Probiotics are increasingly recognized for their role in enhancing fish health, strengthening immune responses, and mitigating stress, particularly as rising inland water salinity continues to compromise fish health and reduce aquaculture productivity. To investigate the potential of probiotics as a countermeasure against the health and productivity challenges posed by brackish water, a 9-month feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the hematological and antioxidant responses of Labeo rohita (20.18 ± 0.22g; Mean ± SD) reared in inland brackish water earthen ponds (mean area: 1.0 acre; depth: 1.5m; salinity: 6.1 ppt) and fed diets with or without a multi-species probiotic (MSP) containing Bacillus subtilis (1.9 × 10¹⁰ "CFU/g"), Bacillus licheniformis (2 × 10¹⁰ "CFU/g"), and Clostridium butyricum (2.2 × 10⁸ "CFU/g"). A total of 900 fish were randomly distributed into three treatment groups (P I, P II, and P III), each with three replicate ponds. Fish in group pond P I (control) were fed a basal diet without probiotic supplementation, whereas fish in groups P II and P III received the same basal diet supplemented with MSP at 0.5% and 1%, respectively. A significant improvement (p < 0.05) in blood biomarkers was observed in the 1% MSP fed fish, even when reared at inland brackish water. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit count, total serum protein, albumin, and globulin were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 1% MSP fed fish compared to the non-probiotic-fed fish. A significant effect of rearing time on oxidative stress markers (ROS and TBARS) which increased over time and significant decline in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, POD, and GSH) were observed in brackish water ponds without probiotics (p < 0.05), however, dietary MSP supplementation significantly mitigated oxidative damage and enhanced antioxidant defenses in liver, kidney, and gills (p < 0.05). Frequency of erythrocytic alterations was also significantly reduced in MSP-supplemented groups compared to non-probiotic groups (p < 0.05). Marked recovery in histoarchitecture of liver, kidneys, and gills in MSP-supplemented groups compared to non-probiotics groups. In conclusion, dietary MSP supplementation effectively improved blood health and antioxidant capacity in L. rohita in inland brackish-water ponds, suggesting its practical potential to enhance health performance under brackish-water farming conditions.

Objective: Low serum albumin has been linked to morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients, including those with COVID-19. Whether serum globulin levels and albumin/globulin ratios (AGRs) can serve as biomarkers in COVID-19 is less well-characterized. This study assessed serum total protein, albumin, globulin levels, and AGR in relation to clinical outcomes in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods: A retrospective EMR analysis was conducted among 569 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia identified during the study period, of whom 60 met inclusion criteria of the required clinical immunologic and laboratory data and comprised the final analytic cohort. Variables included demographics and laboratory markers (total protein, albumin, globulin, immunoglobulins, CRP, and IL-6). The study evaluated: (1) Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), (2) Charlson 10-Year Estimated Survival (C10YES), (3) clinical severity using the NEWS-2 score, (4) length of hospital stay (LOS), and (5) mortality. Spearman correlations, chi-square tests, and regression analyses were conducted. Results: Albumin was independently associated with CCI, C10YES, and LOS in adjusted models (p = 0.01, p = 0.004, and p < 0.001, respectively), as was AGR (p = 0.012, p = 0.006, and p = 0.024, respectively). Decreasing total protein levels were independently associated with higher NEWS-2 scores, lower C10YES, and longer LOS (p = 0.009, p = 0.042, and p < 0.001, respectively). Increasing age was associated with longer LOS after adjustment for sex and the other plasma proteins. Globulin levels were not associated with clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Lower serum total protein was associated with higher COVID-19 severity, and lower albumin and AGR were associated with greater morbidity, lower predicted survival, and longer LOS. Increasing age was associated with longer LOS. In patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, albumin and AGR may serve as potential biomarkers facilitating personalized risk stratification of hospital course and recovery.

