Glucometabolic Control Research Articles

Glycaemic and weight effects of metabolic surgery or semaglutide in diabetes dosage for patients with type 2 diabetes.

To compare weight and glucometabolic outcomes of semaglutide and metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) for patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Patients treated with either semaglutide for a duration of ≥2 years or MBS in Sweden were identified within the Scandinavian Obesity Surgery Registry and the National Diabetes Registry and matched in a 1:1-2 ratio using a propensity score matching with a generalized linear model, including age, sex, glycated haemoglobin before treatment, duration of type 2 diabetes, use of insulin, presence of comorbidities and history of cancer, with good matching results but with a remaining imbalance for glomerular filtration rate and body mass index, which were then adjusted for in the following analyses. Main outcomes were weight loss and glycaemic control. The study included 606 patients in the surgical group matched to 997 controls who started their treatment from 2018 until 2020. Both groups improved in weight and glucometabolic control. At 2 years after the intervention, mean glycated haemoglobin was 42.3 ± 11.18 after MBS compared with 50.7 ± 12.48 after semaglutide treatment (p < 0.001) with 382 patients (63.0%) and 139 (13.9%), respectively, reaching complete remission without other treatment than the intervention (p < 0.001). Mean total weight loss reached 26.4% ± 8.83% after MBS compared with 5.2% ± 7.87% after semaglutide (p < 0.001). Semaglutide and MBS were both associated with improvements in weight and improved glycaemic control at 2 years after the start of the intervention, but MBS was associated with better weight loss and glucometabolic control.

Effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet delivered with meal kits to Danish people with type 2 diabetes: protocol for a 12-month randomised controlled trial

IntroductionThe cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is lifestyle modification including a healthy diet, typically one in which carbohydrate provides 45%–60% of total energy intake (E%). Nevertheless,...

Adiponectin and TNFα in relation to glucometabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The correlation of adiponectin and serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) with glucometabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus (DM) needs further studies. We aimed in this study to evaluate the relationship between adiponectin and TNFα with glucometabolic parameters in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). We conducted a cross-sectional study in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. The sample size was 117 from the diabetes clinic of King Abdul-Aziz University hospital through the convenience sampling technique. Subjects were grouped into control (healthy) subjects (53) with no chronic diseases and the diabetic group (64) with confirmed T2DM. Socio-demographic data were collected along with the serum blood sample to analyze the variables. Adiponectin was significantly high in healthy subjects compared to the diabetic group (control: 14.4 ± 4.3, T2DM: 11.0 ± 4.1, P = 0.000), while TNFα was higher in the T2DM group (7.8 ± 2.7) than in the control group (6.6 ± 2.9, P = 0.024). TNFα was negatively correlated with adiponectin in the control group (-0.279) and in diabetic subjects (-0.311) and positively correlated with HbA1c in the diabetic group (0.319) and triglycerides (0.252). Adiponectin was positively correlated with HDL in the control group (0.252) and in diabetic subjects (0.326). There was an inverse correlation between TNFα and adiponectin. Adiponectin is higher in healthy subjects than in diabetic patients, while TNFα is higher in diabetic patients. In addition, adiponectin is positively correlated with HDL in healthy as well as diabetic patients. TNFα is positively correlated with HbA1c and triglycerides.

Comorbidities in mild autonomous cortisol secretion and the effect of treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis.

To assess (1) comorbidities associated with and (2) treatment strategies for patients with adrenal incidentalomas and mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS; > 1.8 µg/dL (>50 nmol/L) cortisol level cut-off following the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test). Systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven databases were searched up to July 14, 2022. Eligible studies were (randomized) trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies assessing comorbidities potentially attributable to cortisol excess or mortality in patients with adrenal incidentaloma with or without MACS or the effects of conservative or surgical management of MACS. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled proportions (with 95% CIs). In 30 cross-sectional and 16 cohort studies (n = 17 156 patients in total), patients with MACS had a higher prevalence of diabetes (relative risk [RR] 1.44 [1.23-1.69]), hypertension (RR = 1.24 [1.16-1.32]), and dyslipidemia (RR = 1.23 [1.13-1.34]). All-cause mortality (adjusted for confounders) in patients with MACS, assessed in 4 studies (n = 5921), was increased (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.54 [1.27-1.81]). Nine observational studies (n = 856) and 2 randomized trials (n = 107) suggest an improvement in glucometabolic control (RR = 7.99 [2.95-21.90]), hypertension (RR = 8.75 [3.99-19.18]), and dyslipidemia (RR = 3.24 [1.19-8.82]) following adrenalectomy. The present systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the relevance of MACS, since both cardiometabolic morbidities and mortality appeared to have increased in patients with MACS compared to patients with non-functioning incidentalomas. However, due to heterogeneous definitions, various outcomes, selective reporting, and missing data, the reported pooled estimates need to be interpreted with caution. The small number of patients in randomized trials prevents any strong conclusion on the causality between MACS and these comorbidities.

