Global Terrorism Index Research Articles

Exploring the possible effects of social vulnerability components on terrorism

ABSTRACT Although many studies on social vulnerability focus on mitigating negative effects and crisis management in terms of the physical, economic, structural, and non-structural resilience of countries we found limited research on the effects of these indicators on terrorism that has a great unfavourable footprint on human, global, and environmental security. Furthermore, despite the differing outlooks of the various countries, the last three factors; the physical indicator is the preeminent threat multiplier worldwide. Climate change further exacerbates this vulnerability for all. In this study, we aimed to visualize the four components of “The Commonwealth Universal Vulnerability Index (UVI)” and the “Global Terrorism Index (GTI)” and revealed the effects of independent variables on dependent variable. To actualize this, we obtained valid data of these variables concerning 109 countries covering the term of 2010–2018 and analyzed using Logarithmic Multiple Linear Regression (LMLR). We found that while climate change aggravates terrorism in one way, economy, and non-structural resilience affect terrorism in a negative direction at the 95% confidence interval. However, we did not encounter a statistically meaningful relationship between terrorism and structural resilience, which enables robust human development, market connectivity, and demographic structure.

Beyond Militarisation: Reclaiming Gandhian Ideals for a Harmonious World

In a world grappling with conflict and violence, the principles of Mahatma Gandhi pertaining to non-violence and peace offer a beacon of hope to all the global leaders (Anita Bhatt, 2019). The paper provides insights into the relevance and applications of Gandhian principles in today's context, and emphasizes the need to reclaim these ideals in order to make this world more harmonious and a better place to work. As militarisation and global tensions escalate, as evident from the increasing trend of military expenditure, there is a pressing need to embrace Gandhian values of truth, non-violence, and compassion. Gandhi's philosophy, rooted in truth, non-violence, and compassion, resonates in today's context of increasing militarisation and global tensions. The article discusses how Gandhian principles can inform efforts in conflict resolution, sustainable development, and human rights promotion. The Global Peace Index (GPI) and Global Terrorism Index (GTI) reports highlight the urgency of reclaiming Gandhian ideals. The GPI shows a 0.42 percent decline in global peacefulness, with Russia's invasion of Ukraine driving the deterioration. The GTI reveals a 22 percent increase in deaths from terrorism in 2023. The article also presents case studies, such as the Salt March and the Civil Rights Movement, showcasing the power of Gandhian non-violence in inspiring social change around the globe. It also discusses challenges, including the military-industrial complex and historical conflicts, and opportunities, such as non-violent resistance movements and international cooperation, in moving beyond militarisation. Gandhian principles of nonviolence, truth, self-reliance, and respect for all beings can help us strive towards a more peaceful and harmonious world. The article calls for collective efforts and commitment to reclaiming these ideals for a safe and brighter future for all.

Analysis and optimization of global terrorism index indicators

Analysis and optimization of global terrorism index indicators

아프리카 사헬지역 테러양상 변화에 따른 재외국민 보호 발전방안 연구

The purpose of this study is to examine the factors behind the change in terrorism in the Sahel region of Africa since COVID-19. Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the Global Terrorism Index and the number of deaths due to terrorism have decreased globally. However, the Sahel region in Africa has seen a sharp increase in terrorist attacks and deaths. Over the past few years, the focus of international terrorist organizations has shifted from the Middle East, South Asia, and North Africa to the Sahel, which includes border areas that are relatively difficult for governments to control. The Sahel region has complex security challenges, which have been exacerbated by COVID-19 and are thought to have contributed to the rise in terrorism. Political instability, the decline of democracy, the rise of international terrorist organizations, and new means of attack, such as drones, are some of the factors that have contributed to the rise of terrorism in the Sahel since COVID-19. In order to respond to these threats, the report suggests ways to develop an expatriate protection response system, such as supplementing the expatriate protection crisis management manual, utilizing private security guard capabilities, and establishing anti-drone systems for missions and key facilities.

