Global System For Mobile Communication Mobile Phone Research Articles

Investigation of Radio Frequency Signal Propagation of Wireless Services in Oyo, Oyo State, South Western Nigeria

This study reported the investigation of the Radio Frequency (RF) signal propagation of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) coverage in Emmanuel Alayande College of Education (EACOED), Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria. The study aims at amplifying the quality of service and augment end users' sensitivity of the wireless services operation. The drive test method is adopted with estimation of coverage level and received signal strength. The Network Cell Info Lite application installed in three INFINIX GSM mobile phones was employed to take the measurement of the signal strength received from the transmitting stations of different mobile networks. The results of the study revealed that MTN has the maximum signal strength with a mean value of - 68.33 dBm, directly followed by Globacom (-80.41 dBm) and Airtel with -83.13 dBm. The Airtel signal has a conspicuously invariable poor performance with coverage level of 41.66 %. Conversely, the MTN and Globacom signal reception are observed to surpass the Airtel network within the college premises with 83.33 % and 60.41 % coverage level respectively. This implies that the signal quality for MTN and Globacom networks were comparatively disseminated within the college with inconsequential fluctuations in quality while Airtel signal is subsided and weaken. The poor performance in some areas was due to the presence of physical impediments and far distances location of base station antennas in the promulgation locations. This study therefore suggested that Airtel and Globacom Base Transceiver Stations (BTS) should be positioned within the college to improve good network reportage level.

Use of various biomarkers to explore the effects of GSM and GSM-like radiations on flowering plants.

Since last decade, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology has evidently revolutionized our digital world. It uses electromagnetic frequency radiations (EMFr), ranging 850-1900MHz, and is being composed of three main units (i.e., mobile station, access and core networks). GSM technology has significant impact on our daily life as revealed by increased number of mobile users in the world over. The main goal of the present review is to critically revisit the available literature regarding the responses of various flowering plant species towards GSM and GSM-like radiations using physiological, biochemical, molecular and cytological markers using in vitro approaches. Different monocots (tomato, onion, wheat and maize etc.) and dicots (pulses, mustard and flax) have been studied using both GSM mobile phone and GSM simulators. Different studies revealed overall reductions in germination, root-shoot lengths, dry weight, in both dose and time-dependent manners. However, there could be found incline in various parameters at biochemical and molecular levels. Furthermore, there could be found disturbances at cytological levels upon exposure of roots of onion to EMFr radiations. The overall literature review shows the negative effects of GSM and GSM-like radiations on targeted plant species. In order to alleviate the stressful effects of EMFr radiations on plants, in vivo studies need to be done using various cost-effective approaches such as use of biochar and various organic amendments.

Mobile phones for mobility or morbidity: Is there an evidence for morbidity?

Objectives: Potential health risks are posed by long-term electromagnetic exposure due to mobiles. This study was undertaken to assess changes in the hearing at the level of the inner ear and central auditory pathway due to chronic exposure to the electromagnetic waves from mobile phones using both global system for mobile communication (GSM) and code division multiple access (CDMA) types of mobile technology. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: A total of 321 individuals who were long-term mobile users (more than 1 year, 238 GSM and 83 CDMA) and 46 individuals who had never used mobile phones underwent investigations including pure tone audiometry (500 Hz to 16 KHz), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), auditory brain responses, and middle latency responses (MLR). The changes in the parameters were studied in mobile and nonmobile using ears of both GSM and CDMA individuals and corresponding ears of the controls to ascertain the effects of electromagnetic exposure. Results: GSM and CDMA users had a higher risk of having DPOAE absent as compared to controls (P = 0.000) more so if used longer during the day. They were found to have higher speech frequency thresholds and lower MLR wave Na amplitudes. More than 3 years of use emerged as a risk factor (P < 0.05). The damage was bilateral. Individuals using CDMA phones had more high-frequency loss than GSM user. The amplitudes of waves in MLR were lower in mobile phone users than nonusers. Conclusions: Long-term GSM and CDMA mobile phone use is associated with damage to the cochlea and auditory cortex.

Interference of GSM mobile phones with communication between Cardiac Rhythm Management devices and programmers: A combined in vivo and in vitro study.

To investigate interference, and how to avoid it, by high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone with communication between cardiac rhythm management devices (CRMs) and programmers, a combined in vivo and in vitro testing was conducted. During in vivo testing, GSM mobile phones interfered with CRM-programmer communication in 33 of 65 subjects tested (50.8%). Losing ventricle sensing was representative in this study. In terms of clinical symptoms, only 4 subjects (0.6%) felt dizzy during testing. CRM-programmer communication recovered upon termination of mobile phone communication. During in vitro testing, electromagnetic interference by high-frequency (700-950 MHz) EMFs reproducibly occurred in duplicate testing in 18 of 20 CRMs (90%). During each interference, the pacing pulse signal on the programmer would suddenly disappear while the synchronous signal was normal on the amplifier-oscilloscope. Simulation analysis showed that interference by radiofrequency emitting devices with CRM-programmer communication may be attributed to factors including materials, excitation source distance, and implant depth. Results suggested that patients implanted with CRMs should not be restricted from using GSM mobile phones; however, CRMs should be kept away from high-frequency EMFs of GSM mobile phone during programming.

