the Emergency Department with a serum blood glucose (BG) level of 579 mg% after routine blood tests. He denied any clinical symptoms and serum levels showed no elevation in ketones, nor bicarbonate levels, ruling out ketoacidosis. His hemoglobin A1c at that time was 14.7%. He denied prior knowledge of personal or family history of DM. or other autoimmune disorders. However, it was discovered that routine labs done 1 ½ months earlier on a Health Screen revealed BG=295 mg% with urine positive for ketones (80 mg/dl) and glucose (>1000 mg/dL). Physical Exam: (HT=178 cm; WT=79 Kg) was unremarkable. Autoantibodies for GAD 65, islet-cell, Zinc transporter 8, and Islet Antigen 2 were all negative. He was hospitalized for 9 days. BG levels were difficult to control and required increasing doses of both long acting and short acting insulin. He was discharged with insulin therapy (30 units of glargine at nighttime and 12 units of premeal aspart). One week later, the patient ate several gummy bears as a nighttime snack and subsequently woke up in the middle of the night feeling shaky and having blurry vision. BG was greater than 300 mg%. In the emergency room, he. received intravenous fluids. No insulin was given as his BG normalized and he was discharged. Later, a continuous glucose monitor revealed multiple hypoglycemic episodes. The patient was living in a situation where he only had limited access to certain foods, and thus his insulin regimen was decreased (28 units glargine and 10 units aspart for meals) Conclusion: We present the case of new onset atypical DM in a young patient whose insulin sensitivity and risk factors seem to resemble a pattern of type 1 DM; despite seronegative autoantibodies We predict that he may eventually seroconvert to type 1 DM. It is also possible that he may have an unusual presentation of LADA or type 2 DM, although he had no hyperglycemic symptoms. Presentation: 6/3/2024

8798 How Low Can You Go: Suspected Methadone-Induced Hyperinsulinemia

Abstract Disclosure: L. Ravindra: None. M.G. Fernandez: None. V. Cheng: None. Background: Studies have shown that methadone use can result in severe hypoglycemia. This is thought to be related to methadone having antagonistic activity at NMDA receptors, resulting in increased pancreatic insulin release, suppressed glucagon and epinephrine, and inhibition of hepatic glycogenolysis. These mechanisms affect the normal physiologic response to hypoglycemia and can result in hyperinsulinemic-induced hypoglycemia. Clinical case: We present a case of a 56-year-old male with complex regional pain syndrome managed with a high daily dose of methadone (345 mg) who presented to the hospital for evaluation of failure to thrive and hypoglycemia. During the hospital admission, evaluation of hypoglycemia included a serum blood glucose level of 41 mg/dL (normal >60 mg/dL), with an inappropriately normal level of insulin 10 (Reference Range (RR) 3-25 mU/L), C-peptide 2.9 (RR 0.5-3.3 ng/ml), Pro-insulin 2.9 (RR 3-20 pmol/L), an undetectable level of Beta-hydroxybutyrate <0.10 (RR 0.02-0.27 mMol/L) negative insulin antibodies <0.4 (RR 0.0 - 0.4 U/mL), and negative sulfonylurea screen. Additional labs included a normal TSH of 2.8 (RR 0.3-5.5 mIU/ml) and appropriate morning cortisol of 23 (RR >14-15 μg/dL). The abdominal CT and follow-up MRI did not reveal any definite abnormalities in the pancreas. Given persistent evidence of hyperinsulinemic-induced hypoglycemia, a PET Dotatate scan was performed, confirming the absence of a neuroendocrine tumor. While admitted, management included nutritional optimization, close glucose monitoring, and an intravenous dextrose infusion. Diazoxide was also initiated and gradually increased to 150 mg three times a day. Addiction Medicine assisted in tapering down the methadone dose from 115 mg to 105 mg three times a day. With these interventions, the patient had no further episodes of hypoglycemia. On discharge, the patient was provided with a continuous glucose monitor. On follow-up, the patient has continued to show improvement and the diazoxide dose has been decreased without recurrent hypoglycemia. Given this, a selective arterial calcium stimulation test was not pursued. Conclusion: Methadone is an uncommon cause of hyperinsulinemic-induced hypoglycemia. Suspicion should arise, particularly in patients on high doses. Current evidence suggests tapering methadone dosage as the primary intervention, as insulin levels can decrease drastically and improve hypoglycemia. This therapeutic approach should be considered before pursuing invasive and costly diagnostic testing. Presentation: 6/3/2024

