Gloiopeltis Furcata Research Articles

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Residue from Bioethanol Production Using Seaweed Biomass.

This study explores the potential of producing bioethanol from seaweed biomass and reusing the residues as antioxidant compounds. Various types of seaweed, including red (Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Pyropia tenera), brown (Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ascophyllum nodosum), and green species (Ulva intestinalis, Ulva prolifera, Codium fragile), were pretreated with dilute acid and enzymes and subsequently processed to produce bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. Ethanol production followed the utilization of sugars, resulting in the highest yields from red algae > brown algae > green algae due to their high carbohydrate content. The residual biomass was extracted with water, ethanol, or methanol to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Among the nine seaweeds, the A. nodosum bioethanol residue extract (BRE) showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition of H2O2-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These by-products can be valorized, contributing to a more sustainable and economically viable biorefinery process. This dual approach not only enhances the utilization of marine resources but also supports the development of high-value bioproducts.

Extraction, Isolation and Biological Activity of Two Glycolipids from Bangia fusco-purpurea.

In order to explore the extraction and activity of macroalge glycolipids, six macroalgae (Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Gracilaria sp. and Pyropia yezoensis) glycolipids were extracted with five different solvents firstly. Considering the yield and glycolipids concentration of extracts, Bangia fusco-purpurea, Gracilaria sp. and Pyropia yezoensis were selected from six species of marine macroalgae as the raw materials for the extraction of glycolipids. The effects of the volume score of methanol, solid-liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time and ultrasonic power on the yield and glycolipids concentration of extracts of the above three macroalgae were analyzed through a series of single-factor experiments. By analyzing the antioxidant activity in vitro, moisture absorption and moisturizing activity, the extraction process of Bangia fusco-purpurea glycolipids was further optimized by response surface method to obtain suitable conditions for glycolipid extraction (solid-liquid ratio of 1:27 g/mL, extraction temperature of 48 °C, extraction time of 98 min and ultrasonic power of 450 W). Bangia fusco-purpurea extracts exhibited a certain scavenging effect on DPPH free radicals, as well as good moisture-absorption and moisture retaining activities. Two glycolipids were isolated from Bangia fusco-purpurea by liquid-liquid extraction, silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography, and they showed good scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals and total antioxidant capacity. Their scavenging activities against DPPH free radicals were about 60% at 1600 µg/mL, and total antioxidant capacity was better than that of Trolox. Among them, the moisturizing activity of a glycolipid was close to that of sorbierite and sodium alginate. These two glycolipids exhibited big application potential as food humectants and antioxidants.

Structural and physicochemical characterization of funoran extracted from Gloiopeltis furcata by different methods

Funoran is a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from the red algal Gloiopeltis species with wide uses in many applications such as thickener and adhesive. This study applied two extraction strategies to obtain funoran from Gloiopeltis furcata with various physicochemical properties. In strategy 1, direct hot water extraction (95 °C for 3 h) yielded two funoran fractions. In strategy 2, algae were purified by cold water before hot water extraction (95 °C for 3 h), resulting in two more fractions. FTIR and NMR measurements showed that all fractions were composed of repeating β-d-galactose-6-sulfate and 3, 6-anhydro-α-l-galactose units as the backbone with small amounts of substituents. The highest molecular weight fractions extracted from both methods were polydisperse with approximately 51 % polysaccharides, 5.2 % protein and less than 1.4 % uronic acid with similar structural compositions of funoran. All funoran fractions in a 1.5 % aqueous solution (w/w) exhibited shear thinning behavior at 20 °C. The fractional difference in strategy 2 was clearly observed in which the high molecular weight formed a highly viscous and cloudy solution with low solubility, while the low molecular weight was highly soluble and formed a clear and transparent solution. Upon cooling, funoran fraction solutions exhibited a steep increase in complex modulus │G*│ indicating the gel formation. On reheating, these gels melted at higher temperatures with significant thermal hysteresis and micro-DSC measurements showed peaks confirming the gelation.

