Global Telecommunications Network Research Articles

Satellite-based entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation with continuous variables

Advances in satellite quantum communications aim at reshaping the global telecommunication network by increasing the security of the transferred information. Here, we study the effects of atmospheric turbulence in continuous-variable entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation in the optical regime between a ground station and a satellite. More specifically, we study the degradation of entanglement due to various error sources in the distribution, namely, diffraction, atmospheric attenuation, turbulence, and detector inefficiency, in both downlink and uplink scenarios. As the fidelity of a quantum teleportation protocol using these distributed entangled resources is not sufficient, we include an intermediate station for either state generation, or beam refocusing, in order to reduce the effects of atmospheric turbulence and diffraction, respectively. The results show the feasibility of free-space entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation in downlink paths up to the LEO region, but also in uplink paths with the help of the intermediate station. Finally, we complete the study with microwave-optical comparison in bad weather situations, and with the study of horizontal paths in ground-to-ground and inter-satellite quantum communication.

Assessing the Possibility of Implementing Distributed Diagnostic Systems for Hydrogen Fuel Cells Using Local and Global Telecommunication Networks

The development of effective methods and means for diagnosing hydrogen fuel cells during their operation is an urgent task, since their implementation will improve the energy characteristics and stability of operation by detecting incorrect operating modes and malfunctions at the early stages of development. This problem can be solved by using various approaches based on the analysis of impedance, relaxation or fluctuation-noise characteristics. All of these methods require the implementation of rather complex computational procedures and the accumulation of fairly large amount of statistical data, which makes it difficult to implement diagnostic devices on inexpensive embedded microprocessor tools. To overcome this drawback, this work proposes the use of distributed diagnostic systems with high-performance server devices connected to local modules via global or local telecommunication networks. Such an implementation will significantly simplify the requirements for local diagnostic modules and reduce their cost, but this raises the question of the efficiency of making diagnostic decisions by such systems.The work carried out, is a study of delays in making diagnostic and control decisions when using remote server devices for signal processing. It has been shown that the use of such systems makes it possible to achieve delays of less than one second even when using intercontinental communication lines. It should be noted that in applications critical to time delays, the distance between the client and server systems should be reduced. The advantages of the proposed implementation of a diagnostic system for electrochemical energy sources are the possibility of simplifying local measurement systems installed on individual sources, the possibility of accelerating signal processing through the use of more productive computing tools and the accumulation of statistical data.

ANALYSIS OF THE OPTIMIZATION PROCESS OF THE RADIO COMMUNICATION PARAMETERS IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE INTENTIONAL INTERFERENCE INFLUENCE

The article provides an analysis of the problem of protecting radio communication systems from intentional interference. The main task is to ensure interference-resistant radio communication on a larger area of deployment of its troops (forces).
 The influence on the system of control of military units and weapons by conducting electronic warfare is an integral part of modern confrontation of any scale. Accordingly, an important direction in modern conflicts is the confrontation of radio-electronic systems. Against the background of the rapid development and implementation of modern information technologies, automated systems, and global telecommunication networks in all spheres of society, a set of fundamentally new problems arose in the field of protecting the radio communication system of troops (forces) from the enemy's radio-electronic influence.
 Modern complexes (means) of radio-electronic intelligence and radio suppression have characteristics that allow performing radio suppression and intelligence tasks while remaining undetectable. The task of ensuring the necessary indicators of immunity, namely, immunity and immunity of the radio communication system in such conditions is the main task in the organization of the radio communication system.

THE CHARM OFFENSIVE OF CHINA: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF DIGITAL SILK ROAD IN FOSTERING SINO-EU ECONOMIC INTEGRATION

Digital Silk Road, like Belt and Road Initiative, is an ambitious and all-encompassing inventiveness of the Chinese government, aiming to develop China as a global telecommunications network and infrastructure leader. The Global Digital order, since its inception, has been dominated by Western powers; however, with the initiation of the Digital Silk Road and China becoming a digital backbone globally, many Western powers have shown disregard for how this digital hegemony of China can be a threat to their national security. Nonetheless, besides the security implications, the Digital Silk Road brings many strategic opportunities. This paper, thus, looks into how China is advocating a softer image of itself through its Charm Offensive diplomacy and influencing actors involved in Digital Silk Road – specifically the EU – to cooperate with China vis-à-vis Digital Silk Road. This study uses qualitative and thematic analysis to determine how China and the EU can ward off the strategic implications and collaborate to build a more inclusive digital economy. Bibliography Entry Farhat, Laraib. 2023. "The Charm Offensive of China: Assessing the Role of Digital Silk Road in Fostering Sino-EU Economic Integration." Margalla Papers 27 (1): 109-122.