Glucometabolic control of once-weekly dulaglutide switched from DPP4 inhibitor versus daily empagliflozin add-on in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin, sulfonylurea, and DPP4 inhibitor: A randomised trial

AimsTo compare the effectiveness and safety of empagliflozin and dulaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) inadequately controlled by oral triple therapy. MethodsIn this 24-week, multi-center, randomized trial, patients with T2D and HbA1c level ≥7.5% (58 mmol/mol) on metformin, sulfonylurea, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4-i) were randomly assigned into two groups: daily empagliflozin add-on or once-weekly dulaglutide switched from DPP4-i. The primary endpoint was changes from baseline HbA1c at 24 weeks. ResultsIn total, 152 patients were recruited to the empagliflozin-added quadruple group (n = 76) or the switched-to-dulaglutide triple group (n = 76). At week 24, both groups showed significant reduction in HbA1c level from baseline with greater reduction with empagliflozin (the mean treatment difference: –0.27% [95% CI –0.50 to –0.04, p = 0.024]) (–2.88 mmol/mol [95% CI –5.37 to –0.39], p = 0.024). Empagliflozin significantly reduced body weight from baseline to week 24 (–1.72 kg [95% CI –1.98 to –0.59, p < 0.001]). No serious adverse events were reported with either empagliflozin or dulaglutide. ConclusionsEmpagliflozin, compared with once-weekly dulaglutide switched from DPP4-i, demonstrated greater HbA1c reduction and weight loss in patients with T2D inadequately controlled with metformin, sulfonylurea, and DPP4-i.Trial registration:cris.nih.go.kr (KCT0006157)

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Brief Report.

The Italian population's habits changed dramatically during the "COVID- 19 lockdown" due to physical distancing and self-isolation. Moreover, medical consultations of patients with chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), were suspended or postponed, unless urgent or semi-urgent, for several consecutive months. Thus, it is expected that the lockdown could have affected glucometabolic control in T2D. v Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess changes in glucometabolic control in a cohort of T2D patients before (T1) and after (T2) the COVID-19 lockdown (March-May 2020). The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bari, and all patients provided informed written consent to participate. Medical history, complete physical examination, and laboratory assessment were conducted as real-life clinical practice. Changes in clinical and laboratory variables between T1 and T2 were calculated. In detail, 13 patients were on metformin as monotherapy, 36 on GLP-1RA, 12 on sodiumglucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i), and 2 on dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4i). The mean age was 65.3 years (43-83). Study participants were mainly men (73%). The body weight (BW) ranged from 56 to 145 kg, and the waist circumference ranged from 88 to 146 cm. The mean HbA1c was 51.0 mmol/mol. At T2, no statistically significant changes were observed frombaseline except for BW [-1.6 (-2.60 to -0.62)] and HbA1c [-2.90 (-4.69; -1.12)]. We evaluated the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on glucometabolic control in patients with background well-controlled T2D. We found that the lockdown had no adverse effects on metabolic profile regardless of background clinical characteristics and antihyperglycemic management. Despite limitations due to the nature of this study (sample size, retrospective observation, lack of data on lifestyle changes in our patients' everyday lives), T2D patients managed in our Diabetes Centers faced the lockdown-related restrictions without any detrimental consequence.