A Study on the Antioxidative and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Gloiopeltis furcata Extract Obtained Using Different Concentrations of Ethanol

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the differences in the antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects of Gloiopeltis furcata based on its extraction conditions.Methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assays were performed to determine the antioxidant activity of Gloiopeltis furcata extracts obtained using different concentrations of ethanol. Concomitantly, the concentrations of polyphenols and flavonoids, which are antioxidants present in Gloiopeltis furcata extract, were measured. Additionally, in cell-based experiments, the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of a water extract, which exhibited the most potent antioxidative activity among all extracts, was measured.Results: In the DPPH assay, the Gloiopeltis furcata extract exhibited an antioxidant activity of 3.576 mg of ascorbic acid/g, whereas in the ABTS assay, the antioxidant activity was 4.892 mg of ascorbic acid/g. The polyphenol concentration was found to be 35.52±2.32 mg/g, whereas the flavonoid concentration was 0.88±0.34 mg/g. Furthermore, the extract had a cytotoxicity of ≤20% at all concentrations used in the experiment, thus indicating the absence of cytotoxicity and confirming that the extract was effective in reducing inflammation proportionally to its concentration. Moreover, the extract exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity of 47.66%±1.53% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL.Conclusion: Gloiopeltis furcata exhibited the most potent antioxidant activity in its water extract, and it was confirmed that the extract of Gloiopeltis furcata that was obtained through water had low cytotoxicity, an anti-inflammatory effect, and a commercial value.

The anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of the edible seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels et Ruprecht) J. Agardh in mice fed a high-fat diet.

Obesity and diabetes are serious, chronic medical conditions associated with a wide range of life-threatening conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the edible red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels et Ruprecht) J. Agardh (G. furcata) on the development of obesity, diabetes and related metabolic diseases in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat (HF) diet (60% energy as fat), or an HF diet containing 2% (w/w) or 6% powdered G. furcata for 13 weeks. Polysaccharides of G. furcata were isolated and their anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The HF diet group showed greater weight gain, lipid accumulation in the body and liver, and increased serum levels of glucose and cholesterol in comparison to the normal group fed a normal diet (10% energy as fat). The treatment of HF diet mice with G. furcata reduced these changes and stimulated the fecal excretion of fat. In addition, G. furcata suppressed the HF diet-induced elevation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers in the serum and liver. The isolated sulfated polysaccharide from G. furcata inhibited pancreatic lipase activity and decreased the production of nitric oxide and TNF-α in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. These results show that G. furcata treatment can attenuate obesity, diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and dyslipidemia in mice fed an HF diet, which is associated with inhibited intestinal fat absorption and reduced inflammation and oxidative stress by a sulfated polysaccharide.

불등풀가사리(Gloiopeltis furcata)즙이 첨가된 두부의 품질특성 및 항산화 활성

This study investigated the antioxidant activity and characteristics of soybean curd containing 0, 20 and 40% Gloiopeltis furcata. The yield (%), ash (%) and crude protein (%) decreased significantly as the amount of G. furcata content increased (p<0.05). In contrast, pH was significantly increased in 40% G. furcata (p<0.05). We observed no significantly difference (p>0.05) in soybean curd’s hardness, cohesiveness and chewiness. In Hunter colors, L value (lightness) and a value (redness) were significantly increased as the amount of G. furcata content increased (p<0.05), but b value (yellowness) was significantly decreased (p<0.05). The ABTS[2,2

Polysaccharide from edible alga Gloiopeltis furcata attenuates intestinal mucosal damage by therapeutically remodeling the interactions between gut microbiota and mucin O-glycans

Gloiopeltis furcata is an edible alga that has long been consumed in China. However, the bioactive polysaccharides from G. furcata have been largely unexplored. Here, we show for the first time that a sulfated polysaccharide from G. furcata (SAO) could improve the integrity of the colonic epithelial layer and protect against dextran sulfate sodium-induced intestinal mucosal damage. Mechanistically, SAO attenuated colonic mucosal damage by therapeutically remodeling the interactions between gut microbiota and mucin O-glycans. Specifically, SAO increased the proportions of complex long-chain mucin O-glycans in the epithelial layer with two terminal N-acetylneuraminic acid residues and promoted the growth of probiotic bacteria including Roseburia spp. and Muribaculaceae. Altogether, our study demonstrates a novel application of SAO for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease-associated mucosal damage and forms the basis to understand the therapeutic effects of natural polysaccharides from the perspective of symbiotic interactions between host mucin O-glycome and gut microbiome.

Relationship between structure and some physico-chemical properties of funori from red seaweed Gloiopeltis

The relationship between structural characteristics and some physico-chemical properties of ma-funori and fukuro-funori was elucidated. Ma-funori and fukuro-funori were extracted from red seaweeds which was harvested in Japan. The structure of ma-funori and fukuro-funori extracted from Gloiopeltis tenax and Gloiopeltis furcata , respectively, was characterized through FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The assignment of signals for ma-funori showed that structure of ma-funori was relatively regular with repeating unit (1,3)-β- D -galactopyranose 6-sulfated linking to (1,4)-3,6-anhydro-α- L -galactopyranose. In contrast, the structure of fukuro-funori was complex with substitute groups such as pyruvate acetal, sulfate ester and methyl ether groups interspersing in polysaccharide chain. The physico-chemical properties of two kinds of funori which are important to restoration and conservation of artistic heritage were characterized. The solubility of fukuro-funori in water was higher than that of ma-funori. The wettability of fukuro-funori solution was better than that of ma-funori solution, whereas ma-funori solution was higher in viscosity than fukuro-funori. The structural characteristic was the main factor to determine the difference in solubility, wettability, and viscosity of two kinds of funori.