Protecting submarine cables for enhanced connectivity

Protecting submarine cables for enhanced connectivity Morten Eriksrud, at ASN Norway AS, looks to the protection of the global network of submarine cables and other critical subsea infrastructure. Optical communication technology is the key technology to making internet connectivity available all over the world. Fibre-optic cables, distributing data with the speed of light, connect continents, countries, and islands together by creating a global telecommunication network. These cables are installed subsea and are placed on the seafloor (in deep water areas) or trenched in the seabed (in shallow water areas). This global network of submarine cables contains more than 400 active cable links covering nearly 1.4 million kilometres (over three times the distance from Earth to Moon). More than 95% of the global internet traffic runs through these submarine cables. Submarine cables can carry far more data at far less cost than satellites and the increasing digitalization of our societies will further increase the number of submarine cables.

ПРАВОВИЙ РЕЖИМ «ДІЯ СІТІ» У СФЕРІ ЦИФРОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ

The scientific article is devoted to the peculiarities of the legislative consolidation and functioning of the legal regime of Diya City for technology companies. The article reveals the features of the concepts «legal regime», «special tax regime». It is revealed that there is no legal definition of the digital economy, despite such a necessity. Consequently, the author singles out the following characteristics of this concept: 1) the implementation of business activities in the global telecommunication networks; 2) e-commerce as a trading activity aimed at making a profit based on a complex automation of the commercial cycle through the global network; 3) various business models and means: electronic store; electronic reference book; electronic money; electronic payment systems; electronic auction; electronic shopping center; electronic dealers; virtual communities, etc.; 4) electronic data exchange (exchange of business data in a standardized format on a computer-computer basis between trading partners and other participants in relations in the field of the digital economy). The peculiarities of concluding a gig contract with performers as an alternative to labor relations with a Diya City resident are determined. The risks of applying this type of contract are given, in particular, the civil-law nature of such contracts, which puts the executors in a threatening position, does not allow such persons to be considered participants in labor relations, and removes them from the scope of regulation by the norms of labor legislation; significant risks of imbalance in labor relations; concluding a gig contract for an indefinite period carries the risk of an uncontrolled establishment of short-term labor relations and contradicts the recommendations of the ILO; part 5 of Art. 18 of the Law establishes discriminatory norms in relation to the persons working for a short period of time: «during the first three months of the gig contract, any party has the right to notify the other party of a unilateral rejection of the gig contract in a written (electronic) form not later than three calendar days before the scheduled termination date, if a longer notice period is not established by the gig contract»; potential violation of the employee's fundamental personal rights: «the resident of Diya City and his representatives can monitor the performance of work (providing services) by the gig specialist using monitoring tools, video surveillance tools in common areas and other means provided for by the gig contract.» However, the second paragraph partially eliminates such a risk, prohibiting the use of means of control in the event that it leads to interference in the personal and family life of the gig specialist.

ІНТЕРНЕТ У ПОШУКОВІЙ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ СЛІДЧОГО

The article considers the possibility of using the Internet in the investigation of criminal offenses, identifies certain aspects of its use in evidence, as well as analyzes the essence of the investigator's search activities in the information field mentioned. In particular, it is noted that in modern conditions, both scholars and practitioners are increasingly paying attention to the possibility of using the possibilities of the Internet in the criminal proceedings. Nowadays, the Internet, which has become essentially a global telecommunications network, creates significant potential opportunities for law enforcement agencies to detect and investigate a large number of types of criminal offenses. However, due to the uncertainty of the legal status of the Internet, it is rapidly being criminalized. Using the achievements of scientific and technological progress, intensifying activities and increasing the level of their organization, offenders expand the information space around them, naturally forming a set of connections available for analysis by using modern scientific and technical methods and tools. In turn, domestic law enforcement agencies can and should also adequately take into account such processes and use them in terms of developing ways to use appropriate Internet sources of information on subjects of all levels of crime, especially organized, as well as with a foreign element. In general, the main objectives of using the Internet in the investigation of criminal offenses is to find the necessary forensic information from its network, its analysis, accumulation and further processing and application in the detection and investigation of illegal acts, including their proof. It is justified to single out the following areas of use of information from the Internet during the pre-trial investigation: first, as a source of operational information; second, as an information channel both for operative communication with the public, and as a means of influencing it in the interests of detection, investigation and prevention of criminal offenses; third, as a means of influencing those who have committed such offenses in order to encourage them to expose themselves either in the form of appearing before a law enforcement agency or in the form of committing erroneous actions that will facilitate their detention. One way or another, the use of the World Wide Web can contribute to changes in the pre-trial investigation, significantly increasing its effectiveness. To ensure the reliability of the information received from this network, it is necessary to improve the procedural forms of its formation, verification and evaluation, taking into account the possibility of its accidental or deliberate distortion.