Effect of Polyherbal Formulation on High Fat Diet Induced Obesity in Rats

Obesity is one of the major chronic diseases in which excess body fat accumulates in visceral organs. It is a chronic metabolic disease due to an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. Various synthetic treatments are available in the market but have side effects such as Joint pain, chest tightness, tiredness, Back and stomach pain. The aim of study was to examine the anti-obesity potential of prepared polyherbal formulation (Hugonia Mystax: Blumea Lacera::1:1) in female Wistar rats. The obesity was induced by a high fat diet. Group 1 Placebo (normal control), Group 2-high fat diet (disease control), Group 3-high fat diet and orlistat (20 mg/kg for last 2 weeks, Group 4 treated with high fat diet and low dose elixir (200 mg/kg i.e. 4ml orally for last 2 weeks of study), Group 5- high fat diet and high dose elixir (400 mg/kg i.e. 8ml orally for last 2 weeks of study). At the end of study rats were subjected to evaluation of physical parameters, liver profile, serum blood glucose level and histopathology of liver and adipose tissue. The result states that formulation has the potential to work on various obesity mechanisms especially on energy intake. The result of the present study concluded that the prepared formulation has anti-obesity potential.

Physio-metabolic alterations in Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and native predator Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822) in presence of an invasive species Piractus brachypomus (G. Cuvier, 1818).

A 60days study was conducted to evaluate the physiological response of indigenous species Labeo rohita (LR) and indigenous predator Chitala chitala (CC) in presence of an invasive species Piaractus brachypomus (PB). Two treatment groups as LR + PB (T1) and LR + PB + CC (T2) with individual control groups as T0LR, T0PB and T0CC were designed in triplicates. Fingerlings of LR, PB and CC were randomly distributed into 15 circular tanks with a stocking ratio of 1:1 and 1:1:0.3 in T1 and T2 group, respectively and 10 nos. each of LR, PB and CC in respective control groups. At first 15min of the experiment, cortisol level was found significantly (P < 0.05) higher in all three experimental fishes in T1 and T2 groups. With the experimental duration, the level of stress hormone (cortisol), oxidative stress enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), tissue metabolic enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase), serum metabolic enzymes (transaminase enzymes) and blood glucose level were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in T1 and T2 groups for LR and CC whereas, no variation (P > 0.05) were observed for PB in both T1 and T2 groups. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver glycogen, total protein, albumin and globulin were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in LR in the presence of PB and CC. The present study provides a preliminary insight into the biological interaction between native and invasive species and their physiological responses in the presence of native predator with higher trophic index. Thus, the results of the study suggest the superior traits of invasive P. brachypomus try to dominate the other two native species by negatively influencing the native fauna even with a higher trophic index (C. chitala).

Effects of Sesamin in Animal Models of Obesity-Associated Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

As living standards have improved and lifestyles have undergone changes, metabolic diseases associated with obesity have become increasingly prevalent. It is well established that sesamin (Ses) (PubChem CID: 72307), the primary lignans in sesame seeds and sesame oil, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of Ses on animal models of obesity-related diseases was performed to assess their impact on relevant disease parameters. Importantly, this study sought to provide insights for the design of future human clinical studies utilizing Ses as a nutritional supplement or drug. This study conducted a comprehensive search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library, identifying English language articles published from inception to April 2023. The search incorporated keywords such as "sesamin," "obesity," "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease," "type 2 diabetes mellitus," and "metabolic syndrome." The meta-analysis included 17 articles on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Overall, the pooled results demonstrated that Ses significantly reduced levels of total serum cholesterol (P = .010), total serum triglycerides (P = .003), alanine transaminase (P = .003), and blood glucose (P < .001), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (P = .012) in animal models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In the type 2 diabetes model, Ses mitigated drug-induced weight loss (P < .001), high-fat-diet-induced weight gain (P < .001), and blood glucose levels (P = .001). In the metabolic syndrome model, Ses was associated with a significant reduction in body weight (P < .001), total serum cholesterol (P < .001), total serum triglycerides (P < .001), blood glucose (P < .001), and alanine transaminase levels (P = .039). The meta-analysis results of this study suggest that Ses supplementation yields favorable effects in animal models of obesity-related diseases, including hypolipidemic, insulin-lowering, and hypoglycemic abilities, as well as organ protection from oxidative stress and reduced inflammation. PROSPERO registration No. CRD42023438502.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4) as a potential biomarker for predicting metabolically driven low-grade and organ damage in thalassemia syndromes