Butyrate ameliorates lithium-induced cardiometabolic disorders in male Wistar rats

BackgroundCardiometabolic disease is becoming a main cause of death worldwide with over ten million fatalities annually. Lithium (Li) has been reported to be one of the major causes of cardiometabolic disorders due to its narrow therapeutic index. Sodium butyrate (NaB) which is a short chain fatty acid is implicated to possess an amazing therapeutic effect against cardiometabolic disorders. As a result, the current study aims to evaluate sodium butyrate impact on lithium-induced cardiometabolic disorders. MethodsTwenty male Wistar rats weighing between 230 and 250 g were used for the experiment. They were grouped into control and treated groups respectively as (CTR; normal chow), Lithium only (Li; 5 mg/kg, po), Sodium butyrate only (NaB) (200 mg/kg, po) and NaB +Lithium (Li; 5 mg/kg +NaB; 200 mg/kg, po) for six weeks, after a week of acclimation; n=5. The animals were anesthetized using sodium pentobarbital at a dose of 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and cardiac tissue homogenates were measured for plasma Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), plasma Insulin, Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinase (PI3K), Nitric oxide (NO), Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), Malonyladehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Adenosine deaminase /Xanthine oxidase /uric acid (ADA/XO/UA) using respective ELISA kits. ResultsThe results showed that lithium significantly increased fasting blood sugar (FBS), plasma insulin, GPx, CAT, SOD, and MDA while causing a statistical reduction in plasma and cardiac concentration of NADPH, G6PDH, PI3K, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Nitric Oxide (NO) in comparison with the control. However, butyrate attenuated plasma GPx, CAT, SOD, MDA, FBS, plasma insulin and significantly elevated plasma and cardiac PI3K, eNOS, NO, plasma NADPH and G6PDH levels in relation to control. Also no change was observed in the plasma and cardiac ADA/XO/UA following sodium butyrate. ConclusionTherefore, butyrate has a remarkable therapeutic potential in ameliorating lithium induced cardiometabolic disorders through glucometabolic control.

Novel Adiponectin-Resistin Indices and Ratios Predict Increased Cardiovascular Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Adiponectin and resistin are adipokines involved in insulin resistance, glucometabolic control and adiposity. There is evidence that hypoadiponectinemia and hyperresistinemia are associated with cardiovascular disease. Whether the ratio of Adiponectin-Resistin (AR) and Insulin Resistance Adiponectin-Resistin (IRAR) indices can be used as non-invasive biomarker of cardiovascular disease needs more attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationships of AR and IRAR indices with adiposity, glucometabolic control and cardiovascular risk incurred by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in healthy subjects and patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This observational case control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology and Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh. A total of 191 (control = 84 and diabetic = 107) subjects were recruited. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impendence analyzer (BIA). Fasting blood samples were analyzed for glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), lipid profile, adiponectin, and resistin levels. The AR and IRAR indices were determined by formulas. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in diabetics compared to control (95.45 ± 39.27 ng/ml vs 146.64 ± 56.36 ng/ml, p < .001) while serum resistin was significantly higher in diabetic when compared to control (2.94 ± 1.30 ng/ml vs 2.40 ± 1.09 ng/ml, p = .003). Furthermore, AR and IRAR indices were significantly increased in diabetic subjects when compared to control (.82 ± .29 vs .48 ± .35, p < .001) and (.30 ± .10 vs .17 ± .12, p < .001) respectively. ROC analysis revealed that these indices predicted increased cardiovascular risk with area under the curve (AUC) for adiponectin = .717 ( p = .001), resistin = .635 ( p = .002), AR index = .740 ( p < .001), and IRAR index = .737 ( p < .001) respectively. AR index correlated positively with Triglycerides (r = .354, p < .01), hsCRP (r = .264, p < .01), HbA1c (r = .425, p < .01), fat mass (r = .164, p < .05), Waist/Hip Ratio (WHR) (r = .248, p < .01), and negatively with high density lipoprotein (r=-.327, p < .01). Furthermore, IRAR index more strongly correlated with Triglycerides (r = .409, p < .01), hsCRP (r = .268, p < .01), HbA1c (r = .508, p < .01), fat mass (r = .152, p < .05), WHR (r = .256, p < .01), and negatively with high density lipoprotein (r = -.340, p < .01). AR and IRAR indices correlate significantly with adiposity, glucometabolic control and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetic patients and non-diabetic individuals. They may prove to be useful integrated biomarkers to predict metabolic dysregulation and cardiovascular risk.