МОНІТОРИНГ ЯКІСНОГО СТАНУ ГРУНТІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ГЕОІНФОРМАЦІЙНОГО АНАЛІЗУ

The soil mapping is very important for the effective implementation of sustainable land management. In recent decades, the methods of mapping soil data have become much more, which improves the quality of the maps produced. Despite these improvements, field data on the ground remain the best source of information verified over the centuries and useful for soil mapping and sustainable land management. “Local” data and experience should be an important aspect of soil mapping, as farmers are one of the main end users of the maps produced, and therefore cartographic data should be relevant to the realities and needs of farmers. An important problem for Ukraine is the actualization of the quality of land. Information on the quality of Ukraine's land fund is currently out of date. The process of monitoring the state of lands should be modernized and automated, and the means to implement this process is the introduction of geoinformation monitoring methods. Currently, the main purpose of work on the analysis and display of data on the quality of soils is the modernization of research methods, as well as the display of results in a new format - using GIS. Geoinformatics is a promising scientific field that is developing rapidly. In the coming years, all areas of geographical knowledge will develop under the strong influence of geographic information technologies, computer processing of spatial information, and the use of global telecommunications networks will expand. The use of geographic information systems in agriculture makes it possible to apply new opportunities for managing agriculture and its main resource - land. The main advantage is the ability to share a database that contains certain data needed for land management, and is constantly updated and updated. GIS-technologies are also used to develop and analyze a large number of design solutions, creating recommendation and management maps in the agricultural sector.

Prospects for the Development of Global Satellite Communication Constellations in the Context of New Services in the Telecommunications Market

A technique for assessing the market of advanced global telecommunication networks, including the space segment, as global coverage communication megaconstellations is considered. According to our results, the worldwide traffic consumption by 5G mobile devices by 2022 will be almost 8.5 EB/month. The possible cost of deploying a megaconstellation of communications to provide broadband Internet access at any place in the world can range from $5 to $50 billion, depending on service requirements. We have shown that modern and prospective space communications constellations can be integrated into a new-generation global telecommunication infrastructure. Deployment of a constellation of 600 or more devices with a cost of almost $10 billion can provide traffic transit from base stations in remote areas delivering the population with broadband Internet through 5G networks.

Telecommunication ties and gender ideologies in the age of globalization: International telephone networks and gender attitudes in 47 countries

Scholars have posed different hypotheses on the impact of global telecommunications on value orientations. We analyze and characterize the global telecommunication network and test a series of hypotheses on the relationship between gender values and three types of telephone connections: ties with the global society, ties with Western nations, and ties within groups of nations sharing similar cultural, religious, political, or geographical traits. We use multilevel models and data on two levels, between-country telecommunications network data from TeleGeography, and individual-level data ( N = 70,225) on people living in 47 countries from the World Value Survey, waves III and IV. Countries with high degrees of communication insulation, measured as a high percentage of within-group ties of all global telephone links, hold less egalitarian attitudes toward gender equality. This negative effect of group insulation depresses the egalitarian effects of younger birth cohort, college education, and higher income. Embeddedness in a localized information diffusion network and isolated from global communication is associated with less egalitarian attitude toward gender equality. But neither global ties nor ties with Western countries are linked with gender attitudes.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА БЕЗПЕКА УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ГІБРИДНОЇ ВІЙНИ

The article is devoted to the study of information security of Ukraine in the conditions of hybrid war, confrontation of hybrid threats from the Russian Federation, as well as priority directions for the effective provision of information security in our country. The analysis of this problem shows that the current state of Ukraine's information security system is characterized by an increase in existing threats, and on the other hand by the emergence of new challenges. Technological innovation processes, information breakthroughs, globalization of the world and tendencies of regional integration, along with providing enormous opportunities for the country's progressive development, have many negative consequences. One of the consequences has been the intensification of hybrid warfare between world countries, including against Ukraine. States' capacity to conduct information and information-psychological operations, to increase the sensitivity of society to the death of civilians and to the loss of military personnel in military conflicts are increasing. In the current conditions of globalization, the technological basis of which is the global information and telecommunication networks and a single information space, there is a tendency to change the principles and methods of management, including in military affairs. The ability of information to influence people's worldview and moods gives them the opportunity to gain an advantage over an adversary without engaging in a forceful confrontation with him. In fact, the correct method of working with information has become a new way of conducting an armed struggle, namely a hybrid war. In this regard, the leading countries of the world are undergoing a gradual transformation of approaches to the formulation of military policy of the state, which are practically embodied in ensuring the information security of the state in the conditions of hybrid war. The full-scale information war of Russia against our state has demonstrated the importance of ensuring information security as one of the main components of national security. In view of the above, the state and military authorities of the country were tasked with developing effective measures to neutralize the negative information impact of the Russian Federation and counteract its further deployment. The article also analyzes well-known approaches to improving the effectiveness of state response to national security threats in the information sphere in the context of the current armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. It is established that in order to achieve the appropriate level of information security it is necessary to create a single state mechanism for ensuring information security. A method for solving problems arising in this field is proposed.

