Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Immunoreactivity Research Articles

Distribution and ultrastructural localization of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in the rat brain

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibits food intake and regulates glucose homeostasis. These actions are at least partly mediated by central GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Little information is available, however, about the subcellular localization and the distribution of the GLP-1R protein in the rat brain. To determine the localization of GLP-1R protein in the rat brain, immunocytochemistry was performed at light and electron microscopic levels. The highest density of GLP-1R-immunoreactivity was observed in the circumventricular organs and regions in the vicinity of these areas like in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) and in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS). In addition, GLP-1R-immunreactive (IR) neuronal profiles were also observed in a number of telencephalic, diencephalic and brainstem areas and also in the cerebellum. Ultrastructural examination of GLP-1R-immunoreactivity in energy homeostasis related regions showed that GLP-1R immunoreactivity is associated with the membrane of perikarya and dendrites but GLP-1R can also be observed inside and on the surface of axon varicosities and axon terminals. In conclusion, in this study we provide a detailed map of the GLP-1R-IR structures in the CNS. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in addition to the perikaryonal and dendritic distribution, GLP-1R is also present in axonal profiles suggesting a presynaptic action of GLP-1. The very high concentration of GLP-1R-profiles in the circumventricular organs and in the ARC and NTS suggests that peripheral GLP-1 may influence brain functions via these brain areas.

Immunohistochemical assessment of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in the pancreas of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone which stimulates insulin release and inhibits glucagon secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner. Incretin-based therapies, consisting of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Immunohistochemical studies for GLP-1R expression have been hampered previously by the use of unspecific polyclonal antibodies. This study aimed to assess the expression levels of GLP-1R in a set of T2D donor samples obtained via nPOD. This study used a new monoclonal antibody to assess GLP-1R expression in pancreatic tissue from 23 patients with T2D, including 7 with a DPP-4 inhibitor and 1 with a history of GLP-1R agonist treatment. A software-based automated image analysis algorithm was used for quantitating intensities and area fractions of GLP-1R positive compartments. The highest intensity GLP-1R immunostaining was seen in beta-cells in islets (average signal intensity, 76.1 [±8.1]). GLP-1R/insulin double-labelled single cells or small clusters of cells were also frequently located within or in close vicinity of ductal epithelium in all samples and with the same GLP-1R immunostaining intensity as found in beta-cells in islets. In the exocrine pancreas a large proportion of acinar cells expressed GLP-1R with a 3-fold lower intensity of immunoreactivity as compared to beta-cells (average signal intensity 25.5 [±3,3]). Our studies did not unequivocally demonstrate GLP-1R immunoreactivity on normal-appearing ductal epithelium. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanINs; a form of non-invasive pancreatic ductular neoplasia) was seen in most samples, and a minority of these expressed low levels of GLP-1R. These data confirm the ubiquity of early stage PanIN lesions in patients with T2D and do not support the hypothesis that incretin-based therapies are associated with progression towards the more advanced stage PanIN lesions.

Glucagon Like Peptide-1 Receptor Expression in the Human Thyroid Gland

Glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetic therapy induces medullary thyroid neoplasia in rodents. We sought to establish whether C cells in human medullary thyroid carcinoma, C cell hyperplasia, and normal human thyroid express the GLP-1 receptor. Thyroid tissue samples with medullary thyroid carcinoma (n = 12), C cell hyperplasia (n = 9), papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 17), and normal human thyroid (n = 15) were evaluated by immunofluorescence for expression of calcitonin and GLP-1 receptors. Coincident immunoreactivity for calcitonin and GLP-1 receptor was consistently observed in both medullary thyroid carcinoma and C cell hyperplasia. GLP-1 receptor immunoreactivity was also detected in 18% of papillary thyroid carcinoma (three of 17 cases). Within normal human thyroid tissue, GLP-1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in five of 15 of the examined cases in about 35% of the total C cells assessed. In humans, neoplastic and hyperplastic lesions of thyroid C cells express the GLP-1 receptor. GLP-1 receptor expression is detected in 18% papillary thyroid carcinomas and in C cells in 33% of control thyroid lobes. The consequence of long-term pharmacologically increased GLP-1 signaling on these GLP-1 receptor-expressing cells in the thyroid gland in humans remains unknown, but appropriately powered prospective studies to exclude an increase in medullary or papillary carcinomas of the thyroid are warranted.

