Global System For Mobile Telecommunications Research Articles

Cost-effective and user-friendly vehicle tracking system using GPS and GSM technology based on IoT

<span>Security <span>is very apart important for vehicles to prevent the injury as vehicle theft is very common phenomenon now a days. We can ensure the security of our vehicles via monitoring our vehicles 24/7. There are many possible ways to track a vehicle. A few groups do not concern about the users need. Our research is about the tracking vehicle according to user’s demand. We are concerning on low budget, better geographic coordinate and easy user access. The system needs global positioning system (GPS) and global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) technology. User can access the system by short message service (SMS) on a mobile phone. GSM module communicate with the user and GPS module communicate with satellite to get latitude and longitude coordinate. Location of vehicle's on earth is determined using Google Maps</span>.</span>

An Economic Assessment Model of Employment Dynamics, Capacity Development and Household Telecommunication Expenditure in Nigeria

This article emphasizes the use of mathematical logic in scientifically examining and explaining the economic challenge of massive youth employment crisis, under capacity development and unbridled household consumption of telecommunication services. The proposed model is called GSM-EMCAD. The major finding of the paper is that training or capacity development in telecommunication is a key factor that can expand employment opportunities in this 21 st century and beyond, implying that youth employment and loss of growth opportunities in Nigeria can be explained by the rapid innovation in global system for mobile telecommunication and the mismatch between market realities and labour skills set as opposed to many other factors highlighted in literature. The motivation is that in a knowledge-based economy, the spillover effects from investment in GSM telecommunication and people keep generating returns. Examples are GSM telecommunications hardware and software, and other high-tech industries, play a particularly important role here. Keywords: Telecommunication, Employment and Labour JEL Classification 014 DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-4-12 Publication date: February 29 th 2020

Headache, tinnitus and hearing loss in the international Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Use and Health (COSMOS) in Sweden and Finland.

BackgroundMobile phone use and exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from it have been associated with symptoms in some studies, but the studies have shortcomings and their findings are inconsistent. We conducted a prospective cohort study to assess the association between amount of mobile phone use at baseline and frequency of headache, tinnitus or hearing loss at 4-year follow-up.MethodsThe participants had mobile phone subscriptions with major mobile phone network operators in Sweden (n = 21 049) and Finland (n = 3120), gave consent for obtaining their mobile phone call data from operator records at baseline, and filled in both baseline and follow-up questionnaires on symptoms, potential confounders and further characteristics of their mobile phone use.ResultsThe participants with the highest decile of recorded call-time (average call-time >276 min per week) at baseline showed a weak, suggestive increased frequency of weekly headaches at 4-year follow-up (adjusted odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.95–1.34). There was no obvious gradient of weekly headache with increasing call-time (P trend 0.06). The association of headache with call-time was stronger for the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) network than older Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) technology, despite the latter involving higher exposure to RF-EMF. Tinnitus and hearing loss showed no association with call-time.ConclusionsPeople using mobile phones most extensively for making or receiving calls at baseline reported weekly headaches slightly more frequently at follow-up than other users, but this finding largely disappeared after adjustment for confounders and was not related to call-time in GSM with higher RF-EMF exposure. Tinnitus and hearing loss were not associated with amount of call-time.

A smart weather station based on sensor technology

In this paper a new approach to utilize technology in a practical and meaningful manner within a smart weather station system is presented. This system is primary intended for use in agriculture and meteorological stations, but its application is not limited here. Weather parameters observing plays an important role in human live, so the observing, collecting and storing of information about the temporal dynamics of weather changes is very important. The primary goal is to design a low cost smart system for storing data obtained by measuring various physical parameters in the atmosphere without human involvement. Realized system use Internet of Things technology to storage measured results, and allows the user to access the results anytime and anywhere. In this research Internet of Things is used as technology for storing measured data, because this technology is an advanced and efficient solution for connecting the things to the Internet and to connect the entire world of things in a network. The proposed smart weather station system is based on the following steps: direct environment sensing, measuring and storing data and then allowing user to customize the settings. This research will present the design and implementation of a practical smart weather station system, which can be further extended. The system is based on: group of embedded sensors, Peripheral Interface Microcontroller (PIC) microcontroller as a core and server system and wireless internet using Global System for Mobile Telecommunications (GSM) module with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) as a communication protocol.