TEACHING TECHNOLOGIED AS PART OF TRAINING FOR FUTURE TEACHERS

The article analyzes teaching technologies as part of training for future teachers in higher educational establishments. In particular, it is noted that technology is a certain mechanism that should lead to the transformation of pedagogical reality and the entire system of higher education. Teaching technologies problems are a result of the recognition of pedagogical science separation from the practice by the university teachers. The term "teaching technology" should be used when there is a clear algorithmic sequence and guaranteed final result. Analysis of any teaching technology involves disclosing the relevant algorithm and explaining the criteria of the guaranteed result. The essence of teaching technology is to build a training system and develop a future teachers’ actions algorithm. The notion "teaching technology" is considered as a way of interaction between subjects of educational activities and part of future teachers’ training on the example of the course "Pedagogy", section "Theory of Education."The study notes that personally-oriented education involves a differentiated approach to learning, taking into account the level of intellectual development of the student, as well as his training on the subject, abilities and skills. The future teacher should become the central figure of the educational process, his cognitive activity should the centric one for educators-researchers, developers of educational programs and means of education, of administrative employees.The consistent implementation of the personally oriented approach to the future teacher in the educational process is analyzed. It presupposes the integrity of his personality. It is emphasized that domestic universities should create conditions for the development of an individual who possesses the specified qualities. The solution to this problem will contribute not only to the content of education, but also to the innovative teaching technologies. Today there is need not only in the intramural, but also distance education. Electronic media (radio, television, and computers) are used as major source of information. Global telecommunication networks of the Internet are also important to get information.It has been determined that teaching and cognitive activity should be core in the tandem between teacher and student. The traditional paradigm of education teacher-textbook-student should be replaced by a new one: student-textbook-teacher.

Zero rating: A Case for Net Neutrality

The article presents the phenomenon of net neutrality and its impact on the development of the global telecommunications network, the Internet. It indicates examples of approaches related to the introduction of the open network principle into the legal system and areas in which the implementation of this principle may face problems. The author characterised the zero rating phenomenon against the background of EU legal regulations and indicated its potential threats to the open Internet and entities operating in the online ecosystem.

One bit/s/Hz Spectrally Efficient Transmission for an Eight-Channel NRZ-Modulated DWDM System

AbstractThe core of the global telecommunication network consists of wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) optical transmission systems. WDM is the technology of choice as it allows for a high spectral efficiency. We propose an effective way to counter the nonlinearities like four-wave mixing and cross-phase modulation to achieve the spectral efficiency of 1 bit/s/Hz using non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation format. We use the concept of non-uniform channel spacing and non-uniform power assignment between adjacent channels of the WDM system. We have simulated an eight-channel WDM lightwave system with bit rates of 10 and 25 Gbit/s.

Redes elásticas del futuro: beneficios para la red interna de telecomunicaciones de Colombia

El continuo crecimiento de la demanda de datos está dirigiendo la investigación para dar luz a una red eficiente en el uso de la fibra óptica y el espectro radioeléctrico. La próxima generación de redes será el resultado de una convergencia entre el dominio óptico e inalámbrico para reunir cada una de sus virtudes en una vasta red de telecomunicaciones más resiliente y más simplificada. Colombia no estará marginada de estos avances ya que actualmente despliega fibra óptica por gran parte del territorio nacional y por tal motivo debe estar informada de los progresos actuales en lo referente a redes de telecomunicaciones de nueva generación y orientar de mejor forma los lineamientos legales del ministerio de TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones) para traer en consecuencia grandes beneficios a la regulación de la red interna de telecomunicaciones en cuanto a lo decretado acerca de los inmuebles de propiedad horizontal. En este trabajo se plasman los avances en investigación concernientes a transmisiones por fibra óptica, incluyendo el nuevo paradigma de redes híbridas de fibra óptica con redes inalámbricas que permitirán simplificar la red global de telecomunicaciones. Las redes elásticas del futuro sugieren que las redes internas de telecomunicaciones serán más reducidas, simples y versátiles, lo cual facilitará la libre competencia entre los proveedores de servicios de comunicaciones, evitando el monopolio de espacios dentro de edificios de propiedad horizontal.