Ischemia‐induced changes in glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor and neuroprotective effect of its agonist, exendin‐4, in experimental transient cerebral ischemia

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) protects against neuronal damages in the brain. In the present study, ischemia-induced changes in GLP-1R immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampal CA1 region were evaluated after transient cerebral ischemia; in addition, the neuroprotective effect of the GLP-1R agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) against ischemic damage was studied. GLP-1R immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region were highest at 1 day after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). At 4 days after I/R, GLP-1R immunoreactivity was hardly detected in CA1 pyramidal neurons, and its protein level was lowest. GLP-1R protein level was increased again at 10 days after I/R, and GLP-1R immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes and GABAergic interneurons. In addition, EX-4 treatment attenuated ischemia-induced hyperactivity, neuronal damage, and microglial activation in the ischemic CA1 region in a dose-dependent manner. EX-4 treatment also induced the elevation of GLP-1R immunoreactivity and protein levels in the ischemic CA1 region. These results indicate that GLP-1R is altered in the ischemic region after an ischemic insult and that EX-4 protects against ischemia-induced neuronal death possibly by increasing GLP-1R expression and attenuating microglial activation against transient cerebral ischemic damage.

Decreased Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Dentate Granule Cell Layer from Adult in the Gerbil Hippocampus

In this study, we investigated age-related changes in glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) immunoreactivity and its protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus during normal aging. In the postnatal month 3 (PM 3) group, GLP-1R immunoreaction was well observed in neurons, especially pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells in the hippocampus proper, and granule and polymorphic cells in the dentate gyrus. In the hippocampus proper, GLP-1R immunoreactivity in neurons was maintained until PM 24. In the dentate gyrus, however, GLP-1R immunoreactivity in granule cells, not polymorphic cells, was hardly detected from PM 6. Western blot analysis also showed that age-dependent change patterns in GLP-1R protein levels in the gerbil hippocampus were similar to the immunohistochemical changes. These results indicate that GLP-1R immunoreactivity was markedly decreased in dentate granule cells from PM 6, showing that GLP-1R immunoreactivity and its protein levels were decreased in the adult and aged gerbil hippocampus.

Expression of the GLP-1 Receptor in Mouse, Rat, and Human Pancreas

We studied the intra-islet localization of the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) by colocalization studies of the GLP-1R mRNA and protein with islet cell hormones in mice, rats, and humans. In contrast to previous reports, we show that the GLP-1R is selectively located on the beta cells. The localization of GLP-1R in islets and ducts was studied using ISH and double and triple fluorescence microscopy. In normal pancreatic tissue from mice and rats, GLP-1R mRNA was only detectable in the beta cells. Double and triple immunofluorescence using two different GLP-1R antisera and combinations of insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin showed that GLP-1R protein is almost exclusively colocalized with insulin. The same pattern was observed in human pancreas, but the GLP-1R expression was more heterogeneous, with populations of insulin immunoreactive cells with high and low expression. This is the first time that the GLP-1R has been localized in human islets. Furthermore, GLP-1R immunoreactivity was found in the pancreatic ducts in mouse, rat, and human pancreas. As an important confirmation of the specificity of our methods, we found no signals for GLP-1R mRNA or protein in pancreatic tissue from gene-targeted GLP-1R-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data suggest that the GLP-1 receptor is restricted to the pancreatic beta cells and the lack of receptor immunoreactivity on delta cells cannot be explained suitably to correspond with published in vivo and in vitro data. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org. Please visit this article online to view these materials.