SOCIOLOGICAL NEXUS BETWEEN CULTURE AND TERRORISM IN TERMS OF HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

This study aims to indicate the cultural factors nexus terrorism in terms of Bourdieusian terminology’s conceptual framework, which synthesizes social, economic, and cultural explanations and thus proves useful for studying political and religious radicalization, extremism, and recruitment to terrorism. This analysis can be used to comparatively assess the countries’ cultural tendencies relevant to terrorism. In this study, Hofstede's culture scale, which is regarded as a paradigm and towering figure by most scholars was used. The research endeavors to illustrate the effects of Hofstede's cultural dimensions (widely known model of national culture) on Global Terrorism Index scores via a multiple linear regression model. Terrorists marginalized others and created their discourse to commit rhetoric narrated by fairy tales and protagonists. The findings expressed that whereas the power distance has an increasing effect on terrorism (while increasing terrorism), the long-term orientation has a mitigating effect (reduces terrorism). On the other hand, no significant results were obtained from the dimension of individualism versus collectivism, femininity versus masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, and indulgence versus restraint. However; we evaluate that social media usage has a centralizing and affiliating effect between collectivism and individualism.

The Evolution of Mako Brimob Kelapa Dua Depok Strategy in Security Ahead of the 2024 Elections from the Threat of Terrorism

Indonesia is a democratic country where general elections serve as a fundamental pillar in realizing democratic principles and act as a crucial mechanism ensuring active citizen participation in determining their representatives. Given the significance of the election moment as a pivotal point in Indonesia's political dynamics, it brings about a vulnerable risk of security disturbances, including terrorism threats. Indonesia bears a significant presence of terrorism, ranking third in the Asia-Pacific region according to the Global Terrorism Index 2023. The aim of this research is to elucidate the evolution of security strategies implemented by Mako Brimob Kelapa Dua Depok in facing terrorism threats related to the 2024 elections. The research method employed is qualitative, utilizing theories of security intelligence, social construction, and terrorism concepts. The results indicate that the 2024 General Election in Indonesia is a crucial political event, with a primary focus on anticipating terrorism threats due to the perceived intense political dynamics, increased political polarization, fierce competition among political parties, and extensive use of social media. Forms of terrorism leading up to the election include physical attacks, cyber-attacks, voter intimidation, and potential political conflicts. Security intelligence strategies in facing terrorism have evolved to involve prevention, intervention, and recovery. Strategic steps include establishing specialized intelligence agencies, technological advancements, and inter-agency collaboration. The evolution of security strategies related to the 2024 elections encompasses increased intelligence activities, enhanced intervention capabilities, and preparation for post-terrorism recovery. Special task forces, specialized equipment procurement, and collaboration with various stakeholders demonstrate Mako Brimob's efforts to enhance responses to terrorism threats

Accidental Explosions, Beirut ANFO Blast, Ghana Truck Explosion, Global Terrorism Index 2021-22, and Blast Mitigation: A Review

Explosions are continually occurring without ceasing in many parts of the world endangering human lives and seriously affecting the health of infrastructures and facilities. Industry accidental mishaps that occurred recently, like those in Ghana (2022; 17 deaths), Russia (2021; 18 deaths), Beirut (2020; 220 deaths; $8bn economic loss), and Tientsin (2015, 173 deaths; $6.86bn economic loss), indicate the severity of the industrial devastation one could gauge that explosions may cause. Very recently, another industrial blast occurred at a rocket and explosive factory in the capital city of Turkey leading to the collapse of a nearby building and causing 5 deaths and serious injuries to over 50 civilians, is an eye-opener. This article offers a condensed examination of subjects related to explosions, including accidental detonations, the Beirut ANFO explosion, and the Ghana truck explosion. The report findings from the global terrorism index 2021-22 are analyzed and discussed. Additionally, strategies for both active and passive measures to mitigate the impact of explosions on infrastructure and facilities are emphasized. To ensure safety and durability against damage, the structure needs to possess resilience in the face of explosions. Therefore, it is crucial to analyze how the structure responds to extreme loading in order to enhance the design philosophy. Currently, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the mechanism of blast and how it affects masonry structures. Consequently, further research is required to delve deeper into this subject.

The evolution of terrorism in Russia in the years 2015-2022. Quantitative analysis of the phenomenon

In the years 2015-2021, Russia’s rank in Global Terrorism Index became lower every year. In 2015 and 2016, it was classified as third among the European countries, behind Ukraine and France. In the following period (2017-2021), the United Kingdom also found itself ahead of Russia, which fell to the fourth position. The present article has the form of a quantitative analysis. The research goal is to identify trends related to terrorism that take place in the Russian Federation in the years 2015-2022 (in some parts, the analysis covers the time span between 2015 and 2021, due to lack of data). According to the hypothesis: The phenomenon of terrorism in Russia is closely related to the activities of jihadist organizations, and groups with a different profile pose a marginal threat. Quantitative analysis of the attacks conducted in the analyzed period will enable the verification of the hypothesis and determine the prospects for the development of this aspect.