Design and Implementation of a Map Building Model for base Stations Placement

this paper, a map building function which will display spatial data for the region surrounding a proposed base transceiver station (BTS) location has been developed. The agitation for more base stations and issues of non compliance of most Global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) base stations in the country to stipulated safety requirement by regulatory agencies in Nigeria necessitated this research work. The placement of Base stations in cellular network is determined during the site selection process in radio network planning. Development of a digital spatial map for base station placement was born out of the need to make improved decisions on placement of base stations in built-up areas. The territory map was developed using a MATLAB scripts which converts coordinate data (longitude and latitude) to equivalent vector locations using binary codes. The model development process involve preprocessing of data, location generation and map plotting. The developed digital map gives a clear picture of the infrastructure on ground in form of square rasters. The developed map building model was implemented using spatial data collected from selected areas in Minna, Nigeria. The results reveal a 100% representation of the structures on ground.

Application of Analytic Hierarchy Process to Determine Consumers’ Perceptions of Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy for Organizations in the Nigerian Global System for Mobile Telecommunication Industry

In recent years, research has revealed the importance of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its significant impact on organizational performance. Also, scholars have recognized that consumers’ attitudes and behaviors towards products and organizations are greatly influenced by organizational CSR programs and strategies. Consumers are generally recognized as one of the primary stakeholders of organizations in the marketing exchange process hence their perceptions of CSR are important since stakeholders’ perceptions influence organizations' CSR practices. Given the vibrant nature of service industry in general and its telecommunication sector in particular, this study applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model to determine consumers’ perceptions of the CSR activities and strategy for organizations in the Nigerian Global System for Mobile (GSM) telecommunication industry. To achieve these aims, a sample of 600 consumers of the four major operators in the Nigerian GSM telecommunication industry (MTN/AIRTEL/GLO/ETISALAT) were drawn from tertiary institutions using the convenience sampling technique. The data obtained was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Expert Choice software. Findings show that the CSR activities consumers feel organizations in the Nigerian GSM telecommunications industry should place high priority on are: Organizing or participating in public welfare activities, Encouraging employee’s voluntary welfare programs, Improving employee welfare (facilities and benefits), Active contribution of tax to government and Contribution to cultural and literacy programs.

Levels and Pattern of Use of Global System for Mobile Telecommunications ( GSM ) Potentials among Selected Elite Group in Abeokuta

This study employed a descriptive survey research design to investigate the level and pattern of the use of GSM cell phones among selected elite class in Abeokuta. A rational-logical-analysed instrument was used to elicit information on the variables studied from purposefully selected sample size of 365 participants drawn from students, academic and administrative staff at Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta; Federal College of Education, Abeokuta and Ogun State Government Ministries. The data elicited were analyzed, frequency count and simple percentages to answer the research questions. The analysis showed that, though there is high level of GSM handsets among selected elite groups in Abeokuta, some functions are being underutilized. In addition, the GSM has great potentials are being used more for entertainment than business purposes. Based on these, it was recommended that GSM service providers and regulators should continuously promote education and business use of all functions of the handsets. This would not only promote their businesses but also the national development.

New Media and Political Advertising in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges

This paper examines the new media as a tool for political advertising in Nigeria vis- a-vis, the challenges and prospects. The new media, especially the Internet and Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM) have become important political campaign tools in Nigeria and the world over. This paper is guided by the fact that the new media have become so important in the dissemination of political activities. Thus, the study aims at finding out the relevance of the new media and the prospects/ challenges. We adopted the survey research method, employing the questionnaire as an instrument of data collection. Two hundred copies of questionnaires were administered to the respondents, to elicit their opinions concerning the prospects and challenges of the new media as a tool for political advertising. Two theories were chosen to provide the theoretical framework for the study. The theories are technological determinism theory and the agenda setting theory. Findings from the questionnaire administered to the two hundred respondents show that the political parties in Nigeria recognise and make use of the new media for carrying out their political activities, but this they do occasionally. Findings show that there are prospects and challenges of new media as a tool for political advertising in Nigeria. One of the prospects is that the new media can reach a very broad audience while one of the challenges is that the ability to constantly deliver messages via the new media is difficult. Based on the findings, the paper concludes that the extent to which the political parties in Nigeria use the new media is minimal and therefore, recommends that political parties in Nigeria should give due attention to the use of the new media for the dissemination of political activities.Key Words: Advertising, Political Advertising, Communication and the New Media