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP; FABP4) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis and progression of metabolically driven low-grade inflammation and organ damage. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of circulating FABP4 as a predictive and diagnostic biomarker for thalassemia-associated cardiometabolic events. This case-control study enrolled 50 adults with β-thalassemia and 30 age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched controls. Participants underwent a comprehensive evaluation, including complete blood count, liver and kidney function tests, serum blood glucose, lipid profile, and ferritin levels, pelviabdominal ultrasound, ECG, and echocardiography after taking a full medical history and conducting a clinical examination. Serum levels of FABP4 were measured using an Enzyme-Linked-Immunosorbent-Assay. The diagnostic performance of FABP4 was assessed using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to determine optimal values for excluding and confirming cardiometabolic metflammation. The thalassemia cohort exhibited a statistically significant higher concentration of FABP4 compared to the control group (p-value < 0.001). Positive correlations were found between FABP4 and ferritin serum levels above 800 or 1000 ug/L, as well as with ALT, TGS, and LDL (p-value < 0.05). Circulating FABP4 was identified as a statistically significant risk factor for thalassemia-associated cardiometabolic comorbidities (OR = 84.00, 95%CI:18.6–378.6, p-value < 0.001). ROC analysis determined that the FABP4 exclusionary cut-off value > 2.30 ng/ml could effectively discriminate between thalassemia-associated adverse metaflammation and controls, while the FABP4 confirmatory cut-off value was > 2.58 ng/ml. In conclusion, circulating FABP4 appears to be a potential risk factor for predicting progression to cardiometabolic events in thalassemia-associated adverse metaflammation. FABP4 holds promise as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for disease monitoring and risk stratification. Further validation through large-scale, multicenter, prospective studies is warranted.

Polymorphism in the matrix metallopeptidase genes is associated with coronary artery disease risk with concomitant metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components are the reasons of the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays, the association between coronary artery disease and MS remains ambiguous. The central role of matrix metallopeptidases (MMP) in the metabolism of connective tissue proteins, cell matrix remodeling, tissue repair and other complex biochemical processes has been shown, which implies their involvement in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study: To study the associations of polymorphic variants in the MMP genes with the risk of stable coronary artery disease with concomitant metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: 170 patients with stable coronary artery disease concomitant with a visceral type of obesity in combination with two or more pathological conditions (elevated serum blood glucose level, elevated serum blood cholesterol level, hypertension) were included in the case group. Conditionally healthy volunteers (n=182) were recruited in the control group. Genotyping of five polymorphic sites in the four genes MMP1 (rs514921), MMP3 (rs6796620 and rs626750), MMP9 (rs17576) and TIMP2 (rs2277698) was performed by real-time PCR. The serum blood level of MMP was measured by ELISA. Gene-gene interactions were analyzed using MDR v.3.0.2 software. Results: The frequency of heterozygous C/T genotype in the MMP3 gene (rs626750) was higher in the control group (37.90%) compared to the case group (23.20%), which indicates its protective effect on the risk of coronary artery disease with concomitant metabolic syndrome (OR=0.47, 95%CI 0.29-0.75). 2.6-fold increased risk of coronary artery disease with concomitant metabolic syndrome was demonstrated for carriers of the A/G genotype in the TIMP2 gene (rs2277698) according to the codominant inheritance model. We found no associations of polymorphic variants in the MMP1 (rs514921), MMP3 (rs626750), MMP9 (rs17576) and TIMP2 (rs2277698) genes with the serum blood level of MMP, as well as their inhibitors. Four-loci model of gene-gene interactions (MMP9 (rs17576) – MMP3 (rs626750) – MMP1 (rs514921) – TIMP2 (rs2277698)) characterized by high sensitivity, specificity and risk effect to the coronary artery disease with concomitant metabolic syndrome development was discovered. Conclusion: This study revealed the association of polymorphic variants in the MMP genes and their inhibitors with the risk of coronary artery disease with concomitant metabolic syndrome. In addition, a four-locus model of intergenic interactions with high sensitivity and specificity was obtained.

