Global Warming Potential Of CO2 Research Articles

Utilization of Biomethane to Support Energy Security in Indonesia, Riau Province: A Case Study

As the largest global palm oil producer, Indonesia contributes 59% to the world’s palm oil supply, producing 46.9 million tons of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in 2021. However, this extensive production poses an environmental challenge through Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), estimated at 156 million m3 annually. POME treatment facilities release Biogas, predominantly Methane (CH4) at 50%–75%, a potent Greenhouse Gas (GHG) with 21 times the global warming potential of CO2. Conversely, Methane is a key component of widely used Natural Gas. Properly treated, POME-derived biogas can be upgraded to Biomethane, a clean and carbon-negative alternative for the Natural Gas Grid or fossil fuel substitution, estimated at 1,280 MWe, equivalent to 288 MMSCFD CH4. Despite Biomethane’s potential, its utilization remains limited to self-use in Palm Oil Mills or power plants, even in Riau Province, home to Indonesia’s largest oil palm plantation. PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk survey identified potential customers in Riau willing to adopt natural gas, hindered by infrastructure and economic scale challenges. This research analyzes obstacles to biomethane business development in Indonesia, focusing on Riau Province, aiming to formulate an optimal distribution scheme and sustainable strategies. Methodologically, a mix of quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques, including literature studies, interviews, and questionnaires, informed a comprehensive analysis employing geographical, transportation cost, financial modeling, SWOT, and risk analyses. Findings suggest trucking as the optimal distribution mode for biomethane to scattered customers. Economic viability hinges on biomethane volume, necessitating stability and increased sales volume strategies. For Riau, four potential customers with a total daily demand of 11,248.93 m3 can be served affordably by selecting palm oil mills within a 76 km radius. Price and security supply considerations are crucial. This research provides insights into overcoming challenges and optimizing the biomethane business in Riau, offering a sustainable model for broader adoption in Indonesia.

A rationale for higher ratios of CH4 to CO2 production in warmer anoxic freshwater sediments and soils

A rationale for higher ratios of <scp>CH₄</scp> to <scp>CO₂</scp> production in warmer anoxic freshwater sediments and soils

A comparison between low- and high-pressure injection dual-fuel modes of diesel-pilot-ignition ammonia combustion engines

Ammonia, as a carbon-free fuel, is drawing more and more attention due to its potential of decarbonization for marine engines. The dual-fuel mode that can compensate for the poor combustion properties of ammonia has exhibited some prospects for practical application, but more relevant researches are urgent to promote the carbon-free fuel, especially for the high-pressure injection dual-fuel (HPDF) mode. In this paper, the ammonia spray experiments under the diesel-like conditions are conducted using the high-speed photography to calibrate the spray sub-models. Then, the combustion and emission characteristics of the low- and high-pressure injection dual-fuel modes of diesel pilot-ignition ammonia combustion engines are numerically studied and compared. Particularly, the equivalent CO2 considering the global warming potential of CO2 and N2O are evaluated (i.e. CO2 + 300 × N2O). The results show that the maximum ammonia ratio about 80% by energy is recommended for the low-pressure injection dual-fuel (LPDF) mode and further increase the diesel replacement ratio will increase the probability of misfire, while the HPDF mode has the potential to achieve a 97% diesel replacement ratio. Compared with the pure diesel mode, the HPDF mode has similar indicated thermal efficiency, cooling and exhaust loss, while it can significantly reduce the equivalent CO2 with little increase in the NH3 emissions. Owing to the reduced heat transfer loss, the LPDF mode has the potential to achieve a higher indicated thermal efficiency than the pure-diesel mode, but its ability to reduce the equivalent CO2 would be relatively limited because the significant increase of N2O emissions if exhaust after treatments were not employed. The comparison between the LPDF mode and HPDF mode shows that the former case has the potential to achieve a higher indicated thermal efficiency, while the latter case can significantly reduce the engine-out NH3, NOx and greenhouse gas emissions.