A New Hybrid Approach for Heterogeneous Radio Access Technology Selection

Problem statement: The Next generation wireless networks are heterogeneous in nature where different Radio Access Technologies (RAT) coexists in the same coverage area. The user terminal should be able to pick the best access technology such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) and the Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)/Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) Radio Access Network (GERAN) at its current location and use the access technology seamlessly for the provision of desired service. The goal is to select the most suitable Radio Access Technology (RAT) for each user. It is important that suitable decision making algorithm should be designed such that all the important characteristics of the system are taken into account when making the radio access selection. Approach: For this reason, this research work proposes a methodology to select the best access network among WLAN and WWAN under the input criteria Signal Strength of both networks, speed of the mobile terminal and network coverage of both networks and Quality of Service (QoS). Hence, in this work, a new hybrid multi objective decision making algorithm employing weighing function and particle swarm optimization is proposed for fuzzy based Radio Access Technology selection of Heterogeneous wireless networks. Results: The end results indicate that the proposed algorithm outperforms better than the existing methods. Conclusion: Inferences from the results indicate that by using the proposed algorithm, best RAT can be selected for the user with a minimal time constraint.

The effect of radiofrequency radiation on DNA and lipid damage in female and male infant rabbits

Purpose: We aimed to design a prolonged radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure and investigate in an animal model, possible bio-effects of RF radiation on the ongoing developmental stages of children from conception to childhood.Materials and methods: A total of 72 New Zealand female and male white rabbits aged one month were used. Females were exposed to RF radiation for 15 min/day during 7 days, whereas males were exposed to the same level of radiation for 15 min/day during 14 days. Thirty-six female and 36 male infant rabbits were randomly divided into four groups: Group I [Intrauterine (IU) exposure (−); Extrauterine (EU) exposure (−)]: Sham exposure which means rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)-like RF signals neither in the IU nor in the EU periods. Group II [IU exposure (−); EU exposure (+)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals when they reached one month of age. Group III [IU exposure (+); EU exposure (−)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals in the IU period (between 15th and 22nd days of the gestational period). Group IV [IU exposure (+); EU exposure (+)]: Infant rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF signals both in the IU period (between 15th and 22nd days of the gestational period) and in the EU period when they reached one month of age. Biochemical analysis for lipid peroxidation and DNA damage were carried out in the livers of all rabbits.Results: Lipid peroxidation levels in the liver tissues of female and male infant rabbits increased under RF radiation exposure. Liver 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels of female rabbits exposed to RF radiation were also found to increase when compared with the levels of non-exposed infants. However, there were no changes in liver 8-OHdG levels of male rabbits under RF exposure.Conclusion: Consequently, it can be concluded that GSM-like RF radiation may induce biochemical changes by increasing free radical attacks to structural biomolecules in the rabbit as an experimental animal model.

Effect of electromagnetic field GSM on contractile responses of fast‐twitch intact skeletal muscle fibers

During recent years, the use of Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM), the most powerful radio frequency transmitter in our everyday environment, has increased by the public and to date no studies have shown clearly their biological effect specifically at the level of skeletal muscle contractile response. Consequently our study was designed to investigate the possible, in vitro effect of pulsed radio frequency, electromagnetic radiation from common GSM mobile phones (frequency at 900 MHz modulated by human voice), on contractile responses of mammalian fast- twitch skeletal muscles fibers. Our results show that, 1 hour of exposure, induces a decreasing in: the amplitude, the time to peak tension and the time constant of relaxation, of twitch generated by direct stimulation, by 14%, 10% and 15% respectively; and in the amplitude of K- contracture by 18% without a significant modification in the time characteristics of this contracture. We concluded that one hour of exposure to electromagnetic field at 900 MHz modulated by human voice could have an effect in the excitation-contraction coupling mechanism of mammalian fast- twitch skeletal muscles.

Estimating the impacts of global system for mobile telecommunication (gsm) on income, employment and transaction cost in Nigeria

This study investigated the impact the Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM) has made on the provision of employment opportunities; income of the masses and transaction cost of various economic activities of the masses. Linear regression analytical techniques were used for data analysis. The study made use of primary data obtained from 1,000 respondents’ from 20 selected communities in Ilorin metropolis in Kwara State, Nigeria, through the administration of questionnaires. The purposive sampling method was also employed in the study with a sample unit. The outcome of the empirical investigations shows that Global System for Mobile Communication has contributed positively to the economic situations of Nigeria and has served as source of income and employment to many Nigerian youths. The study found that GSM business had reduced production cost of doing business in terms of traveling and transaction cost. The findings of the study suggested the need for Nigerian Communication Commission (NCC) and, the Federal Government of Nigeria to provide the necessary economic infrastructure (particularly power supply) to the GSM operators in order for them to deliver efficient services and to be able to reduce their charges. The government should also create atmosphere for the expansion of tele-density and directly make telephone communications accessible. To achieve this goal, more licenses should be given to GSM operators in order to allow for healthy competition among the GSM operators. Key words: Global system for mobile communication, tele-density, economic growth, deregulation Zain, MTN and M-tel, Globalcom, Etisalat, GSM connected lines.