The study evaluated changes in blood cell counts, plasma and serum chemistry, including hepatic enzymes, in steers with liver abscesses (LA) induced experimentally by intraportal (IP) or intraruminal (IR) inoculation of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum. Forty steers (20 Holsteins and 20 dairy-derived beef; BW = 206 ± 45 kg) were assigned using a randomized complete block design to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatment groups included a negative control (CON), a group with induced ruminal acidosis (RA), a group with induced ruminal acidosis followed by intraruminal bacterial inoculation (IR), and a group with intraportal bacterial inoculation, without RA induction (IP). Study duration was 48 d. All steers were initially fed a low-starch diet. On d 4, steers in the RA and IR groups were restricted to 80% of the previous DMI, then on d 5 and 6, were offered a high-starch diet at 120% (d 5) and 110% (d 6) of previous DMI. This challenge cycle was repeated beginning on d 10. Steers in the IR group were inoculated with F. necrophorum on d 19 and 26, and the IP group was inoculated with F. necrophorum on d 26 through the hepatic portal vein via ultrasound-guided percutaneous catheterization. Blood samples were collected on d 26, 33, 40, and 47. Steers were euthanized and necropsied on d 48, and livers were examined for LA presence and severity. Seven of 10 steers in the IP group developed LA, as did 5 of 10 in the IR group. Steers in CON and RA groups demonstrated no changes in blood over time. Steers with LA in the IR group had leukocytosis and neutrophilia (P < 0.01) compared to CON or RA group. Steers with LA in the IP group had greater (P < 0.01) total leukocytes, neutrophils, and platelet counts, greater (P < 0.01) plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, greater (P < 0.01) serum globulin concentrations, and reduced (P < 0.01) albumin: globulin ratios compared to the IR steers. Gamma-glutamyl transferase activity was elevated (P < 0.01) in the IP group compared to CON, RA, and IR groups. Steers with severe abscesses with adhesions had more pronounced blood changes than steers with severe abscesses with no adhesions. The difference in blood changes with LA induced by IP or IR was likely because 7 steers in the IP group had severe abscesses with adhesions compared to 1 of 5 steers in the IR group. Overall, blood changes reflected active inflammation and liver injury associated with LA and the magnitude of changes depended on abscess severity.

People living with HIV (PLWH) represent a high-risk population for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection, with exposure risk equal to or higher than that of the general population, particularly within adult risk networks. Anti-HAV immunoglobulin G (IgG) serves as a neutralizing antibody and is considered a key marker of protective immunity against HAV infection. However, the serologic profile of anti-HAV IgG and IgM among unvaccinated PLWH remains insufficiently characterized, especially in South China. A total of 1232 unvaccinated adults were enrolled in the study, including 800 PLWH and 432 HIV- negative controls, to evaluate the serological markers of HAV immunity. Serum anti-HAV IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and demographic, immunological, and biochemical data were collected. We observed that PLWH had significantly lower anti-HAV IgG concentrations (0.27 ± 0.16 vs. 0.31 ± 0.14 ng/mL, p < 0.001) and a lower IgG seropositivity rate (22.5% vs. 35.6%, p < 0.001) compared with HIV-negative controls, whereas no differences were found in IgM levels or positivity between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression identified HIV infection (OR = 0.599, 95% CI 0.413-0.869, p = 0.007) and age (OR = 1.019, 95% CI 1.007-1.031, p = 0.002) as independent factors associated with IgG seropositivity. Among PLWH, those who were IgG-positive tended to be older (p = 0.003) and had higher serum globulin levels (p < 0.001), whereas IgM positivity was linked to younger age (p < 0.001) and a higher CD4/CD8 ratio (p = 0.030). Age-stratified analyses further revealed that IgG seroprevalence increased with age, while IgM positivity showed a declining trend. These findings indicate a considerable immunity gap in a population at elevated risk of HAV infection and support the need for targeted serologic screening and vaccination strategies among PLWH.