Life cycle assessment on a small scale tofu industry in Baturetno village – Bantu District - Yogyakarta

Tofu is one of Indonesian traditional foods that is produced mostly by small medium scale industry. It is indicated by low production scale, inefficient in using production material and energy during the process. Baturetno village in Bantul district is center of tofu industries in Yogyakarta Province and is facing common problem such as lack of knowledge, inefficient using energy, using human labour, and no appropriate technology applied. This study is aimed to apply Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for evaluating the process, waste and emission released to environment and is focused on Global Warming Potential (GWP). The LCA gate-to-gate was applied in a small-scale tofu industry, which had one worker, a production capacity 50 kg soybean/day, 6 working stations and used wood and electricity. For producing 1 kg fresh tofu it was needed energy from human, fuel, wood and electricity were needed for producing 1 kg fresh tofu 1.5269 MJ/kg and produced pollutant contributed as global warming potential of CO2, NOx, CO and CH4 totally 0.1766 kg CO2-equivalent.

Seagrass and macrophyte mediated CO2 and CH4 dynamics in shallow coastal waters.

Seagrass meadows are among the most important coastal/ marine ecosystems for long-term carbon storage and conditioning of coastal waters. A combined air-water flux of CO2 and CH4 from the seagrass meadows was studied for the first time from Asia’s largest brackish–water lagoon, Chilika, India. Ecosystem-based comparisons were carried out during two hydrologically different conditions of dry and wet seasons in the seagrass dominated southern sector (SS); macrophyte-dominated northern sector (NS); the largely un-vegetated central sector (CS) and the tidally active outer channel (OC) of the lagoon. The mean fluxes of CO2 from SS, NS, CS and OC were 9.8, 146.6, 48.4 and 33.0mM m-2d-1, and that of CH4 were 0.12, 0.11, 0.05 and 0.07mM m-2d-1, respectively. The net emissions (in terms of CO2 equivalents), considering the global warming potential of CO2 (GWP: 1) and CH4 (GWP: 28) from seagrass meadows were over 14 times lower compared to the macrophyte-dominated sector of the lagoon. Contrasting emissivity characteristics of CO2 and CH4 were observed between macrophytes and seagrass, with the former being a persistent source of CO2. It is inferred that although seagrass meadows act as a weak source of CH4, they could be effective sinks of CO2 if land-based pollution sources are minimized.

Overhaul needed for methane measurements

Sources and amounts of emissions of methane—an extremely potent greenhouse gas—from human activities are clouded in uncertainty, says a report by a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering & Medicine expert panel. These uncertainties have challenged efforts to reduce emissions and curb the impact of climate change, notes the report. Consequently, the committee recommends that the U.S. develop a new, comprehensive system to measure human-made methane emissions. Such a system could serve as an international model, says James W. C. White, committee chair and University of Colorado, Boulder, geology professor. Methane contributes but 9% of total anthropogenic greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide accounts for most of the rest. However, methane has 86 times the global warming potential of CO2 in the first 20 years after it is emitted. Recently, scientists used spectroscopic observations of atmospheric methane to show directly that methane’s warming effect on Earth’s climate has been increasing since 2007 (Nat.

Electricity sector’s contribution to greenhouse gas concentration in Nigeria

PurposeRecent developments in the electricity generation sector of Nigeria necessitated the re-assessment of its contribution to air emission level in the country as information provided by previous inventory is nearly out-of-date. The purpose of this paper is to quantify the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions generated from existing thermal power plants in the country.Design/methodology/approachThermal power plants in Nigeria and their installed capacities were identified, and estimation of CO2 emission from each of the plants was carried out using the emission factor method. In addition to the direct emissions generated through the combustion operation of the power plants, indirect emissions resulting from upstream activities such as extraction, production, and transportation of fuels consumed by the thermal power plant was determined using the same method.FindingsIn total, 40 thermal power plants are currently operational in Nigeria. Additional 18 thermal plants are at different stages of completion. The operational thermal plants have average generation output of 40 percent of their installed capacity and produce 87.3 million metric tonne (mmt)/annum CO2 emissions. In total, 66.9 percent of the estimated emissions are direct emissions, i.e. fuel combustion emissions; the rest are indirect emissions. Additional 67.9 mmt was estimated as expected overall emissions from the thermal power plants under construction. Considering the global warming potential of CO2, proactive measures must be taken to regulate its emissions from the country’s thermal power plants.Originality/valueThis paper bridged the information gap existing in the emission inventory from the Nigeria electricity sector by providing up-to-date data on the contribution of the sector to greenhouse gas emission level in the country.