Terror threat and investor sentiment: International evidence

Terrorism remains a persistent threat to global peace and stability, but its impact extends beyond the realm of security. We examine the impact of terrorism on the important capital market transaction of initial public offerings (IPOs). Consistent with the notion that terrorism dampens investor sentiment, we reveal robust evidence that first-day returns are lower in countries with higher Global Terrorism Index scores. Examining this issue at an international scale allows us to advance the literature in two important ways. First, we provide direct evidence that greater terror threat is associated with lower investor sentiment. Second, we determine that strong democratic principles, high-quality governance institutions, and transparent accounting disclosures moderate the negative impact of terror threat on investor sentiment and IPO returns.

세계 테러리즘 지수로 본 테러 범죄와 대테러 경찰 활동에 관한 연구

The landscape of terrorism has evolved from a national and international focus in the past to a prevalent transnational nature today. Islamic State-led attacks caused numerous casualties. Home-grown terrorism and terrorism with unclear motives also have risen. In this study, based on the Global Terrorism Index by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), I examined terrorist incidents targeting Western countries among the 66,000 recorded cases spanning from 2007 to 2022 to see their trends, motivations, and changes. Additionally, I conducted a comparative assessment of counter-terrorism policies and strategies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany. As a result, I suggest the following approaches the effectiveness of counter-terrorism policing: 1. Shifting the paradigm towards a proactive, preventive approach to terrorist crimes. 2. Promoting a shift in perspective to view terrorism as a disaster response issue, thereby expanding the authority and role of law enforcement agencies. 3. Establishing a legal framework underpinning counter-terrorism policing efforts. 4. Enhancing coordination with counter-terrorism organizations and related agencies.

Deradicalization Concept of Islamic Extremists to Maintain Law and Order of West Java Area

This study aims to develop a deradicalization concept for Islamic extremists within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police (Polda Jabar). The understanding of this concept is developed using qualitative descriptive methods and research and development (RND) designs. The research was prompted by data from the Global Terrorism Index in 2020, which ranked Indonesia fourth in the Asia Pacific region for its high terrorism index. This ranking is consistent with the factual conditions in Indonesia, where acts of terrorism and radicalism carried out by groups affiliated with Islam are prevalent. In the West Java Regional Police area, acts of radicalism and extremism affiliated with Islam are primarily concentrated along the south coast in places such as Garut, Tasikmalaya, and Sukabumi. Recently, a declaration of the Islamic State of Indonesia was discovered in the Garut region of West Java. The investigation conducted by the Garut Resort Police revealed significant community support for this declaration. If left unaddressed, this support poses a serious threat to the security and public order within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police. Therefore, the focus of this research is to develop a deradicalization pattern for extremists associated with Islamic groups. The ultimate goal is to ensure security and public order within the jurisdiction of the West Java Regional Police. By implementing effective deradicalization measures, it is hoped that the threat posed by extremist elements can be mitigated, contributing to a safer and more stable region.
 Keywords: deradicalization, Islamic extremists, security, West Java

The peculiarities of codifying special conditions for exemption from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act

Considering the events currently taking place in Ukraine, such as the annexation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol by the Russian Federation, as well as the full-scale invasion initiated by the aggressor state eight years into the Russian-Ukrainian war, it is worth noting that these circumstances have led to an increase in terrorism incidents in Ukraine.According to a comprehensive study by the University of Maryland, Institute for Economics and Peace: Global Terrorism Index, Ukraine ranks 17th in terms of terrorism levels among 160 countries surveyed. Therefore, in the current reality, research on criminal offenses, particularly terrorist acts, is highly relevant. The codification of criminal liability for such a criminal offense has become particularly important today, as this crime undermines both public security and the security of the state as a whole.This article examines the peculiarities of codifying special conditions for exemption from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act. The article analyzes the legal aspects of this issue, taking into account the problems that may arise in the application of the provision that allows for exemption from liability for the commission of a terrorist act.The author focuses on the presentation of Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in its current version, which pertains to the exemption of a person from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act.In exploring the conditions for exemption from liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act, as set out in Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code, attention is drawn to the presence of circumstances a terrorist act, as set out in Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code, attention is drawn to the presence of circumstances that must be taken into account when applying this provision.The article provides a comparative analysis of the provisions of Part 6 of Article 258 of the Criminal Code, which provides for exemption from criminal liability for the threat of committing a terrorist act, and Article 45 of the Criminal Code, which provides for exemption from criminal liability based on effective repentance. It also identifies the differences in the content of these provisions.