Revised Protein Sparing Diet in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Effective nutrition therapy is a pressing issue in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management. As such, this research aimed to determine the performance of a revised dietary strategy built on the protein-sparing diet in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus with regard to obtaining a rapid and stable improvement in glucometabolic control, body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism when applying the strategy in just twenty-one days. The revised protein-sparing diet differs from the traditional protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) because it does not include foods. The daily calorie intake of this diet is exclusively derived from Isolate whey protein in addition to a formulation of Isolate whey protein enriched with essential amino acids in free form, with the addition of lipids such as extra virgin olive oil and coconut oil as a source of medium chain fatty acids, where the latter is taken for only the first four days of the diet, together with the use, for the same duration, of extended-release metformin, as the only antihyperglycemic allowed. Anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, indirect calorimetry, and blood chemistry assessments were conducted at the beginning of the study, time 0 (T0), and at the end, time 1 (T1), i.e., on the 21st day. The main outcomes of the revised protein-sparing diet after only twenty-one days were a reduction in body weight with the predominant loss of visceral atherogenic abdominal fat and, therefore, a possible contextual reduction in ectopic fat deposits together with a simultaneous reduction in insulin resistance and normalization of insulin levels, maintenance of free fat mass and basal metabolism, restoration of metabolic flexibility, and improvement of the glucometabolic and lipidic parameters. These results demonstrate the promising potential of the revised protein-sparing diet as an "etiologic tool" in the integrated nutritional treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Altered Surface Expression of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme on Monocytes and Lymphocytes from COVID-19 Patients Both at Diagnosis and after Hospital Discharge.

Although the COVID-19 disease has developed into a worldwide pandemic, its pathophysiology remains to be fully understood. Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), a zinc-metalloprotease with a high affinity for insulin, has been found in the interactomes of multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins. However, the relevance of IDE in the innate and adaptative immune responses elicited by circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells is unknown. Here, we show that IDE is highly expressed on the surface of circulating monocytes, T-cells (both CD4+ and CD4−), and, to a lower extent, in B-cells from healthy controls. Notably, IDE’s surface expression was upregulated on monocytes from COVID-19 patients at diagnosis, and it was increased in more severe patients. However, IDE’s surface expression was downregulated (relative to healthy controls) 3 months after hospital discharge in all the studied immune subsets, with this effect being more pronounced in males than in females, and thus it was sex-dependent. Additionally, IDE levels in monocytes, CD4+ T-cells, and CD4− T-cells were inversely correlated with circulating insulin levels in COVID-19 patients (both at diagnosis and after hospital discharge). Of note, high glucose and insulin levels downregulated IDE surface expression by ~30% in the monocytes isolated from healthy donors, without affecting its expression in CD4+ T-cells and CD4− T-cells. In conclusion, our studies reveal the sex- and metabolism-dependent regulation of IDE in monocytes, suggesting that its regulation might be important for the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, as well as for glucometabolic control, in COVID-19 patients.

Diabesity in Elderly Cardiovascular Disease Patients: Mechanisms and Regulators.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world. In 2019, 550 million people were suffering from CVD and 18 million of them died as a result. Most of them had associated risk factors such as high fasting glucose, which caused 134 million deaths, and obesity, which accounted for 5.02 million deaths. Diabesity, a combination of type 2 diabetes and obesity, contributes to cardiac, metabolic, inflammation and neurohumoral changes that determine cardiac dysfunction (diabesity-related cardiomyopathy). Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is distributed around the myocardium, promoting myocardial inflammation and fibrosis, and is associated with an increased risk of heart failure, particularly with preserved systolic function, atrial fibrillation and coronary atherosclerosis. In fact, several hypoglycaemic drugs have demonstrated a volume reduction of EAT and effects on its metabolic and inflammation profile. However, it is necessary to improve knowledge of the diabesity pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases for comprehensive patient management including drugs to optimize glucometabolic control. This review presents the mechanisms of diabesity associated with cardiovascular disease and their therapeutic implications.