Association between serum copper and blood glucose: a mediation analysis of inflammation indicators in the NHANES (2011–2016)

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of diabetes underscores the need for identifying effective prevention strategies. Recent research suggests environmental factors, particularly heavy metals like copper, significantly influence health outcomes, including diabetes, through mechanisms involving inflammation and oxidative stress. This study aims to explore how serum copper levels affect blood glucose, employing NHANES data from 2011 to 2016, to provide insights into environmental health’s role in diabetes prevention and management.MethodsThe study analyzed data from 2,318 NHANES participants across three cycles (2011–2016), focusing on those with available data on serum copper, inflammatory markers, and blood glucose levels. We utilized principal component analysis for selecting inflammatory markers, mediation analysis to examine direct and indirect effects, multiple linear regression for assessing relationships between markers and glucose levels, and weighted quantile sum regression for evaluating individual and collective marker effects, adjusting for demographic variables and serum copper.ResultsParticipants averaged 42.70 years of age, with a near-even split between genders. Average serum copper was 119.50 μg/dL, white blood cell count 6.82 × 109/L, and fasting blood glucose 107.10 mg/dL. Analyses identified significant mediation by inflammatory markers (especially white blood cells: 39.78%) in the copper-blood glucose relationship. Regression analyses highlighted a positive correlation between white blood cells (estimate: 1.077, 95% CI: 0.432 to 2.490, p = 0.013) and copper levels and a negative correlation for monocyte percentage (estimate: −1.573, 95% CI: 0.520 to −3.025, p = 0.003). Neutrophil percentage was notably influential in glucose levels. Sensitive analyses confirmed the study’s findings.ConclusionSerum copper levels significantly impact blood glucose through inflammatory marker mediation, highlighting the importance of considering environmental factors in diabetes management and prevention. These findings advocate for public health interventions and policies targeting environmental monitoring and heavy metal exposure reduction, emphasizing the potential of environmental health measures in combating diabetes incidence.

Effects of Azanza garckeana Fruit Pulp on Metabolic Syndrome in Wistar Rats Fed on High Fructose Diet

The excessive consumption of high-energy dietary sweeteners is largely to blame for the widespread metabolic syndrome around the world. This study is aimed at in vivo evaluations of the ameliorative effects of A. garckeana fruit pulp on metabolic syndrome in Wistar rats. Twenty-four (24) adult male Wistar rats were divided into six (6) groups (n=4). Groups A, B, and C received standard, high-fructose, and 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented standard diets, respectively. Groups D, E, and F were fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented standard, 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high-fructose, and 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diets. In addition to weekly monitoring of weight changes, activities of serum antioxidant enzymes, lipid profile, and blood glucose level were determined. There were no significant changes in weight gain among the groups throughout the experimental period. Compared with the initial value of blood glucose level, only the group fed high fructose diet had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher blood glucose levels at the end of the experiment. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high-fructose diet had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher serum concentration of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in comparison with the control. The groups fed A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented diets had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher albumin concentrations than the group fed high fructose diet. The serum urea concentration was significantly (P&lt;0.05) lower in the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet when compared with the control. The group fed 5% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher activities of SOD and GSH activities compared with the group fed high fructose diet. Also, the group fed 2% A. garckeana fruit pulp-supplemented high fructose diet had significantly (P&lt;0.05) higher activities of CAT when compared with the group fed high fructose diet. It can be concluded that A. garckeana fruit pulp has anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, and antioxidant effects, which could be responsible for its ameliorative effects on metabolic syndrome.