Crude Oil Production, Corruption and Upstream Oil Revenue in Nigeria: General Outlook, Conditions and Methodology

The study examined general outlook and conditions of crude oil production, corruption risk and upstream oil revenue in Nigeria. The study focused mainly on the revenue generated from crude oil production and oil export with the purpose of assessing oil exploration and corruption with the objective of investigating Nigeria’s oil export and its contribution to the growth of revenue generation and finding out if the level of corruption affects the upstream revenue generation in Nigeria. it is discovered that the following variables are germane in the empirical studies reviewed and econometric models are conceptualized that proven oil reserve, OPEC quotas, global oil demand, global oil supply, geopolitical risk index, disaster risk index, global terrorism index, global oil price, exchange rate variation, upstream oil theft, number of pipeline vandalism, oil bunkering, tax evasion and corruption perceptions index are relevant and possible determinants of downstream oil revenue in Nigeria. An empirical study to investigate the relationship and causal effect of the above-mentioned factors are recommended for further study with a view to making reliable policy statements on revenue sustainability and highlighting and reducing the counterproductive effects of corruption risks in the exploration and production of crude oil in Nigeria.

Terrorist attacks and environmental social and governance performance: Evidence from cross‐country panel data

AbstractThis study is motivated by the absence of similar research that investigates the link between terrorism level and social and environmental performance measured by the ESG score. This study adopts cross‐country panel data represented by 5082 worldwide companies during the period 2011 to 2020. The terrorism level has been measured using the Global Terrorism Index as reported by The Institute for Economics and Peace Limited. Our findings indicate that the occurrence of terrorist events has a significant negative impact on ESG performance, both collectively and individually, due to the various consequences. Many businesses may suspend operations in countries where the threat of terrorism is increasing, resulting in a flight of investors and the disruption of development projects, which may weaken overall economic performance and voluntary projects. Thus, it is likely to result in undermining companies' environmental and social practices. In addition, as fears of terrorist attacks grow, the general system of corporate governance may deteriorate, halting sustainable development initiatives in these countries. Terrorist attacks introduce complex moral dilemmas, challenge stakeholder priorities, affect a company's legitimacy, and reshape the institutional landscape. Companies must navigate these multifaceted challenges, balancing immediate stakeholder concerns, reputation restoration, compliance obligations, and evolving societal expectations. Our findings are significant, with numerous implications for different stakeholders such as regulators, policymakers, investors, managers, and government agencies.

PERBANDINGAN REGULASI PENANGANAN KEJAHATAN TERORISME DI INDONESIA DAN MALAYSIA

Indonesia is one of the countries with a considerable impact of terrorism, Indonesia should pay great attention to the development of radical currents and terrorist organizations. Terrorism is a major threat to the resilience and security of all Indonesian people. Even terrorism is becoming a common enemy around the world. Indonesia is one of the countries that faces a high level of terrorism cases. The Global Terrorism Index is published by the Institute for Economics and Peace. Indonesia is in 38th position out of 143 countries worldwide in terms of terrorism cases, Indonesia has issued regulations related to terrorism designed based on the Bali I bombing on October 12, 2002. Comparison with Malaysia shows that the country was ranked 61st out of 143 countries in the Global Terrorism Index 2016 with a value of 2,691. The author is interested in analyzing the differences in regulation in the handling of crime in the two countries, with the title comparison of regulation on the handling of terrorism crimes in Indonesia and Malaysia. This study uses normative legal research methods that are prescriptive analysis by reviewing legislation.

DERADIKALISASI: UPAYA PEMERINTAH SEBAGAI PEMANGKU KEBIJAKAN DALAM MENJAGA PERDAMAIAN NEGARA MENURUT PERSEKTIF FIKIH JIHAD

Terrorism problem in Indonesia is one of the main problems that caught a serious attention from government. Series of a terror incidents so far show that there is a serious problem that has not solved yet to be fixed. Indonesia in the report of Global Terrorism Index (GTI) 2023 is ranked 24th from 163 countries that get most affected by terrorism with the total 638 incidents since 2000 until 2020. The terrorism action can endanger the security of nation and state. The consequence of that action are lost a life, a suspicion towards a particular race or religion, break up the nation's unity, damage physically and mentally, and raises fear in the society because the feel of threatened by the presence of terrorists. To deal with terrorism and radicalism, the government implements a program which known as deradicalization under National Counter Terrorism Agency (BNPT). With the deradicalization as the coaching program which aimed to change the terrorism convicts' radical character creates the expectation from public to the government in eradicating terrorism crime.

