Glucose In Distilled Water Research Articles

Fibre optic glucose sensor

This paper reports the principle of operation, the design aspects, experimentation and performance of a fibre optic probe for sensing the variation of refractive index with concentration of glucose in distilled water. The device consists of fibre optic transmitter, fibre optic probe, reflecting mirror, temperature controller, photodiode detector and a digital multimeter. The variations in refractive indices of glucose for a range of concentrations varying from distilled water are studied. The measurements are carried out for glucose solutions with concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 g per 100 ml of distilled water. For a concentration change from 0 to 25 g per 100 ml, the refractive index varies from 1.3322 to 1.3617, the displacement corresponding to peak voltage changes by 1000 µm and the variation detected in peak voltage is 182 mV. The results show that the displacement corresponding to maximum intensity observed at different concentrations is a function of the refractive index of the medium and there is a linear relationship between them. From the experimental results it is concluded that as the concentration or density of a solute increases, the refractive index increases proportionately. The stability of the sensor, high sensitivity and the simplicity of the design, low cost of fabrication, make it suitable for chemical, biomedical, pharmaceutical and process control applications.

Intrahippocampal nicotine and neurosteroids effects on the anxiety-like behaviour in voluntary and chronic alcohol-drinking rats

Considerable evidence suggests that the anxiolytic effects of ethanol may be one of the factors that promotes alcohol consumption. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of intrahippocampal administrations of nicotine and the two neurosteroids pregnenolone sulphate (PregS) and allopregnanolone (AlloP) on anxiety-like behaviours in alcohol-drinking rats. A long-lasting free-choice drinking procedure with an early availability (from weaning) of an alcoholic solution (10% (v/v) ethanol, 3% (w/v) glucose in distilled water) was used. After 80 days of consumption, alcohol-drinking and control rats were deprived of food and assigned at random to six groups. After 100 days of consumption, each group received two consecutive intrahippocampal (dorsal CA1) injections. First injection: nicotine (4.6 μg, 20 mM) or saline; second injection: PregS (5 ng, 24 μM), AlloP (0.2 μg, 1.26 μM) or saline. Following the injections, novelty-directed activity (open field, OF), and motor coordination (80° inclined screen) were tested. Blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) were assessed. Anxiolytic-like effects of voluntary ethanol consumption and intrahippocampal AlloP administration were observed. Alcohol intake increased the novelty-induced ambulation and exploration of central areas, and decreased defecation. The high exploration levels induced by AlloP decreased significantly over sessions, indicating a rapid habituation to the environmental conditions. Motor coordination was deteriorated by ethanol consumption. These results demonstrate the effects of chronic alcohol intake and neurosteroid administration on anxiety-related behaviours, and suggest an important role of the hippocampal GABA A receptor in these behaviours.

EtOH self-administration on shuttle box avoidance learning and extinction in rats

The effects of ethanol on the acquisition and extinction of the two-way active avoidance response were examined in adult, male Wistar rats from two treatment groups: oral self-administration of alcohol solution (10% v/v ethanol and 3% w/v glucose in distilled water) and oral self-administration of control solution (3% w/v glucose in distilled water). Alcohol or control solutions were available 1 h per day during 15 days simultaneously with food, with free water for the rest of the day. Blood was drawn in the last day of this phase to evaluate blood ethanol levels (BEL). After this period, rats were tested in a two-bottle paradigm for 1 h per day and placed in a shuttle box immediately afterwards. This phase went lasted for 10 days. Subjects were trained to avoid an electric foot shock in the first 5 days (15 trials per day). Following this, half of the subjects were tested in an “easy extinction with punishment” (EEP) and the other half in a “difficult extinction with punishment” (DEP) of the avoidance response for the last 5 days. Alcohol accelerates the avoidance responding acquisition, and no significant effects of alcohol were seen in the extinction phase. Data are discussed in terms of the specificity of the effects of alcohol on learning.

The Glomerular Filtration Rate during Pregnancy: Saline Infusion Enhances the Glomerular Filtration Rate in the Pregnant Rat