MORIN ATTENUATES INFLAMMASOME-DEPENDENT MYOCARDIAL INJURY IN DIABETIC RATS: MODULATION OF THE SIGNALING PATHWAY

Objective: Diabetes is a risk factor that predisposes to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. The risk of myocardial infarction in diabetes is higher and this warrants investigation into exploring new drugs that can attenuate myocardial injury. In diabetes, high blood glucose levels lead to vascular inflammation which accelerates atherosclerosis. Morin, a plant flavonoid, was found effective for septic shock, cancer, cardiovascular, and renal complications and acts as an agonist for insulin secretion. This study aims to evaluate the mechanism involved in the cardioprotective action of Morin in diabetic rats. Design and method: In male Wistar rats, streptozotocin (70 mg/kg; i.p.) was administered to induce diabetes. Diabetes-confirmed rats (blood glucose &gt;400mg/dl) were divided into 4 groups (n=8), i.e., Diabetic-control; Diabetes+Isoproterenol (ISO); Diabetes+ISO+Morin and Diabetes+Morin, in addition to this, one control group was also included in the study. Morin was orally administered at the dose of 40 mg/kg for 28 days and on the 27th and 28th day of morin administration, ISO was administered to designate groups at the dose of 85mg/kg s.c., to induce myocardial injury. After 24 hours of the second dose of ISO administration, the rat was sacrificed after collection of blood, and heart was excised to do the biochemical, histopathological and molecular investigations. Results: ROS rush following ISO administration leads to the activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis. Morin significantly reduced oxidative stress, cardiac injury markers levels, inflammation, and apoptosis. In addition, it also reduced serum insulin and blood glucose levels. Histopathology showed cardio-protection with morin. Akt/eNOS, Nrf2/HO-1, MAPK signaling pathways, and Insulin signal transduction pathways were positively modulated by Morin pre-treatment. It also significantly modulated NLRP3 inflammasome formation. Conclusions: Morin attenuated oxidative stress and inflammation and also modified the activity of various molecular pathways to mitigate cardiomyocyte damage during ISO-induced MI in diabetic rats.

Mouse model of Graves' orbitopathy induced by the immunization with TSHR A and IGF-1R α subunit gene.

The study aimed to establish a mouse model of Graves' disease (GD) with Graves' orbitopathy (GO; GD + GO) that can represent the clinical disease characteristics. A eukaryotic expression plasmid of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) α subunit (pcDNA3.1/IGF-1Rα) and a thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) A subunit plasmid (pcDNA3.1/TSHR-289) were injected in female BALB/c mice followed by immediate electroporation to induce a GD + GO model. Grouping was performed according to the frequency of injection (2- to 4-week intervals) and type of injected plasmids: T: pcDNA3.1/TSHR-289( +), I: pcDNA3.1/IGF-1Rα( +), or co-injection T + I: pcDNA3.1/TSHR-289( +) and pcDNA3.1/IGF-1Rα( +). Serum TSH, T4, TSAb, TSBAb,body weight, and blood glucose levels were evaluated. Thyroid 99mTcO4- imaging and retrobulbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed, and bilateral eye muscle volumes were measured. Immunohistochemistry and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed on the relevant tissues, and semi-quantitative analysis was performed. A total of 60% of mice (3/5, one mouse died) in the T group developed GD + GO. In the T + I group, 83.3% of mice (5/6) developed GD + GO. Mice in the I group did not develop GD. Compared with the control group, serum T4, TSAb, and TSBAb of the mice in the GD + GO model groups were increased to varying degrees (P < 0.05), and serum TSH and body weight were significantly lower compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The thyroid uptake capacity of 99mTcO4- and the volume of eye muscle of mice in the GD + GO group were significantly higher compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The thyroid and retrobulbar muscles of these mice showed varying inflammatory infiltration and interstitial muscle edema. The severity of GD + GO in the co-injection group was not related to injection frequency; however, GD and ocular signs in co-injection mice were more severe compared to the T group. We successfully induced a GD + GO mouse model by a repeated co-injection of pcDNA3.1/IGF-1Rα and pcDNA3.1/TSHR-289 plasmids. Injection of pcDNA3.1/IGF-1Rα alone failed to induce GD. Co-injection of two plasmids induced more severe GD + GO than pcDNA3.1/TSHR-289( +) alone.