C-type natriuretic peptide in childhood obesity

According to the World Health Organization obesity is the result of an energy imbalance between calories assumed and expended and over the past 30 years its incidence has dramatically increased. Recently, the problem of obesity has drastically increased also in childhood, assuming a social relevance. Childhood obesity, in fact, increases the possibility to be obese in adulthood, representing a risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aim of this review was to carry out a revision of the literature on childhood obesity focusing on natriuretic peptides (NPs) and in particular on the role of C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). In obesity NPs play a fundamental role in the regulation of body weight and energy metabolism. Data on plasma CNP levels in children are scarce. The review of the literature relating to the role of CNP in adolescents showed a progressive reduction in the CNP plasma levels in overweight/obese adolescents compared to normal-weight subjects, as previously observed in obese adults, as well as a different modulation in CNP mRNA expression. An independent association between CNP levels and obesity as well as a significant association with the endothelial dysfunction index was reported, indicating that the peptide could play a very important role as a marker of risk of developing obesity. The results of these studies indicate the importance of adopting healthy lifestyles to improve glucometabolic control as well as to provide the rationale for designing and developing new drugs to modulate the NPs system.

The Pancreatic changes affecting glucose homeostasis in transfusion dependent β- thalassemia (TDT): a short review.

Background: The natural history of the glycometabolic state in transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia (TDT) patients is characterized by a deterioration of glucose tolerance over time.Aims:This review depicts our current knowledges on the complex and multifacet pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in the development of alteration of glucose homeostasis in patients with TDT.Search strategy:A systematic search was done on December 2020 including Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Scholar for papers published in the last 20 years. Moreover, we checked the reference lists of the relevant articles and previously performed reviews for additional pertinent studies. The personal experience on the care of patients with thalassemias is also reported.Conclusion:A regular packed red blood cells (PRBCs) transfusion program, optimization of chelation therapy, and prevention and treatment of liver infections are critical to achieve adequate glucometabolic control in TDT patients. Many exciting opportunities remain for further research and therapeutic development. (www.actabiomedica.it)

P53 Abordaje farmacológico de la diabetes en pacientes con trasplante de órgano sólido

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) es una complicación del trasplante de órgano sólido y generalmente es tratada con insulina; recientemente han sido implementadas nuevas terapéuticas con buenos resultados.Objetivos: describir y evaluar tipo de tratamiento farmacológico para diabetes en pacientes sometidos a trasplante de órgano sólido, así como su impacto en el control glucometabólico.Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con trasplante de órgano sólido con diagnóstico reportado de DM post trasplante o DM pre trasplante, que concurrieron a control médico en un período de tiempo comprendido entre 7/2015 y 8/2019. Se excluyeron pacientes con menos de 2 visitas de control en un período de 2 años desde la primera consulta. Se evaluaron niveles de HbA1c y tasa de filtrado glomerular estimada (TGFe) calculada mediante la ecuación CKD-EPI. Se describió la tasa de cambio de la terapia inmunosupresora y tratamiento farmacológico de la diabetes a los 3, 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses de seguimiento. Las variables cualitativas se describen en frecuencia absoluta/porcentaje y las variables cuantitativas en mediana/rango acorde su distribución. Pruebas no paramétricas y el test de Fisher se emplearon para analizar diferencias.

Reduced minimum rim width of optic nerve head: a potential early marker of retinal neurodegeneration in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

AimsTo determine whether early retinal neurodegenerative changes in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be detected by spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and whether such changes are associated with risk factors for T1D complications. MethodsA total of 147 T1D children/adolescents and 51 healthy controls underwent SD-OCT. Spherical refractive error (SRE), macular total retinal thickness (TRT), ganglion cell layer (GCL), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), minimum rim width (MRW), and Bruch’s membrane opening area (BMOA) were measured. Clinical and biochemical parameters were recorded at the time of SD-OCT and starting at T1D onset. Multiple regression models were calculated using SD-OCT parameters as dependent and risk factors as independent variables. ResultsMRW was significantly thinner in the T1D patients (global MRW:361.58vs386.33 µm; p = 0.009), while RNFL and macular parameters were similar for both groups. MRW was inversely correlated with mean HbA1c (r ≥ -0.180, p < 0.05). Multiple regression showed that part of the variability in MRW was explained by HbA1c and BMOA (R2 = 0.21; p < 0.001), independent of other cardiometabolic risk factors. ConclusionsMRW reduction could be a potential early marker of retinal neurodegeneration detectable in pediatric patients with T1D. The association between MRW and mean HbA1c suggests that glucometabolic control may affect early retinal neurodegeneration starting in childhood.