Modeling the growth and policy implications of Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM) in Nigeria

Modeling the growth and policy implications of Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM) in Nigeria

Comparison of biological effects between continuous and intermittent exposure to GSM-900-MHz mobile phone radiation: Detection of apoptotic cell-death features

In the present study we used a 6-min daily exposure of dipteran flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to GSM-900 MHz (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) mobile phone electromagnetic radiation (EMR), to compare the effects between the continuous and four different intermittent exposures of 6 min total duration, and also to test whether intermittent exposure provides any cumulative effects on the insect's reproductive capacity as well as on the induction of apoptotic cell death. According to our previous experiments, a 6-min continuous exposure per day for 5 days to GSM-900 MHz and DCS-1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System) mobile phone radiation, brought about a large decrease in the insect's reproductive capacity, as defined by the number of F 1 pupae. This decrease was found to be non-thermal and correlated with an increased percentage of induced fragmented DNA in the egg chambers’ cells at early- and mid-oogenesis. In the present experiments we show that intermittent exposure also decreases the reproductive capacity and alters the actin-cytoskeleton network of the egg chambers, another known aspect of cell death that was not investigated in previous experiments, and that the effect is also due to DNA fragmentation. Intermittent exposures with 10-min intervals between exposure sessions proved to be almost equally effective as continuous exposure of the same total duration, whereas longer intervals between the exposures seemed to allow the organism the time required to recover and partly overcome the above-mentioned effects of the GSM exposure.

The effect of exposure duration on the biological activity of mobile telephony radiation

In the present experiments we studied the effects of different durations of a single (continuous), daily exposure, ranging from 1 min up to 21 min, to the two established systems of digital mobile telephony radiation that are commonly used in Europe, viz. GSM 900 MHz (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) and DCS 1800 MHz (Digital Cellular System—referred to also as GSM 1800 MHz), on a well-tested biological model, the reproductive capacity of the insect Drosophila melanogaster. The insects were exposed to each type of radiation at an intensity of about 10 μW/cm 2, corresponding to a distance of 20 or 30 cm from the antenna of a DCS 1800 or a GSM 900 mobile phone handset, respectively. At these distances the bioactivity of mobile telephony radiation was found to be at a maximum due to the existence of a “window” of increased bioactivity around this value, as we have shown recently [1–4]. The results show that the reproductive capacity decreases almost linearly with increasing exposure duration to both GSM 900 and DCS 1800 radiation, suggesting that short-term exposures to these radiations have cumulative effects on living organisms. Additionally, our results show again that GSM 900 MHz radiation is slightly more bioactive than DCS 1800 MHz radiation, at the same exposure durations and under equal radiation intensities, as shown in our previous experiments [5].

Bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation in relation to its intensity or distance from the antenna

Purpose: To examine the bioactivity of GSM 900 and 1800 (Global System for Mobile Telecommunications) radiations, in relation to the distance from the antenna or to the radiation-field intensities.Materials and methods: Drosophila melanogaster adult insects were exposed to the radiation of a GSM 900/1800 mobile phone antenna at different distances ranging from 0 to 100 cm, and the effect on their reproductive capacity and cell death induction in the gonads by the use of TUNEL (Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling) assay, was studied.Results: These radiations/fields decreased the reproductive capacity by cell death induction, at all the different distances tested. The effect diminished with the distance/decreasing intensities. An increased bioactivity ‘window’ was revealed at distances of 20–30 cm from the mobile phone antenna, (radiation intensity around 10 μW/cm2) where the effect became highest, in relation to smaller or longer distances. The effect diminished considerably for distances longer than 40–50 cm and became not evident for distances longer than 1 m or radiation intensities smaller than 1 μW/cm2.Conclusions: GSM bioactivity is highest for intensities down to less than 10 μW/cm2 and still evident until 1 μW/cm2 exhibiting ‘window’ effects.