Impact of microtrauma on the erythropoietic receptor of neuropathic Schwann cell-deficient mice

Charcot neuropathic arthropathy is a degenerative disease commencing with vasculopathic peripheral neuropathy and progresses with repeated micro-trauma, leading to instability, collapse, and severe foot and ankle disruption. Prior work suggests that erythropoietin’s (EPO) anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects may be beneficial in functional recovery of traumatized limbs. Employing a validated murine model, we investigated if diet induced obese (DIO) EPO knockout mice experience accelerated neurodegenerative changes and if EPO administration blunts the degree of neurodegeneration compared with saline treatment and those lacking EPO receptors on Schwann cells. Sixteen wild-type (C57BL6) and 16 Schwann cell-deficient (MPZ Cre) mice were given a high fat diet, completed a 3-day EPO protocol, and began a 10-week treadmill regimen. Serum blood glucose levels were collected. None of the groups had elevated median blood glucoses. Sensory, radiographic, and histopathologic analysis demonstrated no evidence of Charcot neuropathic arthropathy. The neurodegenerative mouse model previously achieved was thus not replicated. While these genetically modified, knockout mice serve as suitable models for studying the impact of EPO on nerve crush injuries, the current study was unable to achieve neurodegeneration, as suggested by the lack of neuropathy. Furthermore, our DIO EPO group failed to demonstrate fundamental prerequisite phenotypic changes necessary in the establishment of a neurodegenerative mouse model. This model supports prior research by demonstrating that in the absence of DIO, repetitive traumatic insult alone does not induce neurodegenerative changes. Without these changes, researchers cannot appreciate differences between groups or observe interventions’ impact, such as EPO, on the development of neurodegeneration.

Dyslipidemia, body mass index, and blood glucose levels in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction

Background Systemic dyslipidemia, obesity, and elevated blood sugars may theoretically affect the meibomian lipid composition and therefore, can cause meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Objective This study aimed to evaluate the association of serum lipid levels, body mass index (BMI), and serum blood glucose (BG) levels in patients with MGD compared with healthy controls. Patients and methods This is a comparative observational case-control study that enrolled 40 MGD patients (cases) and 40 controls. One eye of each participant was included in the study. After a detailed history, ocular examination was done by slit lamp biomicroscopy to grade/stage the MGD. The BMI, serum fasting total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and BG levels were measured. Results The mean age of the cases was 46.75±10.93 years compared with 45.55±10.62 years in controls (P=0.620). Patients with MGD showed significantly higher serum fasting cholesterol (188.62±62.24 mg/dl),;Deg;BM;Deg;I (24.45±1.75 kg/m2), and fasting BG (110.35±32.30 mg/dl) compared with the controls (159.60±20.19 mg/dl, 23.45±1.35 kg/m2, and 98.43±27.69 mg/dl, respectively, P=0.022, 0.005, and 0.030, respectively). With increasing severity of MGD, the fasting serum cholesterol increased significantly from 136.73±24.88 mg/dl in grade 1 to 285.20±85.99 mg/dl in grade 4 (P&lt;0.001) and the fasting serum LDL levels increased from 72.64±20.33 mg/dl in grade 1 to 202.60±95.66 mg/dl in grade 4 (P&lt;0.001). In addition, the fasting serum triglycerides increased significantly as the severity of MGD increased from grade I (96.00±22.56 mg/dl) to grade III (227.09±83.44 mg/dl), (P&lt;0.001). However, The fasting HDL and BG values did not increase significantly with increasing severity of the MGD (P=0.135 and 0.181, respectively). Conclusion There is importance for screening for dyslipidemia, BMI, and BG levels in MGD cases.

Blended-protein changes body weight gain and intestinal tissue morphology in rats by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism and secondary bile acid biosynthesis induced by gut microbiota.

The impact of dietary nutrients on body growth performance and the composition of gut microbes and metabolites is well-established. In this study, we aimed to determine whether dietary protein can regulate the physiological indexes and changes the intestinal tissue morphology in rats, and if dietary protein was a crucial regulatory factor for the composition, function, and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota. A total of thirty male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (inbred strain, weighted 110 ± 10g) were randomly assigned to receive diets containing animal-based protein (whey protein, WP), plant-based protein (soybean protein, SP), or a blended protein (soybean-whey proteins, S-WP) for a duration of 8weeks. To investigate the effects of various protein supplement sources on gut microbiota and metabolites, we performed a high throughput 16S rDNA sequencing association study and fecal metabolomics profiling on the SD rats. Additionally, we performed analyses of growth indexes, serum biochemical indexes, and intestinal morphology. The rats in S-WP and WP group exhibited a significantly higher body weight and digestibility of dietary protein compared to the SP group (P < 0.05). The serum total protein content of rats in the WP and S-WP groups was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that in SP group, and the SP group exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.05) serum blood glucose levels compared to the other two groups. The morphological data showed the rats in the S-WP group exhibited significantly longer villus height and shallower crypt depth (P < 0.05) than the SP group. The gut microbial diversity of the SP and S-WP groups exhibited a higher level than that of the WP group, and the microbiomes of the WP and S-WP groups are more similar compared to those of the SP group. The Arachidonic acid metabolism pathway is the most significant KEGG pathway when comparing the WP group and the SP group, as well as when comparing the SP group and the S-WP group. The type of dietary proteins exerted a significant impact on the physiological indices of SD rats. Intake of S-WP diet can enhance energy provision, improve the body's digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as promote intestinal tissue morphology. In addition, dietary protein plays a crucial role in modulating fecal metabolites by regulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Metabolomics analysis revealed that the changes in the levels of arachidonic acid metabolites and secondary bile acid metabolite induced by Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group maybe the primarily causes of intestinal morphological differences.