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of pregnant rats is generally believed to exceed non-pregnant values. This notion is primarily based upon standard insulin clearances. However, the insulin clearance requires continuous infusion of insulin usually dissolved in saline. Since saline infusion per se in pregnancy may influence the GFR, in the present study the effect of saline infusion upon the GFR in pregnant as compared with cyclic rats was investigated using various methods. The standard insulin clearance was compared using the standard 51Cr-EDTA method which does not require saline infusion. Clearance of insulin dissolved in glucose (5% in distilled water) instead of saline was also tested, while the 51Cr-EDTA method was employed using additional fluid infusion with either saline or 5% glucose in distilled water in an identical manner as compared with the insulin method. The GFR was also studied in conscious rats using 51Cr-EDTA clearance with and without fluid infusion. The distribution volume of 51Cr-EDTA was measured in nephrectomized rats (pregnant and cyclic) with and without saline or glucose infusions. The results show a significant increase of the GFR in pregnant rats as compared with cyclic rats only when saline was infused during the measurement; thus, GFR measurements without fluid infusion or replacement of saline by glucose during the measurements did not show a significant increase of GFR in pregnant rats. The volume of distribution per gram body weight of 51Cr-EDTA after saline infusion, but not after glucose infusion, was significantly increased as compared with the values obtained without additional infusion. It is concluded that the increase of the GFR seen in pregnant rats when either the 51Cr-EDTA method or the insulin method is accompanied by saline loading is rather due to infusion of saline in the pregnant animal and not a result of the pregnant condition per se.

Volatile Compounds Generated from Thermal Reaction of Methionine and Methionine Sulfoxide with or without Glucose

Methionine and methionine sulfoxide were mixed with or without glucose in distilled water, individually. These solutions were heated in closed sample cylinders at 180 °C for 1 h. The volatile compounds generated were extracted using methylene chloride and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Pyrazine compounds, especially 2,5-dimethyl-, 2-ethyl-5-methyl-, trimethyl-, and methylpyrazines were the predominant compounds among those generated from thermal interactions of glucose and methionine or methionine sulfoxide. The formation of methional or those compounds derived from methional was found to be more favorable from the thermal degradation of methionine, whereas the formation of dimethyl polysulfides, especially dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide, was found to be more favorable from the thermal degradation of methionine sulfoxide. Glucose was found to have a catalytic effect on the formation of volatile compounds from the thermal degradation of methionine or methionine sulfoxide.

Effects of oral ethanol self-administration on the inhibition of the lever-press response in rats

The effects of ethanol on the inhibition of a learned response were examined in adult, male Wistar rats from two treatment groups: oral self-administration of alcoholic solution (10% ethanol and 10% glucose in distilled water) and oral self-administration of sweet solution (10% glucose in distilled water). Subjects were food deprived and alcoholic or control solutions were available 1 h per day during 15 days. After this period, rats were tested in a two-bottle paradigm during 1 h per day and placed in the operant chambers immediately afterward. This phase went on for 19 days. Subjects were trained to lever press for food and were tested in a continuous reinforcement schedule, operant extinction, successive discrimination, and two-stimuli tests. Alcohol impaired the ability to inhibit previously reinforced responses but only in situations indicated by exteroceptive stimuli. Ethanol intake did not impair the lever-press behavior neither in the acquisition of the response nor in the continuous reinforcement schedule. These data suggest that the sedative effects of alcohol at this dose were not apparent in reinforcement situations, in contrast with extinction situations.

The Administration of Cephalothin Sodium Through a Central Venous Catheter: Physiologic Effects

Cephalothin sodium was given prophylactically through a central venous catheter to patients having prosthetic graft insertions. Venous pH, Pco2, arterial pH, Pco2, P02, lead 2 electrocardiogram strip, and central venous pressures were recorded before and after the administration of the drug. The tests were run in an attempt to determine if there was any alteration in these parameters due to drug administration. No changes were noted in any of the blood gas, pH, ECG, or central venous pressure values. Arterial P02 changes could not be adequately analyzed due to the wide variation in P02. It was concluded that cephalothin sodium can be given safely through a central venous catheter, every six hours, in 2-gm doses diluted in 100 ml of 5 percent glucose in distilled water.

Oxygen-initiated heterogeneous catalytic condensation of olefins in the presence of hydrogen: Conversion of pentene-2

Hydrogenation of glucose in distilled water and in buffer solution has been performed with promoted Raney nickel catalysts. The catalysts have been prepared from Ni2-xMx Al3, (where M = Cr,Fe,Co,Cu,Mo and x ≤ 0.4). The promoter metal, with thf 'exception of cobalt, favours aluminum retention in the catalyst, this high residual aluminum content could be partially responsible for the increase of the nickel activity observed in the presence of a metal M. Iron which is the most efficient promoter loses totally its activity in phosphate buffer at pH 6.1. The activity of Cr or Mo promoted nickel catalyst is about twice that of the unpromoted Raney nickel; in phosphate buffer the activity of these catalysts is enhanced but remains similar to that of the Raney nickel. Cobalt and copper present in small amounts do not change the properties of the Ni-Al system.