Robot-assisted Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (RYHJ) is the standard treatment for choledochal cysts (CDC). Routine abdominal drainage is typically placed, but no reliable preoperative tool exists to identify patients at risk of high drainage output (≥ 2mL·kg⁻1·d⁻1), limiting early drain removal or selective omission under close monitoring. This study aimed to develop and validate an intuitive preoperative nomogram using readily available clinical indicators (e.g., cyst diameter, age) to predict high-drainage risk after robot-assisted RYHJ and support individualized drainage management. This single-center retrospective cohort study enrolled 129 children with CDC who underwent da Vinci robot-assisted RYHJ. Based on weight-adjusted daily drain output, patients were divided into low-drainage (< 2mL·kg⁻1·d⁻1, n = 30) and high-drainage (≥ 2mL·kg⁻1·d⁻1, n = 99) groups. Potential predictors were identified via univariate and multivariate logistic regression and incorporated into a nomogram. Model performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots. Multivariate analysis identified younger age as an independent predictor of high drainage output (OR = 0.983, 95% CI: 0.972-0.994), and larger cyst diameter as a potential predictor showing a trend toward association (OR = 1.321, 95% CI: 0.979-1.783). The final nomogram, incorporating cyst diameter, age, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin (HGB), and globulin (GLB), showed good discrimination (AUC = 0.753) and calibration. The optimal risk threshold was 79.88%, yielding a specificity of 75.9%, and, using an optimal threshold, identifies low-risk patients suitable for early drain removal protocols to guide individualized drainage management. We have developed and validated a nomogram model based on "cyst diameter + age" (supplemented by BMI, HGB, and GLB) that enables noninvasive, precise assessment of high-drainage risk following robot-assisted RYHJ. Notably, the model identifies a low-risk subset-older children with smaller cysts-for whom early drain removal (e.g., within 24-48h) is safe, and in whom selective drain omission could be prospectively evaluated under rigorous monitoring. This risk-stratified approach has the potential to reduce drain-related complications and optimize ERAS pathways following robot-assisted RYHJ. As this is an internal validation only, external validation in independent cohorts is warranted before clinical implementation.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of ultrafiltration-diafiltration (UF-DF) and isoelectric precipitation (IEP) for producing albumin (Alb) and globulin (Glo) fractions from hemp protein isolate (HPI), and to compare their structural and surface properties as well as solubilities. Compared to the Alb-IEP, the Alb-UFDF exhibited higher protein content (88.25 vs 73.76%), greater surface hydrophobicity (48.94×103 vs 38.80×103a.u.), higher free sulfhydryl groups (25.12 vs 14.78μmol/g), a more negative ζ-potential (-22.36 vs -10.06mV), and higher α-helix content (9.03 vs 2.99%), indicating a better-preserved conformational structure. This structural integrity resulted in higher solubility for the Alb-UFDF compared to the Alb-IEP, although both albumin fractions remained highly soluble across all pH values. Protein profiles showed a slight contamination of the Alb-UFDF with 7S globulin. Both UFDF and IEP globulin fractions exhibited similar protein content (∼81%) and ζ-potential (∼-8mV), but the Glo-UFDF showed higher free sulfhydryl content (27.90 vs 18.41μmol/g) and surface hydrophobicity (100.22×103 vs 16.21×103 a.u.), indicating more pronounced denaturation for the Glo-IEP. Moreover, the solubility of the Glo-IEP was lower, particularly at pH8 (18.31 vs 59.09%). Overall, UF-DF better preserved the conformation and solubility of hemp albumins and globulins compared to IEP, however the lower recovery yields indicate that further process optimization is required. Future work should assess the techno-functional properties of these fractions to evaluate their potential applications in food systems.

Impact of varying levels of HepatoMax in drinking water on liver performance and blood profiles in broiler chickens.

Upcycling dehulled, non-defatted hempseed press cake: Effects of processing on protein structure and technofunctionality of protein isolates

Exploring the sources of variation in the serum metabolic profile of Italian Mediterranean buffaloes.

Comparative proteomics of amaranth and quinoa seeds reveals species-specific solubility traits of 11S globulins after Osborne and polarity-based extractions.

The most abundant proteins in pulse seed, including chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), are the 7S globulins (vicilins) and 11S globulins (legumins), which play key roles in plant reproduction and human nutrition and are also recognized as potential allergens. During seed maturation, legumins and vicilins undergo limited proteolysis. Legumins are processed into α- and β-polypeptide chains that remain linked by a disulfide bond, whereas vicilins are cleaved at two sites, generating three lower-molecular-mass polypeptides (α-, β-, and γ-chains). An integrated mass spectrometry approach, combining bottom-up and top-down strategies, was applied to characterize the post-translational processing of legumins and vicilins. Our data suggest that (i) proteolytic cleavages in both legumins and vicilins occur at conserved sequence motifs; (ii) legumin processing is catalyzed by an asparaginyl endopeptidase, whereas vicilin processing is mediated by legumains, a family of cysteine endopeptidases; and (iii) one chickpea vicilin is N-glycosylated and carries a high-mannose oligosaccharide side chain. Limited proteolysis process represents a key physiological mechanism regulating storage protein assembly, stability, and mobilization during seed development and germination while preserving storage functions. Glycosylation of vicilins further modulates their structural and functional properties, although it may also influence digestibility and allergenic potential. The mass spectrometry data have been deposited with the ProteomeXchange with the identifier <PXD078377>.