Enhancement of catabolite regulatory genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to increase ethanol production using hydrolysate from red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata

Glucose and galactose are monosaccharides obtained from Gloiopeltis furcata (Red algae). A total monosaccharide yield of 62.3 g/L was obtained from G. furcata using thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic saccharification. Activated carbon was used to eliminate hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from the hydrolysate. Previously obtained monosaccharides are used for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae consumes glucose first, then galactose. The methods for reducing fermentation time and increasing the ethanol yield coefficient using the simultaneous consumption of glucose and galactose have been evaluated. Gal3p and Gal80p of S. cerevisiae act as signal transducers that govern the galactose inducer Gal4p mediated transcriptional activation of the Gal gene family. Gal80p binds to Gal4p for transcription deactivation. Therefore, Gal80p was deleted for Gal4p expression without interruption.

Effects of light quality and photoperiod on growth and photosynthetic pigment content of a Rhodophyta, Gloiopeltis furcata

The objective of the present study was to determine the optimal incubation conditions for Gloiopeltis furcata culture. Three experiments, each lasting 30 days, were conducted to study the effects of photoperiod (6:18, 8:16, 12:12, 14:10, and 16:8 h light/dark), different wavelengths of LED light (blue, green, yellow, red, and white), and solar radiation filtered through different plastic films (blue, green, yellow, red, and white) on the growth and photosynthetic pigment content of G. furcata. The results of these experiments demonstrated that the growth rate of G. furcata was significantly higher under 14:10 and 16:8 light/dark than under 6:18 and 8:16 light/dark, while the pigment content of G. furcata was significant higher under 6:18 and 8:16 than under 14:10 and 16:8 light/dark. The growth rate of G. furcata was the lowest when the algae were exposed to blue LED and the highest under yellow LED illumination, while the phycobiliprotein content was the highest under blue LED and the lowest under yellow LED. Solar radiation filtered through different plastic films had no significant effect on the growth rate of G. furcata, but affected its pigment content. The results indicate that a photoperiod of 12 h or more of light and yellow LED are the optimal parameters for culturing of G. furcata thalli on land.

Genetic diversity hotspot of the amphi-Pacific macroalga Gloiopeltis furcata sensu lato (Gigartinales, Florideophyceae)

Genetic diversity patterns around the North Pacific received attention for marine organisms and have been used to infer biodiversity “hotspots” in the region. We conducted a phylogeographic study of the red alga Gloiopeltis furcata, investigating cryptic species diversity and comparing population genetic structure in the north Pacific. A phylogenetic tree and haplotype networks were constructed on the basis of 201 mitochondrial COI-5P sequences and 149 plastid rbcL sequences from G. furcata specimens. Eight distinct cryptic lineages (A–H) were identified within G. furcata. These lineages showed high genetic diversity and complex geographic distributions. All eight lineages of G. furcata sensu lato were present in the NW Pacific; however, only a single lineage (A) was present in the NE Pacific, suggesting that the NW Pacific is a center of genetic diversity for G. furcata sensu lato. Habitat discontinuities of G. furcata sensu lato in the high rocky intertidal zone may have been responsible for the high level of genetic differentiation of G. furcata sensu lato in the NW Pacific by impeding genetic exchange between adjacent populations. Our phylogenetic diversity suggests that the NW Pacific, especially Jeju Island, was a genetic diversity hotspot involving species diversity of Gloiopeltis.

PI signal transduction and ubiquitination respond to dehydration stress in the red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata under successive tidal cycles