PSS Characterisation of Telecom Offerings

The global telecommunication network provides a powerful infrastructure supporting a multitude of offerings. As early as the 1980's the telecom industry had moved to services using telecom products that could be provided within the offers (a gateway included in the offer) or by the customers themselves (a computer to access the web). However, although modern telecommunication systems are often considered as good support for Product Service Systems (PSS), telecom carriers hardly refer to PSS when establishing their own offers. Indeed it is not always easy to understand how modern telecom services, using personal mobile phones and other objects, really fit with PSS philosophy. This paper evaluates telecom offerings from a PSS standpoint. Current telecom offerings are compared with PSS characteristics found in literature. The results clarify the potentials of current telecom offerings in the PSS paradigm.

A Vision for Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems

Thermal management has traditionally been relegated to the last step in the design process. However, with the exponential growth in data traffic leading to ever-greater levels of component integration and ever-higher levels of energy consumption, thermal management is rapidly becoming one of the most critical areas of research within the ICT industry. Given the vast use of optics for efficient transmission of high-speed data, this paper focuses on a new thermal solution for cooling the components within pluggable optical modules. Thermally Integrated Photonics Systems (TIPS) represents a new vision for the thermal building blocks required to enable exponential traffic growth in the global telecommunications network. In the TIPS program, existing thermal solutions cannot scale to meet the needs of exponential growth in data traffic. The main barriers to enabling further growth were identified and a research roadmap was developed around a scalable and efficient integrated thermal solution. In particular, the effects of replacing inefficient materials and large macroTECs with better thermal spreaders and μTECs are investidated. In addition, new forms of μChannel cooling into the package to more efficiently remove the heat generated by the lasers and the TECs are being studied which can lead to future photonic devices that can be deployed in a vastly more dense and integrated manner to address the requirements of future telecommunication networks.

The Reith Mission: Global Telecommunications and The Decline of The British Empire

In 1945, the established British imperial communications system, based on the Cable and Wireless network, was re-structured. The imperial partners agreed to break up the hitherto integrated system and re-establish it as an interconnecting network of networks based on separate, nationalised, entities. Co-ordination began to shift from a consensual system to one based on prices and the hitherto largely self-contained system began to interconnect with other global telecommunication networks, notably those of the USA. John, Lord Reith played an important role in these transformations and his January 1945 “Mission” to Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and Southern Rhodesia epitomises both the mutuality and the London dominance that characterised the imperial system and which were to fall away following the Commonwealth Telecommunications Conference held in London in mid 1945. Reith’s Mission exemplified the swan song of a distinctive manner of imperial governance.

Strategic Choice Models in a Globalized Marketplace: Perspectives through the Resource Based View and Transaction Cost Economics Conceptual Lenses

The last two decades have been characterized by accelerated technological innovations, fanned by rapid developments in global telecommunication and information networks, and the lowering of trade barriers among nations. These developments have made globalization one of the most dominant forces in contemporary times with far reaching implications in the various dimensions of international relations — economically, politically, socio-culturally and environmentally. In the social sciences, the efficacy of models developed prior to this postmodern globalization era has not been explored sufficiently to date. This paper addresses how firms can integrate globalization dynamics into all levels of strategic management to maintain a successful competitive position in the global marketplace. It does so by critiquing the classic strategic models offered by Ansoff (1965) and Hofer and Schendel (1978) through the conceptual lenses of the resource based view and transaction cost economics theory, and concludes by offering some evaluative perspectives about these two conceptual lenses.

Metropolitan Telecommunication

Although the United Kingdom has long lost its position at the heart of a practically global empire, the British capital London still continues to stand at the very center of a global telecommunication and information network. Yet, global connectivity is not evenly distributed throughout the metropolis. As recent studies show, information-dependent businesses tend to concentrate in particular quarters in and around the City of London and the West End despite the spatial flexibility that modern telecommunication technology allows for. This study seeks to demonstrate how the modern ``digital divide'' that rips through London continuously evolved from similarly uneven connectivity patterns in the telegraphic network of late 19th-century London. With the help of historical Geographic Information Systems (GIS), these patterns will be visualized. This examination will show how important a role continuity played in the evolution of modern informational patterns and how this sheds new light on issues of technological dynamism and agency.