Effect of banana intake on serum potassium level in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effect of banana intake during hemodialysis on serum potassium levels in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. MethodsThis study was a single-center, randomized controlled clinical trial conducted from September 15 to December 15, 2021, at a tertiary hospital in southern China. A total of 126 MHD patients were randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n = 64) or the control group (n = 62). Patients in the intervention group consumed approximately 250 g of bananas during hemodialysis, while those in the control group did not consume any food during hemodialysis. Demographic information and hemodialysis-related parameters were collected through case information collection before hemodialysis. Laboratory indicators (such as complete blood count, biochemical indicators, inflammation markers, liver function, kidney function, etc.) were evaluated by collecting pre-hemodialysis blood samples from patients. Serum potassium and blood glucose levels were measured at 2 h and 4 h of hemodialysis, as well as before the next hemodialysis session, and hemodialysis-related complications were recorded. The blood potassium and blood glucose indicators during hemodialysis were compared using repeated measures analysis. ResultsA total of 122 MHD patients completed the study (61 in each group). The results showed that there was no significant interaction between group and time on serum potassium levels. However, serum potassium levels in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group at 2 h (3.9 ± 0.5 mmol/L vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.01) and 4 h (3.5 ± 0.4 mmol/L vs. 3.3 ± 0.3 mmol/L, P < 0.01) of hemodialysis. There was no interaction between group and time on blood glucose levels. The incidence of arrhythmias (8.2% vs. 29.5%, P = 0.003) and hypokalemia (52.5% vs. 80.3%, P = 0.002) during hemodialysis was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. ConclusionConsuming approximately 250 g of bananas at the start of hemodialysis does not lead to hyperkalemia. It can effectively reduce the incidence of hypokalemia and arrhythmias, and prevent a rapid decline in serum potassium levels during hemodialysis.

Long-Term Environmental Methylmercury Exposure Is Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy and Cognitive Impairment among an Amazon Indigenous Population.

Widespread contamination of the Amazon basin with mercury has been reported to occur since at least the mid-80s due to heavy gold mining activity. Although initial studies have indicated that this may lead to deleterious neurological consequences to the indigenous populations living in the region, further research is needed to better characterize the neurological burden of such long-term exposure. With this aim, a cross-sectional exploratory study has been conducted with the Yanomami indigenous population residing in a northern Amazon region. All participants underwent a structured interview; detailed neurological examination, including assessment for cognitive, motor, coordination, and sensory functions; and laboratorial testing for serum hemoglobin, blood glucose, and methylmercury levels in hair samples. This study enrolled 154 individuals of 30.9 ± 16.8 years of age, of which 56.1% were female. Mean methylmercury levels in hair were 3.9 ± 1.7 µg/g. Methylmercury levels in hair > 6.0 µg/g were found in 10.3%. Among participants with hair methylmercury levels ≥ 6.0 μg/g, the prevalences of peripheral neuropathy and reduced cognitive performance were, respectively, 78.8% (95%CI 15-177%, p = 0.010) and 95.9% (95%CI 16-230.8%, p = 0.012) higher than those of individuals with lower levels. These results suggest that chronic mercury exposure may lead to significant and potentially irreversible neurotoxicity to Yanomami population living in the northern Amazon basin.

Revisiting the mechanisms linking blood glucose to cognitive impairment: new evidence for the potential important role of klotho.