Risk factors for retinopathy in hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

There is limited knowledge on the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in dialysis patients. We have investigated the association between diabetes mellitus and lipid-related biomarkers and retinopathy in hemodialysis patients. We reviewed 1,255 hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who participated in the German Diabetes and Dialysis Study (4D Study). Associations between categorical clinical, biochemical variables and diabetic retinopathy were examined by logistic regression. On average, patients were 66 ± 8 years of age, 54% were male and the HbA1c was 6.7% ± 1.3%. DR, found in 71% of the patients, was significantly and positively associated with fasting glucose, HbA1c, time on dialysis, age, systolic blood pressure, body mass index and the prevalence of other microvascular diseases (e.g. neuropathy). Unexpectedly, DR was associated with high HDL cholesterol and high apolipoproteins AI and AII. Patients with coronary artery disease were less likely to have DR. DR was not associated with gender, smoking, diastolic blood pressure, VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. In summary, the prevalence of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus requiring hemodialysis is higher than in patients suffering from T2DM, who do not receive hemodialysis. DR was positively related to systolic blood pressure (BP), glucometabolic control, and, paradoxically, HDL cholesterol. This data suggests that glucose and blood pressure control may delay the development of DR in patients with diabetes mellitus on dialysis.

Mothers and Fathers Parenting Stress and Their Perception of Children's Psychosocial Functioning in Paediatric Diabetes: A Pilot Study.

(1) Background: In the context of a child with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), the rearrangement of the family’s lifestyle can account for an increased risk of experiencing psychosocial problems for both child and parents. Those few studies on pediatric diabetes, which focused on parents’ perception of children’s psychological strengths and weaknesses, reported significantly higher rates of children’s emotional and conduct problems associated with an imbalance in the Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). The main aim of this paper was to assess the role of parental perception of children’s psychosocial symptoms as a mediator of the perceived parenting stress, considering mother and father separately. (2) Methods: The study involved 12 parent couples (Mothers Mage = 40.25, SD = 6.58; Fathers Mage = 42.5, SD = 6.38) of children with T1DM aged between 7 and 11 years (Mage = 8.8, SD = 0.996). Parents completed questionnaires such as the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire for parents and their perspective of their child, and the Parenting Stress Index–Short Form. (3) Results: Mothers and fathers had significant differences in the perception of their child’s internalizing symptoms. Specifically, mothers present a greater perception of the mentioned symptoms compared to fathers. Mediation models showed that only for fathers’ perception of the child conduct problems has a significant role between the fathers’ perception of dysfunctional interaction with the child and the HbA1c. (4) Conclusions: The current study provides useful evidence also for clinical settings, suggesting that an interesting interplay between parenting stress, perception of children’s symptoms and glucometabolic control should be taken into consideration.

Nutrition habits of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes changed in a 10 years span.

Diet plays a key role in the treatment of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Dietary habits changed rapidly in the last decades and few data are available on recent dietary changes in children and adolescents with T1D. To test the hypothesis that diet composition changed in a 10-year period in children and adolescents with T1D. Two hundred and twenty-nine T1D subjects (M/F:121/108) aged 6 to 16 years were recruited: 114 (group A) enrolled in 2009, not using CGM and/or CSII, and 115 (group B) enrolled in 2019. Anthropometric biochemical (HbA1c, lipid profile), diet, and insulin therapy parameters were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with HbA1c as dependent variable (HbA1c > 58 mmol/mol = 1) and nutritional variables and technology use as independent ones. Energy intake of group A was not statistically different from that of group B. Group B had a significantly (P < 0.001) higher protein and lipids intake and lower total carbohydrate and fiber intake than group A. HbA1c was significantly (P < 0.01) lower in group B than in group A. Logistic regression analysis showed that MUFA (OR 0.83, 95%CI:0.693-0.998), fiber intake (OR 0.82, 95%CI:0.699-0.0969), and technology use (OR 0.15, 95%CI:0.031-0.685), adjusted for age, gender, BMI, energy intake and diabetes duration, were associated with a HbA1c higher than 58 mmol/mol) (R2 = 0.27, P < 0.05). In a 10-year period, diet composition of children and adolescents with T1D changed and glucometabolic control improved. Fiber and MUFA intake showed a positive effect on HbA1c, independent from technology use, supporting the importance of educating children with T1D and families to maintain healthy eating habits.