Influence of the conditions of cooling of a nickel-alumina alloy on activity of the skeletal nickel catalyst produced

Hydrogenation of glucose in distilled water and in buffer solution has been performed with promoted Raney nickel catalysts. The catalysts have been prepared from Ni2-xMx Al3, (where M = Cr,Fe,Co,Cu,Mo and x ≤ 0.4). The promoter metal, with thf 'exception of cobalt, favours aluminum retention in the catalyst, this high residual aluminum content could be partially responsible for the increase of the nickel activity observed in the presence of a metal M. Iron which is the most efficient promoter loses totally its activity in phosphate buffer at pH 6.1. The activity of Cr or Mo promoted nickel catalyst is about twice that of the unpromoted Raney nickel; in phosphate buffer the activity of these catalysts is enhanced but remains similar to that of the Raney nickel. Cobalt and copper present in small amounts do not change the properties of the Ni-Al system.

Prosthetic replacement of the mitral or aortic valves: A preliminary report on 111 cases

Total replacement of the aortic or mitral valve with a ball and seat prosthesis was used in a consecutive series of 111 patients with a mortality rate of 13.5 per cent. In the first 22 operations, 7 deaths occurred (32%), whereas in the last 89 operations there were only 8 deaths (9%), indicating the improvement in surgical technic and management. The valves were inserted during temporary cardiopulmonary bypass under normothermic conditions, using 5% glucose in distilled water to prime the pump oxygenator, eliminating the need for fresh, heparinized blood. Ages of the patients ranged between 15 and 72 and 2 patients undergoing successful aortic valve replacement were more than 70 years of age. Embolic phenomena after operation occurred in 4 patients, 3 of whom had prosthetic mitral valves. One patient with an aortic replacement had thrombosis of the valve ring with occlusion of the left coronary ostium. Prophylactic anticoagulants were used in all recent mitral replacements, but not in aortic valve replacements. Surviving patients have been improved, and many are engaged in normal activity. At present, total valve replacement offers an effective means of treatment for advanced mitral and aortic valvular disease with a relatively low surgical risk.

A SIMPLIFIED DISPOSABLE BUBBLE OXYGENATOR REQUIRING NO BLOOD FOR PRIMING.

Recent developments in cardiac surgery have been followed by increases in the number of open-heart operations which require an artificial heart-lung machine. As a result, diluted blood in the extracorporeal circulation has been utilized because of the increasing requirements for fresh blood and in order to reduce side-effects. Since 1960. Neptune, Cooley, De Wall, Zuhdi, etc. reported the complete replacement of blood with blood substitutes, such as 5% glucose in distilled water, physiological saline solution or low-molecular weight dextran, to prime the circuit of the artificial heart-lung machine. Then improvements in and simplification of the oxygenator have been made. With this thought in mind, the authors have developed a simplified disposable oxygenator and have obtained good results in its clinical use. The details and indications for the utilization of this machine follow.

THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE ON THE SURVIVAL OF RATS SUBJECTED TO HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

Reports of the efficacy of l-noradrenaline in the treatment of clinical shock stimulated an investigation of its effect in controlled hemorrhagic hypotension. Seventy-three 350-g. male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure. Of 15 control animals that received no treatment, only one survived for 48 hours; none survived of the five controls that received a constant intravenous infusion, after the shock procedure, of 5% glucose in distilled water until death or for 36 hours. The treated animals received, after the shock procedure, an infusion of l-noradrenaline (0.5–2.0 μg./min.) in 5% glucose in distilled water. The survival rates for the treated animals were: treatment for 1 hour, 1/8; treatment for 4 hours, 4/15; treatment until death or for 36 hours, 8/15. Fifteen animals received, in addition to noradrenaline for 36 hours, hydrocortisone administered intravenously (0.7 μg./min.) or intramuscularly (2.5 mg. every 6 hours); seven of these animals survived.Analysis of variance showed that there was no difference in the shock procedure undergone by the controls and by the treated survivors. The Chi square test on the survival rates revealed that the infusion of noradrenaline for 1 hour or 4 hours did not improve survival, but infusion for 36 hours produced a very significant increase in survival time and in total survival rate. The addition of hydrocortisone neither enhanced nor impaired this improvement.

THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE ON THE SURVIVAL OF RATS SUBJECTED TO HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK

Reports of the efficacy of l-noradrenaline in the treatment of clinical shock stimulated an investigation of its effect in controlled hemorrhagic hypotension. Seventy-three 350-g. male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to a standardized hemorrhagic shock procedure. Of 15 control animals that received no treatment, only one survived for 48 hours; none survived of the five controls that received a constant intravenous infusion, after the shock procedure, of 5% glucose in distilled water until death or for 36 hours. The treated animals received, after the shock procedure, an infusion of l-noradrenaline (0.5–2.0 μg./min.) in 5% glucose in distilled water. The survival rates for the treated animals were: treatment for 1 hour, 1/8; treatment for 4 hours, 4/15; treatment until death or for 36 hours, 8/15. Fifteen animals received, in addition to noradrenaline for 36 hours, hydrocortisone administered intravenously (0.7 μg./min.) or intramuscularly (2.5 mg. every 6 hours); seven of these animals survived.Analysis of variance showed that there was no difference in the shock procedure undergone by the controls and by the treated survivors. The Chi square test on the survival rates revealed that the infusion of noradrenaline for 1 hour or 4 hours did not improve survival, but infusion for 36 hours produced a very significant increase in survival time and in total survival rate. The addition of hydrocortisone neither enhanced nor impaired this improvement.

Evaluation of adrenal steroids administered intravenously, intramuscularly and orally.

As part of a study designed to evaluate the relative efficiency of different adrenal steroids and of corticotropin preparations in human subjects, eosinophil counts have been performed at specific intervals, in the course of a 24-hour period during and following the administration of such material. Cortisone acetate (compound E) was administered intramuscularly and orally. Hydro cortisone (compound F) (free alcohol) was administered intravenously, orally, and intramuscularly. Hydro cortisone acetate was administered orally and intramuscularly. In each instance the dosage was 100 mg., the oral material being given hourly in an amount of 20 mg. for a five-hour period, the intramuscular material in a single amount of 100 mg., and the intravenous material in a volume of 500 cc. of 5 per cent glucose in distilled water infused over a five-hour period. The results of such studies in 2 patients, one a young woman with atopic dermatitis and the other an adult male with asthma, are shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Intravenous alcohol as an obstetrical analgesia

1.1. A series of 100 cases is presented in which intravenous alcohol was used alone and in combination with Demerol as an obstetrical analgesic.2.2. Seven and one-half per cent alcohol in 5 per cent glucose in distilled water combined with small amounts of Demerol is the method of choice.3.3. It would appear that this drug offers a safe and effective analgesic agent for both mother and child.4.4. Alcohol is of particular value in premature labors and cases of cardiac disease.5.5. Several disadvantages are pointed out.6.6. It would appear from trial and theory that the drug should be of much value in eclampsia.7.7. We feel that intravenous alcohol, as an analgesic agent, deserves a place in the armamentarium of drugs applicable to obstetrics.

Intraperitoneal drip in presence of abdominal infection: Experimental study

1. 1. Local peritonitis was produced in fourteen dogs by ligating the blind end of the cecum and interrupting the blood supply. Penicillin was given postoperatively. Intraperitoneal drip of physiologic saline solution, 5 per cent glucose in saline or 5 per cent glucose in distilled water was administered after the operation on three successive days. 2. 2. The local peritonitis did not create a mechanical obstacle to the drip. 3. 3. Neither the local nor the general condition of the dogs was aggravated by the intraperitoneal drip. 4. 4. The results suggest that postoperative intraperitoneal drip is not contraindicated in presence of local infectious processes within the peritoneal cavity.

Water balance

1. 1. Water metabolism and salt metabolism are the chief factors in water balance. 2. 2. No water is available to the kidneys until the requirements of vaporization are satisfied. 3. 3. Normal kidneys need a urinary output of only 500 c.c. if they concentrate to maximum capacity, while severely damaged kidneys with low concentrating capacity (1.010 – 1.014) require nearly 1,500 c.c. of urine to excrete the same amount of solids. 4. 4. The average daily sodium chloride requirement of an adult is about 4.5 Gm. 5. 5. The loss of the chloride ion causes an alkalosis. The loss of the sodium ion causes an acidosis. 6. 6. The parenteral administration of fluids during the course of operations is a rational procedure. Such fluid should not be considered in calculating daily volume of fluid to be given but the salt content should be considered. 7. 7. A simple test of hydration is to measure the twenty-four hour urinary output, which should be approximately 1,500 c.c. 8. 8. In case of serious dehydration the water loss amounts to 6 per cent of the body weight. 9. 9. The clinical rule of Bartlett for determining the amount of sodium chloride required to bring the blood chlorides to normal in cases of hypochloremia is satisfactory. 10. 10. The indiscriminate use of hypotonic and hypertonic solutions is to be condemned. The routine use of 5 per cent glucose in physiologic salt solution is not physiologic in principle. 11. 11. The average patient unable to take fluids by mouth should receive 500 to 1,000 c.c. of physiologic salt solution. The balance of the water requirement should be given as 5 per cent glucose in distilled water. 12. 12. Patients with hyperthyroidism and liver damage may be given 10 per cent glucose in distilled water.