The journal retracts the article titled "Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of 7S and 11S Globulins Isolated from Cowpea Seed Protein" [...].

Probiotics have been widely used in aquaculture. Host-derived probiotics offer advantages in intestinal adhesion and colonization. This study characterized probiotic properties of Latilactobacillus sakei MG6, a gut-derived strain, and evaluated its effects on immune modulation, nutrient metabolism, and intestinal microbiota community of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Samples were collected at the following time points: CON (day 0, diet without MG6 supplementation), days L1-7 (days 1, 2, 3, and 7, turbots fed diets with MG6 supplementation), and days S3-7 (days 3 and 7, after post-cessation). In vitro assays revealed that L. sakei MG6 exhibited strong acid tolerance, bile salt resistance, and high auto-aggregation. And the cell-free supernatant of L. sakei MG6 showed antimicrobial activity against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio scophthalmi. In vivo, the results demonstrated that compared to CON, dietary MG6 significantly enhanced respiratory burst activity at days L1 and S3, increased serum total protein, albumin, and globulin levels at day L1. The expressions of immune related genes IL-8, IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β, MHC-I, and IFIH1 in the head kidney were also upregulated by dietary MG6 at days L3 and L7. Concurrently, the digestive enzyme activities were also significantly elevated by MG6 at days L3 and L7. Dietary MG6 reshaped gut microbial community, with L7 exhibiting enriched microbial diversity, stabilized co-occurrence networks, and positive correlations with nutrient metabolism pathways. However, the turbot showed disrupted intestinal homeostasis and impaired nutrient absorption at S3. These results demonstrated that L. sakei MG6 can effectively colonize the turbot intestine, synergistically enhance immune function, metabolic efficiency, and intestinal microbial resilience, supporting its application as a functional feed additive for sustainable aquaculture. The alternate feeding strategy of MG6 (Cessation of MG6 supplementation) induces intestinal dysbiosis and metabolic dysregulation in turbot, whereas continuous MG6 supplementation may demonstrate superior benefits for host health.

This study evaluated dietary quinoa seed extract (QSE) in Nile tilapia fingerlings (initial weight 6.32 ± 0.09g). Fish were fed a basal diet (CTR) or a diet supplemented with QSE at 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0g kg⁻¹ for 56 days. Results showed that 1.0g kg⁻¹ QSE significantly improved final body weight (33.46 vs. 27.76g in CTR), weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio (P < 0.05). Furthermore, serum total protein and globulin increased, while liver enzymes (ALT, AST) decreased in QSE-fed fish. Also, digestive enzyme activities (amylase, lipase) and antioxidant capacity (catalase, GSH) were enhanced. Notably, all QSE-supplemented groups showed 100% survival following A. veronii challenge versus 50% in controls. Meanwhile, whole-body lipid content increased with QSE supplementation, correlating with upregulated pparγ and lpl and downregulated pparα expression. In conclusion, dietary QSE at 0.5-1.0g kg⁻¹ effectively enhances growth, immunity, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia.

Albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB) and albumin-to-globulin ratio (AGR) are linked to vascular diseases, but their relationships with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) remain inadequately explored. This study aimed to examine the associations between these biomarkers and CSVD burden. Participants from the PolyvasculaR Evaluation for Cognitive Impairment and vaScular Events (PRECISE) study were included. CSVD severity was assessed using total and modified CSVD burden scores derived from white matter hyperintensity (WMH), enlarged perivascular spaces in basal ganglia (BG-EPVS), lacunes and cerebral microbleeds. Logistic regression and two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) were employed to estimate associations and potential causal effects. Among 3042 subjects (mean age 61.2 years), lower ALB, higher GLB and lower AGR were significantly associated with greater total and modified CSVD burden after adjusting for confounders. Specifically, the risk of total CSVD burden was significantly increased for the lowest ALB tertile (cOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.60), highest GLB tertile (cOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.63) and lowest AGR tertile (cOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.79) compared with their respective reference tertiles. Similar patterns were observed for WMH and BG-EPVS. MR analysis revealed that genetically predicted ALB was inversely associated with WMH volume (β -0.07, 95% CI -0.13 to -0.01), while genetically predicted GLB was positively associated with WMH volume (β 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.10). Lower ALB, higher GLB and lower AGR are associated with increased CSVD burden. Genetic evidence supports the causal roles of ALB and GLB in WMH development.