The association between blood glucose and cognition is controversial. Klotho is an anti-aging protein with neural protective effects. This study aimed to use a population-based study to disentangle the relationship between blood glucose levels and cognitive function in older adults, and to explore the role of klotho in it. A total of 1445 eligible participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2014 were included in our study. Cognitive function was assessed by Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and categorized into four quartiles (Q1-Q4). General characteristics and laboratory test results including serum klotho concentration and blood glucose levels were collected. Associations of cognitive function and klotho levels with blood glucose concentrations were explored through multivariate linear regression models. Mediation models were constructed to figure out the mediating role of klotho. All three multivariate linear regression models showed a negative correlation between blood glucose and cognitive function. (Model 1, β=-0.149, 95%CI: -0.202,-0.096, p=0.001; Model 2, β=-0.116, 95%CI: -0.167,-0.065, p=0.001; Model 3, β=-0.007, 95%CI: -0.118,-0.023, p=0.003). Mediation analysis showed that klotho mediated the statistical association between blood glucose level and cognitive function with proportions (%) of 12.5. Higher blood glucose levels are associated with poorer cognitive performance in non-diabetic older adults, partially mediated through lower klotho levels.

Reagentless Glucose Biosensor Based on Combination of Platinum Nanostructures and Polypyrrole Layer.

Two types of low-cost reagentless electrochemical glucose biosensors based on graphite rod (GR) electrodes were developed. The electrodes modified with electrochemically synthesized platinum nanostructures (PtNS), 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (PD), glucose oxidase (GOx) without and with a polypyrrole (Ppy) layer-(i) GR/PtNS/PD/GOx and (ii) GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy, respectively, were prepared and tested. Glucose biosensors based on GR/PtNS/PD/GOx and GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy electrodes were characterized by the sensitivity of 10.1 and 5.31 μA/(mM cm2), linear range (LR) up to 16.5 and 39.0 mM, limit of detection (LOD) of 0.198 and 0.561 mM, good reproducibility, and storage stability. The developed glucose biosensors based on GR/PtNS/PD/GOx/Ppy electrodes showed exceptional resistance to interfering compounds and proved to be highly efficient for the determination of glucose levels in blood serum.

PREVENTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus and complications is an urgent problem in modern medicine. In patients with a body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2, indicators of markers of carbohydrate metabolism (serum glucose -fasting and postprandial glycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin and urine glucose) and lipid metabolism -total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), lipidogram (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol -LDL cholesterol, atherogenic index -AI is significantly higher, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol -HDL cholesterol is significantly lower than in patients with normal body mass index (BMI) and abdominal index (AI). Asignificant positive relationship between age, abdominal index, BMI, AI, glucose level in blood serum. Assessment of markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism should be included in the list of mandatory examinations of patients over the age of 30 years, and be strictly individual. There is a relationship between the progression of carbohydrate metabolism disorders and changes in lipid parameters metabolism in the examined women.The population should be widely informed about the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the progression of complications.

The effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum myostatin, body composition, blood glucose, lipid profile and hs-CRP level in overweight men with coronary heart disease: A randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial

BackgroundCardiovascular diseases, including heart cachexia, are considered as one of the most critical issues in health care that could be affected by several factors, such as myostatin whose critical role has been confirmed in the progress of heart cachexia and cardiac muscle dysfunction. This study was conducted to clarify the precise role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3PUFA) on lipid profile, blood glucose, body composition, and serum level of myostatin in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD). Materials and methodsForty-two adult males (aged 45–65 years) with CAD had been confirmed by angiography were randomly divided into two groups, group 1 received omega-3 (1200mg daily) and group 2 received placebo (paraffin) for 8 weeks. The serum level of myostatin was measured using an ELISA kit in the beginning and at the end of the intervention. Moreover, body composition and anthropometric measurements of the patients were also evaluated. ResultA significant difference was observed in the myostatin level after 8weeks of intervention with omega3 supplement between omega3 and placebo group (p = 0.02).There was a significant difference in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP) concentration (p = 0.02) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.01) between intervention group and control group at the end of the intervention. However, no statistically significant changes were seen in the body composition, anthropometric parameters, fasting insulin level, and fasting blood sugar within and between the groups. ConclusionOmega-3 oral supplementation may improve the status of CAD patients by decreasing the level of myostatin, LDL-C and hs-CRP.