BackgroundIntermittent dehydration caused by tidal changes is one of the most important abiotic factors that intertidal seaweeds must cope with in order to retain normal growth and reproduction. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the adaptation of red seaweeds to repeated dehydration-rehydration cycles remain poorly understood.ResultsWe chose the red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata as a model and simulated natural tidal changes with two consecutive dehydration-rehydration cycles occurring over 24 h in order to gain insight into key molecular pathways and regulation of genes which are associated with dehydration tolerance. Transcription sequencing assembled 32,681 uni-genes (GC content = 55.32%), of which 12,813 were annotated. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) divided all transcripts into 20 modules, with Coral2 identified as the key module anchoring dehydration-induced genes. Pathways enriched analysis indicated that the ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway (UPP) and phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling system were crucial for a successful response in G. furcata. Network-establishing and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) suggested that genes encoding ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 (E3–1), SUMO-activating enzyme sub-unit 2 (SAE2), calmodulin (CaM) and inositol-1,3,4-trisphosphate 5/6-kinase (ITPK) were the hub genes which responded positively to two successive dehydration treatments. Network-based interactions with hub genes indicated that transcription factor (e.g. TFIID), RNA modification (e.g. DEAH) and osmotic adjustment (e.g. MIP, ABC1, Bam1) were related to these two pathways.ConclusionsRNA sequencing-based evidence from G. furcata enriched the informational database for intertidal red seaweeds which face periodic dehydration stress during the low tide period. This provided insights into an increased understanding of how ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis and the phosphatidylinositol signaling system help seaweeds responding to dehydration-rehydration cycles.

Incorporation of yellow onion peel extract into the funoran‐based biodegradable films as an antioxidant packaging material

SummaryThis study was conducted to develop a biodegradable antioxidant film using yellow onion peel extract (YOPE) and funoran extracted from Gloiopeltis furcata. The mechanical, optical and antioxidant properties of the funoran films containing various amounts of YOPE (0.3%, 0.5% and 1.0%) were examined. YOPE dose‐dependently increased the flexibility as well as the DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of the funoran films. Additionally, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the funoran films increased from 31.92 to 61.31 mg gallic acid equivalent g−1 film and from 21.80 to 79.22 mg quercetin equivalent g−1 film after the incorporation of YOPE, respectively. These results suggest that the funoran‐based film incorporated with YOPE, which was prepared from underutilised red alga and discarded onion peel, can be used as an antioxidant biodegradable packaging material.

Anti-diabetic activities of agaropectin-derived oligosaccharides from Gloiopeltis furcata via regulation of mitochondrial function.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether agaropectin-derived oligosaccharides from Gloiopeltis furcata (SAOs) exert an anti-diabetic effect in sodium palmitate (PA)-induced insulin resistant HepG2 cells. We found that SAOs were co-localized with mitochondria and regulated mitochondrial function. SAOs reduced respiratory chain activities, which led to reduced respiratory oxygen consumption and increased the cellular ADP/ATP ratio in a certain degree of dose-dependent manner. Thus, SAOs alleviated the oxidative stress state in PA-treated cells and, moreover, concurrently regulated the ROS-JNK-IRS-1 pathway. As a result, SAOs enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism by activating the IRS-1-AKT-GSK-3β-GS pathway. Additionally, SAOs activated AMPK through both PKA-LKB1 and mitochondrial-regulated energy metabolism pathways. Therefore, SAOs decreased accumulation of lipids and improved lipid metabolism via regulating HMGCR, ACC and SREBP-1 proteins in HepG2 cells. Taken together, we conclude that SAOs could significantly ameliorate diabetic states in vitro via regulating mitochondria and their downstream signaling pathways.

The ethanol extract from the rhodophyta Gloiopeltis furcata and its active ingredient docosahexaenoic acid improve exercise performance in mice

The effectiveness of natural bioresources at enhancing exercise performance is of interest to those in sports and health care. The use of 29 common seaweed species as supplements to enhance exercise performance and the recovery from physical fatigue was evaluated. The ethanol extract of the red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata (GFE) had the greatest effect on forelimb grip strength and swimming endurance in mice. The optimal daily dose of GFE was 0.1mg per 10μl per g of body weight. GFE significantly increased muscle mass but had little effect on body weight and fatty deposits. The extract also significantly raised the blood superoxide dismutase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while reducing the lactate and urea levels (p<0.05). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from GFE made the greatest contribution to improving physical exercise performance. These results support the use of GFE and DHA in health food products for enhancing physical performance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study shows the exercise enhancement and anti-fatigue activities of GFE using the forelimb grip strength test, forced swimming endurance test, muscle mass measurement, and blood biochemical parameters. These results support the use of GFE and its active constituent DHA in functional foods or nutraceuticals for enhancing physical performance.