CO2 and N2O emissions from Lou soils of greenhouse tomato fields under aerated irrigation

The change of O2 content in soil caused by aerated irrigation (AI) must inevitably affect the production and emissions of CO2 and N2O from soils. This paper described in-situ observation of CO2 and N2O emissions from AI soils with static chamber-GC technique, in order to reveal the effects of AI on CO2 and N2O emissions from soils of greenhouse tomato fields in autumn-winter season. CO2 and N2O emissions from AI soils mainly concentrated in the blooming and fruit setting period compared to other periods. AI increased cumulative emissions of CO2 and N2O by 11.8% (p = 0.394) and 10.0% (p = 0.480), respectively, compared to the control. The integrative global warming potential of CO2 and N2O on a 100-year horizon for the AI treatment was 6430.60 kg ha−1, increased by 11.7% compared with that for the control (p = 0.356). Both the emissions of CO2 and N2O from AI soils had the exponential positive correlation with soil water-filled pore space (WFPS). The highest peak of CO2 and N2O fluxes from AI soils was observed at 46.7% and 47.5% WFPS, with WFPS ranging from 43.3% to 51.5% and from 45.6% to 52.3% during the whole growth stage, respectively. In addition, the average yield for the AI treatment (34.52 t ha−1) was significantly greater (17.4%) compared with that of the control (p = 0.018). These results suggest that AI do not significantly increase the integrative greenhouse effect caused by CO2 and N2O from soils of greenhouse tomato fields, but significantly increase the tomato yield. The research results provide certain theoretical foundation and scientific basis for accurately evaluating the farmland ecological effect of AI technique.

Coarse woody debris effects on greenhouse gas emission rates depend on cover soil type in oil sands reclamation

Peat mineral soil mix (PMM) and forest floor mineral soil mix (FMM) are cover soils commonly used for land reclamation, while coarse woody debris (CWD) can be added to create structural diversity and provide an additional source of organic matter. However, the effect of cover soil type and CWD on emission rates of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in reclaimed oil sands soils has not been studied. Soil respiration, CH4 uptake and N2O emission rates were studied in a factorial experiment consisting of 2 cover soils (FMM vs PMM)×2 sampling distances from the CWD (near vs away from CWD). Greenhouse gas emission rates were measured in July, August, and September 2012 and 2013 using static chambers. Soil respiration rates were greater in FMM than in PMM regardless of the distance from CWD at each sampling time (p<0.05). Rates ranged from 461 to 1148 and 293 to 677mg CO2 m−2h−1 for FMM and PMM, respectively, in 2012, and from 355 to 1318 and 235 to 700mg CO2 m−2h−1, respectively, in 2013. The CWD increased soil respiration by 22–33% in FMM but not in PMM. Soil respiration rates were positively related to microbial biomass carbon (p=0.004) and nitrogen (p<0.001). Soil respiration rates decreased from July to September in 2012 and 2013, and were positively related to soil temperature (p<0.01) but not with soil water content measured at 5cm depth. Methane uptake rates were greater in FMM (0.026–0.037) than in PMM (0.015–0.028mg CH4 m−2h−1). The CWD increased CH4 uptake rates only in July and August 2012 in FMM, and were negatively related to soil water content (p<0.001) but not to soil temperature. Nitrous oxide emission rates (0.001–0.016mgN2Om−2h−1) were not affected by either cover soil type or CWD. Global warming potential of CO2, CH4 and N2O effluxes was greater in FMM than in PMM and near CWD than away from CWD, especially in FMM. Our study demonstrates that applying CWD for oil sands reclamation increases organic matter decomposition (increased CO2 evolution), driven by the effect on microbial populations. Results from this study provide support to findings in earlier studies that CWD application benefits vegetation establishment through enhancing soil processes in reclaimed oil sands lands.