All Rivers Run into Sea: How Inclusive Finance Affect Local Stability? A Global Empirical Perspective

This study uses two-way fixed effect models to investigate the role of inclusive finance in enhancing local stability and apply generalized method of moments (GMM) estimations and synthetic control methods to overcome the endogeneity issue. Based on global terrorism index from 2011-2021, the empirical results show the following: (1) IF can significantly enhance local stability and has the greatest effect in middle-quantile countries. (2) The mechanism behind this effect is improving income equality and women participation and reducing poverty and unemployment rate through IF. In light of the findings, policy-makers can implement inclusive finance polices to achieve the goal of local stability. They should expand financial accessibility, take into account the significant opportunities for developing countries and the importance of equality across gender and income level.

Terrorism and economic governance in Africa: analysis of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration in Nigeria

Purpose Using system theory, this paper aims to interrogate the impact of Boko-Haram on bank administration. The paper explains how death, injury and property destruction caused by terrorism affect banking supervision and structures. Design/methodology/approach With the aid of a mixed research method, this paper conducted 47 interviews. It extracted secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria database, the National Deposit Insurance Corporation publications, Enhancing Financial Innovation and Access Survey, the World Bank database and the Global Terrorism Index. Descriptive, content and regression analysis was used in this research. Findings With a significant regression model (p-value < 0.05), the analysis shows that terrorism accounts for 84.02% variation in banking administration. The impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration is negatively significant, especially in the areas like on-site supervision of Money Deposit Banks/Micro-finance Institutions and citizens’ accessibility to financial systems. Originality/value This paper generates new knowledge in the thematic area, which is still grey. The influence of terrorism on financial institutions as an element of economic governance is less researched. Hence, the strategic linkage of the impact of Boko-Haram on banking administration as a component of financial institutions. Therefore, this paper contributes to the existing body of literature on terrorism and economic governance.

Modelling & Analysis of High Impact Terrorist Attacks in India & Its Neighbors

Terrorism perpetrated in any country by either internal or external actors jeopardizes the country’s security, economic growth, societal peace, and harmony. Hence, accurate modelling of terrorism has become a necessary component of the national security mission of most nations. This research extracted and analyzed high impact attacks (HIAs) perpetrated by terrorists in India and its neighboring countries since 1970 using the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). We evaluated the extraction efficacy of the Global Terrorism Index Impact Score (GTI-IS) against the GTD measure “nkill” using the iterative outlier analysis (IOA) heuristic. The heuristic identified 6117 common HIAs using nkill or GTI-IS attributes. GTI-IS extracted 1718 exclusive HIAs that nkill missed, while nkill extracted 2233 exclusive HIAs. We further classified the extracted HIAs into lethal and non-lethal attacks. Next, we conducted a rigorous spatiotemporal exploratory analysis of countries that reported the most HIAs. Though Afghanistan, India, and Sri Lanka exhibited global spatial autocorrelation, Pakistan did not. Ripley’s G function suggested the recurrence of lethal attacks near other similar events. This analysis showed that lethal and non-lethal attacks in those countries follow different statistical distributions, which can aid in focused counterterrorism tactics.

Ancaman Terorisme dan Strategi Penanganannya: Studi Pustaka Strategi Kontra-Terorisme di Kamboja

Various counter-terrorism efforts have been carried out by the Cambodian government, resulting in Cambodia being ranked 135th on the Global Terrorism Index as a country affected by terrorist action with a score of 0.00, meaning there are no more threats or acts of terrorism in Cambodia. This research aims to analyze the counter-terrorism efforts that have been carried out by the Government of Cambodia. This research uses a qualitative research method with a literature study approach. The results of the research show that in Cambodia, there are 7 (seven) terrorist groups, both domestic and foreign, namely: the Khmer Rouge; Cambodian Freedom Fighters /CFF; Khmer Front Movement; the Khmer National Unity Front / KNUF; Khmer National Liberation Front / KNLF; Empire Movement, and the Jemaah Islamiah / JI through the Om Al Qura Foundation. The strategy taken by the Government of Cambodia to address terrorism includes: the formation of counter-terrorism laws, the formation of special counter-terrorism forces and closing access to terrorism financing. In addition, at the ASEAN regional level, the Cambodian government has established cooperation with ASEAN countries in addressing terrorism through information exchange, joint training, and extradition. Meanwhile, at the international level, Cambodia also cooperates in counter-terrorism with the United States and Australia.