The present study investigated the effects of daily dietary supplementation with Spirulina platensis powder at two inclusion levels (0.04 g and 0.08 g/kg body weight) for working dogs. Spirulina platensis is a nutrient-rich microalgae containing high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidant pigments. These constituents are reported to possess immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and gut health-promoting effects. Dose-dependent effects on nutritional status, metabolic profiles, antioxidant and inflammatory status, gut integrity, immune function, and systemic gut health-related nutrigenomic responses were assessed in working dogs. A total of 15 adult male German Shepherd working dogs (age 2-3 years, weight range 24-26.5 kg) were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 5) over a 7-week experimental period, with evaluations at weeks 0, 3, and 7. The groups were as follows: first group, control (CON), fed on a basal diet; the second group (SP1) fed on the basal diet plus 0.04 g/kg body weight/day Spirulina powder; the third group (SP2) fed on the basal diet plus 0.08 g/kg body weight /day Spirulina powder. Body weight, body condition score, daily food intake, fecal score, and fecal moisture did not differ among the three groups during the trial (P > 0.05). Indeed, Spirulina supplementation was significantly associated with higher serum total protein, albumin, and globulin concentrations (P < 0.05). Moreover, a significant difference in lipid profile was observed, characterized by reduced total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels (P < 0.05). Similarly, lower aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and urea concentrations were observed in Spirulina-supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Furthermore, supplemented groups exhibited enhanced total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (P < 0.05). Regarding serum gut barrier integrity-related genes, there is a significant upregulation of occludin (OCLN) and a reduction in fatty acid binding protein 2 (FABP2) in the supplemented groups (P < 0.05). In terms of inflammatory and immune biomarkers, there is significant downregulation of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in the serum of dogs supplemented with Spirulina (P < 0.05). Interestingly, Spirulina-supplemented groups showed a significant decrease in calprotectin and increase in fecal IgA levels (P < 0.05). In addition, Changes in selected culturable fecal bacterial populations were observed in the Spirulina-supplemented groups indicated by significant increased total bacterial count and lactobacillus count accompanied by a lower coliform level (P < 0.05). For the parameters that showed significant differences, treatment, time, treatment × time interaction were all significant (P < 0.05). In most parameters, the higher inclusion level (0.08 g/kg) produced more pronounced effects. Short-term dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis, particularly at 0.08 g/kg body weight inclusion level, was associated with modulation of biochemical profile, antioxidant status, inflammatory and immune biomarkers, selected microbial markers, and overall intestinal health in working dogs. These findings suggest potential systemic biological effects; however, considering the limited sample size and exploratory design, the results should be interpreted cautiously and warrant confirmation in larger, longer-term studies.

Enzymatic modification of pumpkin and groundnut seed proteins for enhanced digestibility: BCAA-enriched peptide profiling and structural-functional characterization.