Short communication: Genetic study of methane production predicted from milk fat composition in dairy cows

Dairy cows produce enteric methane, a greenhouse gas with 25 times the global warming potential of CO2. Breeding could make a permanent, cumulative, and long-term contribution to methane reduction. Due to a lack of accurate, repeatable, individual methane measurements needed for breeding, indicators of methane production based on milk fatty acids have been proposed. The aim of the present study was to quantify the genetic variation for predicted methane yields. The milk fat composition of 1,905 first-lactation Dutch Holstein-Friesian cows was used to investigate 3 different predicted methane yields (g/kg of DMI): Methane1, Methane2, and Methane3. Methane1 was based on the milk fat proportions of C17:0anteiso, C18:1 rans-10+11, C18:1 cis-11, and C18:1 cis-13 (R2=0.73). Methane2 was based on C4:0, C18:0, C18:1 trans-10+11, and C18:1 cis-11 (R2=0.70). Methane3 was based on C4:0, C6:0, and C18:1 trans-10+11 (R2=0.63). Predicted methane yields were demonstrated to be heritable traits, with heritabilities between 0.12 and 0.44. Breeding can, thus, be used to decrease methane production predicted based on milk fatty acids.

Modeling methane emissions and methane inventories for cattle production systems in Mexico

Anaerobic fermentation of structural carbohydrates in the rumen of bovines produces waste products such as volatile fatty acids, fermentation heat, carbon dioxide and methane gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas having several times the global warming potential of CO2. The purpose of the present paper is to provide a realistic estimate of the national inventory of methane produced by the enteric fermentation of cattle, based on a simulation model and to provide estimates of CH4 produced by cattle fed typical diets from the tropical and temperate climates of Mexico. Predicted total emission of methane produced by the 23.3 million heads of cattle in Mexico is approximately 2.02 Tg/yr. It was concluded that the modeling approach was suitable in producing a better estimate of the national methane inventory for cattle. It is flexible enough to incorporate more cattle groups or classification schemes, productivity levels and a variety feed ingredients for cattle. The model could also be used to evaluate different mitigation strategies and serve as a tool to design mitigation policies.

Incineration: Efficient, Economical, and Environmental

Industries are continually looking for innovative ways to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission,. Incineration of waste gas products is not a new concept to the oil and gas industry. However in recent years significant improvements in incinerator design and technology have resulted in optimal performance, increased reliability and reduced capital and operating costs.Since the technology has a measurable 99.99% combustion efficiency with no visible flame, black smoke, or detectable odour, petroleum companies are now considering incineration as a cost effective and environmentally responsible alternative to conventional flaring. Incineration is a proven method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because the global warming potential (GWP) of methane is 21 times greater than the GWP of CO2. Hence. the complete combustion process that incineration offers reduces the global warming effect and significantly improves air quality. Also assisting in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the fact that incineration requires significantly less fuel gas to combust low heat content streams such as acid or tail gas.Discussion. Incineration allows for the complete combustion of waste gas Streams, where the only emissions exiting the stack to the atmosphere are carbon dioxide and water vapour. Sulphur dioxide also exits the stack when sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide are present in the waste gas stream. Complete combustion is achieved with incineration due primarily to the elevated temperatures reached in the enclosed combustion chamber. In stacks where sufficient temperatures cannot be achieved. Incomplete combustion will result and a variety of by-products are formed that often appear as black smoke and soot particles. From the research conducted by the University of Alberta and the Alberta Research Council, over 250 of these compounds have been identified, some of which are carcinogenic poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The soot and black smoke occurs most noticeably when the gas is rich (longer chain hydrocarbons), as is the case with solution gas.Flares have difficulty burning efficiently as they do not reach as high a temperature and their performance is adversely affected by cross winds, composition, and entrained liquid droplet size in the waste gas stream. Incineration allows control of lhe combustion process to increase efficiency and optimize the fuel gas consumption. Hence, improving the combustion process by using incineration improves the air quality in the vicinity of oil and gas facilities, as opposed to flaring or venting the waste gas.Incineration Technology. The combustion process within the incinerator results in a thorough mixing of the waste gas stream with sufficient air, followed by the ignition process. The elevated temperatures reached in an incinerator ensure complete combustion of the waste stream.Improvements in incinerator design and technology have resulted in reduced costs and greater reliability. Since the technology has measurable 99.99% combustion efficiency with no visible name black smoke, or detectable odour, petroleum companies are now considering incineration as a cost-effective and environmentally responsible alternative to conventional flaring.These principles are primarily responsible for improved air quality and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