The Effect of Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass Surgery on Insulin Resistance and Glycosylated Hemoglobin A1c: a 2-Year Follow-up Study

BackgroundBariatric surgery improves insulin sensitivity and secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the effect on patients with prediabetes or even normal glucose tolerance deserves further consideration.MethodsCohort study including patients operated with laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (LRYGB) between November 2012 and June 2017 at the Örebro University Hospital (n = 813) with follow-up of 742 patients 2 years after surgery. Fasting insulin, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were analyzed at baseline and 2 years after surgery for patients with overt type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, or non-diabetes.ResultsFasting insulin levels improved for all groups (diabetics baseline 25.5 mIU/L, IQR 17.5–38.0, 2 years 7.6 mIU/L, IQR 5.4–11.1, p < 0.001; prediabetics baseline 25.0 mIU/L, IQR 17.5–35.0, 2 years 6.7mIU/L, IQR 5.3–8.8, p < 0.001; non-diabetics baseline 20.0 mIU/L, IQR 14.0–30.0, 2 years 6.4 mIU/L, IQR 5.0–8.5, p < 0.001). HbA1c improved in all groups (diabetics baseline 56 mmol/mol, IQR 49–74 [7.3%, IQP 6.6–8.9], 2 years 38 mmol/mol, IQR 36–47 [5.6%, IQR 5.4–6.4], p < 0.001; prediabetics baseline 40 mmol/mol, IQR 39–42 [5.8%, IQR5.7–6.0], 2 years 36 mmol/mol, IQR 34–38 [5.5%, IQR 5.3–5.6], p < 0.001; non-diabetics baseline 35 mmol/mol, IQR 33–37 [5.4%, IQR 5.2–5.5]; 2 years 34 mmol/mol, IQR 31–36 [5.3%, IQR 5.0–5.4], p < 0.001). HOMA-IR improved in all groups (diabetics baseline 9.3 mmol/mol, IQR 5.4–12.9, 2 years 1.9 mmol/mol, IQR 1.4–2.7, p < 0.001; prediabetics baseline 7.0 mmol/mol, IQR 4.3–9.9, 2 years 1.6 mmol/mol, IQR 1.2–2.1, p < 0.001; non-diabetics 4.9 mmol/mol, IQR 3.4–7.3, 2 years 1.4 mmol/mol, IQR 1.1–1.9, p < 0.001).ConclusionInsulin homeostasis and glucometabolic control improve in all patients after LRYGB, not only in diabetics but also in prediabetics and non-diabetic obese patients, and this improvement is sustained 2 years after surgery.

Effects of an acute bout of exercise on circulating extracellular vesicles: tissue-, sex-, and BMI-related differences.

Exercise is recognized to evoke multisystemic adaptations that, particularly in obese subjects, reduce body weight, improve glucometabolic control, counteract sarcopenia, and lower the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Understanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of exercise-induced benefits is of great interest due to the therapeutic implications against obesity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate time-related changes in size distribution and cell origin of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in obese and normal-weight subjects who underwent a moderate-intensity exercise on a treadmill (at 60% of their VO2max). Blood samples were drawn before, immediately at the end of the exercise and during the postexercise recovery period (3 and 24 h). Circulating EVs were analyzed by a nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry after labeling with the following cell-specific markers: CD14 (monocyte/macrophage), CD61 (platelet), CD62E (activated endothelium), CD105 (total endothelium), SCGA (skeletal muscle), and FABP (adipose tissue). In all subjects, acute exercise reduced the release of total (i.e., 30-700 nm) EVs in circulation, predominantly EVs in the microvesicle size range (i.e., 130-700 nm EVs). The postexercise release of microvesicles was higher in normal-weight than obese subjects; after exercise, circulating levels of exosomes (i.e., 30-130 nm EVs) and microvesicles were, respectively, lower and higher in females than males. In all experimental subgroups (males vs. females and obese vs. normal-weight subjects), acute exercise reduced and increased, respectively, CD61 + and SCGA + EVs, being the effect on CD61 + EVs prolonged up to 24 h after the end of the test with subjects in resting conditions. Total EVs, exosomes, and CD61 + EVs were associated with HOMA-IR. Though preliminary, the results of the present study show that a single bout of acute exercise modulates the release of EVs in circulation, which are tissue-, sex-, and BMI specific, suggesting that the exercise-related benefits might depend upon a complex interaction of tissue, endocrine, and metabolic factors.