The identification of an intensity ‘window’ on the bioeffects of mobile telephony radiation

Purpose: The increased bioactivity ‘windows’ of GSM 900 and 1800 MHz radiations, (Global System for Mobile telecommunications) revealed recently by us and published in this issue, manifesting themselves as a maximum decrease in the reproductive capacity of the insect Drosophila melanogaster, were examined to discover whether they depend on the intensity of radiation-fields.Methods: In each experiment, one group of insects were exposed to the GSM 900 or 1800 radiation at 30 or 20 cm distances, respectively, from the antenna of a mobile phone, where the bioactivity ‘window’ appears for each type of radiation and another group was exposed at 8 or 5 cm, respectively, behind a metal grid, shielding both microwave radiation and the extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields for both types of radiation in a way that radiation and field intensities were roughly equal between the two groups. Then the effect on reproductive capacity was compared between groups for each type of radiation.Results: The decrease in the reproductive capacity did not differ significantly between the two groups.Conclusions: The bioactivity window seems to be due to the intensity of radiation-field (10 μW/cm2, 0.6–0.7 V/m) at 30 or 20 cm from the GSM 900 or 1800 mobile phone antenna, respectively.

Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields on the Human Nervous System

The effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), specifically related to the use of mobile telephones, on the nervous system in humans have been the subject of a large number of experimental studies in recent years. There is some evidence of an effect of exposure to a Global System for Mobile Telecommunication (GSM)-type signal on the spontaneous electroencephalogram (EEG). This is not corroborated, however, by the results from studies on evoked potentials. Although there is some evidence emerging that there may be an effect of exposure to a GSM-type signal on sleep EEG, results are still variable. In summary, exposure to a GSM-type signal may result in minor effects on brain activity, but such changes have never been found to relate to any adverse health effects. No consistent significant effects on cognitive performance in adults have been observed. If anything, any effect is small and exposure seems to improve performance. Effects in children did not differ from those in healthy adults. Studies on auditory and vestibular function are more unequivocal: neither hearing nor the sense of balance is influenced by short-term exposure to mobile phone signals. Subjective symptoms over a wide range, including headaches and migraine, fatigue, and skin itches, have been attributed to various radiofrequency sources both at home and at work. However, in provocation studies a causal relation between EMF exposure and symptoms has never been demonstrated. There are clear indications, however, that psychological factors such as the conscious expectation of effect may play an important role in this condition.

Effect of radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure on in vitro models of neurodegenerative disease

In this work we tested viability, proliferation, and vulnerability of neural cells, after continuous radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields exposure (global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM) modulated 900 MHz signal at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 1 W/kg and maximum duration 144 h) generated by transverse electromagnetic cells. We used two cellular systems, SN56 cholinergic for example, SN56 cholinergic cell line and rat primary cortical neurons, and well-known neurotoxic challenges, such as glutamate, 25-35AA beta-amyloid, and hydrogen peroxide. Exposure to RF did not change viability/proliferation rate of the SN56 cholinergic cells or viability of cortical neurons. Co-exposure to RF exacerbated neurotoxic effect of hydrogen peroxide in SN56, but not in primary cortical neurons, whereas no cooperative effects of RF with glutamate and 25-35AA beta-amyloid were found. These data suggest that only under particular circumstances exposure to GSM modulated, 900 MHz signal act as a co-stressor for oxidative damage of neural cells.

Technical innovation and 3.5 mobile phone generation: Lessons from Korea

In 1996, the Korean mobile communication market was the first in the world to commercialize the code division multiple access (CDMA). Since then, the voice-based mobile phone market has continued to grow and has now reached near saturation. Having recognized the potential of the mobile data service as a new source of profit, telecommunication operators are scrambling to evolve 3.5 generation (3.5G) technology in order to lead market competition. Recently, the Korean 3.5G mobile telecom market has faced stiff competition from CDMA-based EVDO Rev.A and global system for mobile telecommunications (GSM)-based high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). In addition, the world's first wireless LAN-based wireless broadband internet (WiBro) service was commercialized in June, 2006. This paper reviews the current status of the 3.5G technology and analyzes the service standardization strategies from the viewpoint of technological evolutions. This paper also suggests implications for Korea's specific circumstances where different mobile telecom technologies complement and compete with one another. Korea's experiences may serve as important lessons for other countries or operators who try to introduce the 3G and look beyond mobile telecom technologies.