Complete sequence of mitochondrial DNA of Gloiopeltis furcata (Postels and Ruprecht) J. Agardh

Although most red algae produce agar and carrageenan, Gloiopeltis furcata produces funoran as polysaccharide component. In this study, the complete G. furcata mitochondrial genome was determined. It had a circular mapping molecular with the length of 25,636 bp and contained 49 genes including 24 protein-coding, two rRNA, and 23 tRNA. Phylogenetic analysis showed that G. furcata was separated with the other polysaccharide-producing red algae. This is the first report of complete mitochondrial genome from funoran producing red algae.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Seaweed Resources from Zhejiang Coast, China

In order to utilize seaweeds as a natural therapeutic agent in aquatic cultures, it is important to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. We analyzed that of the typical seaweeds of the Zhejiang Coast in order to improve their potential utilization. Six species of seaweeds were collected from the Zhejiang coast—Ulva pertusa, Ulva prolifera, Gloiopeltis furcata, Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis, Sargassum fusiforme and Ishige okamurae—and their ethanolic extracts were tested for antibacterial effects as well as antiviral activity against the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The seaweed extracts inhibited bacterial growth in vitro, and increased the immune responsiveness and survival of the crab Scylla paramamosain infected with WSSV in a concentration-dependent manner. U. prolifera, G. lemaneiformis, and S. fusiforme showed the most potent antibacterial activities and most significant enhancement of the innate immunity in healthy crabs. In conclusion, our study showed that the seaweed extracts have therapeutic effects and are a potential natural medicine for aquatic animals.

Immune-enhancing effects of polysaccharides with different molecular weights obtained from Gloiopeltis furcata

This study investigated the immune-enhancing effects of polysaccharides extracted from Gloiopeltis furcata (red seaweed) with different molecular weights. A crude polysaccharide mixture was hydrolyzed using acid treatment (0.1 N HCl) and three molecular weight fractions were generated and filtered using centrifugation: (≤10 kDa, 10 to 100 kDa, and 100 kDa. Nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells treated with 0.01-0.5 μg/mL polysaccharides ≥100 kDa was 12.28-19.05 μM. Treatment with polysaccharides ≥100 kDa increased cytokine levels, including TNF-α and IL-6 levels, in a dose-dependent manner. Polymerase chain reaction analysis also revealed marked increases in iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression levels. These findings lead us to conclude that macrophage activation induced by polysaccharides ≥100 kDa was greater than that induced by polysaccharides ≤10 kDa or between 10 and 100 kDa. The polysaccharides ≥100 kDa extracted from Gloiopeltis furcata investigated herein are potentially useful as natural immune-enhancing agents. These findings provided further insights into the potential use of ≥100 kDa as immunopotentiator or new function food.

불등풀가사리 다당류의 분자량에 따른 이화학적 품질특성 및 피부 주름 개선 효과

In this study, the physicochemical properties and anti-wrinkle effect of polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata were investigated. Crude polysaccharides were isolated by viscozyme treatment followed by ethanol precipitation and lyophilization. Crude polysaccharides were hydrolyzed by acid (0.1 N HCl) and the molecular weight fractions were generated by centrifugal filter (&lt;10 kDa, 10 to 100 kDa, and 100 kDa&gt;). The yield of polysaccharides with different molecular weight fractions was 8.4-39.6%. The major constituents in molecular weight fractions were total sugar (81.37-85.82%), uronic acid (27.89-32.85 g/100 g), sulfate (33.38-39.04%), and protein (0.35-3.16%) The L, a, and b value of the 100 kDa group were decreased, but viscosity increased. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity of the 100 kDa group at 180.07 μM was the highest among groups. The protective effects of 100 kDa group at 0.5 and 5 μg/mL against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in L132 cell were 87.34% and 103.85%, respectively. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity of 100 kDa group decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The pro-collagen synthesis activity of 100 kDa group at 0.05-0.5 μg/mL was 64.91-77.80%. The polysaccharides with different molecular weights from Gloiopeltis furcata investigated herein are useful as a potential candidate for cosmedical materials.

Antioxidant and fermentation properties of aqueous solutions of dried algal products from the Boso Peninsula, Japan

Abstract The mineral and saccharide contents, and antioxidant properties in aqueous extract solutions of eleven dried algal products obtained from the Boso Peninsula, Japan, were investigated. Potassium content was high in the brown alga Sargassum fusiforme. Polysaccharides content and viscosity were high in the red algae Gloiopeltis furcata, Chondrus ocellotus and C. elatus. Total phenolic compound content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging capacity, and Fe-reducing power were high in brown algae Eisenia bicyclis, S. fusiforme and the red alga Pyropia sp. Superoxide anion (O2−) radical-scavenging capacity was high in G. furcata, C. ocellotus, C. elatus and the green alga Monostroma nitidum. Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from the coast could ferment G. furcata, C. elatus and M. nitidum. The O2− radical-scavenging capacities of the red algae were increased by fermentation. These results suggest that some macroalgal beach-cast brown algae without fermentation and red algae with fermentation can be utilized as natural resources for functional foods.