Microalgae have many bioactive compounds as well as nutritional properties and have been used as a functional feed supplement to improve the health status of fish and their performance. Thus, the current trial was conducted to test the impacts of dietary supplement of phenolic compounds extracted from either Arthrospira platensis (PCA) or Chlorella vulgaris (PCC) on Nile tilapia (initial body weight: 1.52 ± 0.10 g) growth performance, digestive and hepatic antioxidant enzymes activity and immune related gene expression over a period of 70 days. Therefore, three isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated, and the experimental fish were fed these diets to satiation. The basal diet did not contain any supplements (control diet), whereas the other two diets were supplemented with 50 mg/kg of PCA and PCC, respectively. Compared with the control diet, growth parameters and survival rates were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation of phenolic compounds of PCA and PCC. Most digestive enzymes were recorded in fish fed with phenolic extract of A. platensis. The ALT and AST values of fish fed diet supplemented with phenolic compounds extract from either PCA or PCC improved significantly compared with the basal diet. In addition, blood profile including serum total protein, albumin and globulin amounts augmented significantly in fish fed a diet enriched with phenolic compounds extracted of PCA and PCC (P < 0.05). The maximum immune response parameters such as phagocytic activity, lysozyme and IgM activities were recorded for fish fed diets enriched with phenolic extract of PCA (P < 0.05). The activities of antioxidant enzymes were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed diets enriched with phenolic extract of A. platensis and C. vulgaris compared with the basal diet (control). Diet containing phenolic extract of PCA and PCC showed (P < 0.05) up-regulated transcripts of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 1β (IL-1 β), but heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) genes were down-regulated. Fish fed phenolic extract of PCA showed the highest levels of IFN-γ and IL-1 β gene expression. Based on the findings achieved, the supplemental diets containing either PCA or PCC modulated growth performance, blood profile, enzymes activities, immune responses and related immune genes, with PCA providing the most effective response.

Flavonoids, with their diverse bioactive properties, are a group of over 4,000 naturally occurring phenolic compounds found in plants. They are mainly categorized into six classes: flavanones, flavones, flavonols, isoflavonoids, anthocyanins, and flavans. This study evaluates the effects of three flavonoids (catechin, quercetin, and hesperidin) on growth, feed utilization, hematological parameters, serum biochemistry, immune responses, and Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus , resistance to bacterial challenges. Two dietary levels (0.1% and 1.0%) of each flavonoid and a control diet were offered twice daily to three replicate groups of tilapia (initial weight 11.5g) for 8 weeks. High levels (1%) of both quercetin and catechin resulted in reduced weight gain and feed consumption. At 1% inclusion levels, hesperidin significantly enhanced serum complement activities, while catechin increased serum globulin levels. However, catechin reduced erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, and hematocrit at this concentration, whereas quercetin decreased liver size and lipid content. Both dietary hesperidin and catechin concentrations (0.1% and 1.0%) significantly improved survival rates following a challenge with Streptococcus iniae compared to the control group. In conclusion, hesperidin can be used effectively as a functional feed additive in tilapia diets at concentrations up to 1%. It enhances immunity and offers better protection against S. iniae . Similarly, lower concentrations of catechin (&amp;lt;1%) can also be beneficial for protecting against S. iniae .

BackgroundHemorrhagic transformation (HT) after endovascular treatment (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains a major clinical challenge, particularly in populations vulnerable to vascular and endothelial injury. Beyond conventional clinical predictors, microcirculatory dysfunction and blood–brain barrier (BBB) vulnerability may critically influence the risk of hemorrhagic complications following reperfusion. However, existing prediction models often rely on isolated imaging markers or basic clinical variables, failing to capture the integrated pathophysiological processes linking collateral circulation, microvascular perfusion, and BBB integrity.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed 202 consecutive AIS patients undergoing EVT (2021–2024). Collateral circulation was assessed via ASITN/SIR scale; CT perfusion (CTP)-derived parameters (rCBF, rCBV, rMTT, rTTP, rPS) quantified microcirculation and BBB integrity. Clinical/laboratory variables (including serum globulin) were collected. Multivariate logistic regression identified HT/parenchymal hematoma (PH) predictors; a nomogram was validated via ROC, calibration, bootstrap, DCA, and CIC. HT subtypes were correlated with functional outcomes.ResultsHT occurred in 82 patients (40.6%, 37 PH cases). Higher ASITN/SIR grade (OR = 0.616), rCBF (OR = 0.053), and rCBV (OR = 0.204) were protective; rPS (OR = 2.624) and serum globulin (OR = 1.138) were risk factors for HT. The multimodal model (integrating three mechanistic pathways) showed excellent discrimination (AUC = 0.867) and superior net clinical benefit. For PH, ASITN/SIR was protective (AUC = 0.745). HT patients had poorer outcomes (p < 0.001), with PH worse than HI (p = 0.046).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that BBB vulnerability, microcirculatory dysfunction, and collateral status are key determinants of hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular treatment in acute ischemic stroke. By integrating these interrelated vascular and endothelial mechanisms, the proposed model provides insight into susceptibility to reperfusion-related hemorrhagic injury and offers a practical framework for individualized risk stratification in the peri-procedural setting.