Incineration: Efficient, Economical, and Environmental

Abstract Industries are continually looking for innovative ways to improve air quality and reduce greenhouse gas emission,. Incineration of waste gas products is not a new concept to the oil and gas industry. However in recent years significant improvements in incinerator design and technology have resulted in optimal performance, increased reliability and reduced capital and operating costs. Since the technology has a measurable 99.99% combustion efficiency with no visible flame, black smoke, or detectable odour, petroleum companies are now considering incineration as a cost effective and environmentally responsible alternative to conventional flaring. Incineration is a proven method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions because the global warming potential (GWP) of methane is 21 times greater than the GWP of CO2. Hence. the complete combustion process that incineration offers reduces the global warming effect and significantly improves air quality. Also assisting in reducing greenhouse gas emissions is the fact that incineration requires significantly less fuel gas to combust low heat content streams such as acid or tail gas. Discussion Incineration allows for the complete combustion of waste gas Streams, where the only emissions exiting the stack to the atmosphere are carbon dioxide and water vapour. Sulphur dioxide also exits the stack when sulphur compounds such as hydrogen sulphide are present in the waste gas stream. Complete combustion is achieved with incineration due primarily to the elevated temperatures reached in the enclosed combustion chamber. In stacks where sufficient temperatures cannot be achieved. Incomplete combustion will result and a variety of by-products are formed that often appear as black smoke and soot particles. From the research conducted by the University of Alberta and the Alberta Research Council, over 250 of these compounds have been identified, some of which are carcinogenic poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The soot and black smoke occurs most noticeably when the gas is rich (longer chain hydrocarbons), as is the case with solution gas. Flares have difficulty burning efficiently as they do not reach as high a temperature and their performance is adversely affected by cross winds, composition, and entrained liquid droplet size in the waste gas stream. Incineration allows control of lhe combustion process to increase efficiency and optimize the fuel gas consumption. Hence, improving the combustion process by using incineration improves the air quality in the vicinity of oil and gas facilities, as opposed to flaring or venting the waste gas. Incineration Technology The combustion process within the incinerator results in a thorough mixing of the waste gas stream with sufficient air, followed by the ignition process. The elevated temperatures reached in an incinerator ensure complete combustion of the waste stream. Improvements in incinerator design and technology have resulted in reduced costs and greater reliability. Since the technology has measurable 99.99% combustion efficiency with no visible name black smoke, or detectable odour, petroleum companies are now considering incineration as a cost-effective and environmentally responsible alternative to conventional flaring. These principles are primarily responsible for improved air quality and the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

EU Emission Trading: Starting with Carbon Dioxide

The Commission of the European Union wants to start a limited emission trading scheme by 2005 within the Community to enable “learning-by-doing” prior to the Kyoto Protocol. This is to accomplish the desired 8% target level for six different greenhouse gases. However, in the EU it is not clear whether all the six relevant greenhouse gases or only CO2 should be traded. What is the simplest and most practicable solution? We argue in favour of the latter option for three main reasons: the possible dominating global warming potential of CO2, expected future developments in CO2 emissions and the fact, that CO2 is the pollutant most easily monitored.