Response of Caenorhabditis elegans to wireless devices radiation exposure

Purpose: To examine the impact of electromagnetic radiation, produced by GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) mobile phones, Wi-Fi (Wireless-Fidelity) routers and wireless DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) phones, on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.Materials and methods: We exposed synchronized populations, of different developmental stages, to these wireless devices at E-field levels below ICNIRP's (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines for various lengths of time. WT (wild-type) and aging- or stress-sensitive mutant worms were examined for changes in growth, fertility, lifespan, chemotaxis, short-term memory, increased ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) production and apoptosis by using fluorescent marker genes or qRT-PCR (quantitative Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction).Results: No statistically significant differences were found between the exposed and the sham/control animals in any of the experiments concerning lifespan, fertility, growth, memory, ROS, apoptosis or gene expression.Conclusions: The worm appears to be robust to this form of (pulsed) radiation, at least under the exposure conditions used.

Development of an RF-EMF Exposure Surrogate for Epidemiologic Research from Modelling, Personal Measurements and Operator Data

Introduction Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) is ubiquitous and thus to study potential effects of RF-EMF the exposure assessment is a crucial part. The aim was to develop an integrative exposure surrogate measure to estimate both, whole-body and brain exposure. Methods Far-field exposure to fixed site transmitters is modelled using a geospatial propagation model. Contribution of far-field exposure from WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) base stations have been identified by means of regression models from personal measurements. Predictors of the near-field exposure were identified from the literature. To evaluate the impact of differences in the power control of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile phones, personal measurement data was related to mobile phone operator data. Results Based on personal measurements from 71 adolescents carrying an exposimeter between 42 and 121 hours and filling out an activity diary, the following far-field WLAN and DECT exposure predictors have been identified: WLAN at school, WLAN at home and not switching off the base station during night and DECT phone base station placed in the bedroom, the living room or the kitchen. For the uplink far-field exposure the number of smartphones used by the family and the time spent in trains and buses were relevant predictors. We found indication that type of network is relevant since duration of GSM calls was associated with personal uplink exposure levels whereas duration of UMTS calls was not. Conclusion The preliminary results indicate only a few relevant exposure predictors. Although the proposed approach is proven to be feasible to combine near- and far-field exposure sources to an integrative whole-body and brain exposure value, more data is needed to obtain more robust and significant estimates.

Assessment of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure from GSM mobile phones

Although radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones have received much attention, relatively little is known about the extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields emitted by phones. This paper summarises ELF magnetic flux density measurements on global system for mobile communications (GSM) mobile phones, conducted as part of the MOBI-KIDS epidemiological study. The main challenge is to identify a small number of generic phone models that can be used to classify the ELF exposure for the different phones reported in the study. Two-dimensional magnetic flux density measurements were performed on 47 GSM mobile phones at a distance of 25 mm. Maximum resultant magnetic flux density values at 217 Hz had a geometric mean of 221 (+198/-104) nT. Taking into account harmonic data, measurements suggest that mobile phones could make a substantial contribution to ELF exposure in the general population. The maximum values and easily available variables were poorly correlated. However, three groups could be defined on the basis of field pattern indicating that manufacturers and shapes of mobile phones may be the important parameters linked to the spatial characteristics of the magnetic field, and the categorization of ELF magnetic field exposure for GSM phones in the MOBI-KIDS study may be achievable on the basis of a small number of representative phones. Such categorization would result in a twofold exposure gradient between high and low exposure based on type of phone used, although there was overlap in the grouping.

GSM mobile phone based LED scrolling message display system

Wireless communication has announced its arrival on big stage and the world is going mobile. We want to control everything and without moving an inch. The use of “Embedded System in Communication” has given rise to many interesting applications that ensures comfort and safety to human life. One of such applications is public addressing system (PAS). In this technical paper explains how a reliable and an authentic wireless communication could be easily developed between a mobile phone and microcontroller using GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) MODEM. It is proposed to implement this project at the institute level. It is proposed to place display boards in major access points. Now-a-days LED Message Scrolling Displays are becoming very popular. These displays are used in shopping malls, theaters, public transportation, traffic signs, highways signs, etc. This paper describes the GSM based LED display. Keywords: GSM modem, LED display, transmitter, receiver.

Health Risk of Using Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Mobile Phone

Despite the fact that introduction of GSM technology and mobile phone had tremendously solved the problems of communication in Nigeria; however the health implication of radiation from GSM mobile phone has become an area of great concern to the public. This study tried to find out the effect of radiation emitted from GSM mobile phone on human health. Power density was measured from selected mobile phone of different model at 0.01m away from the head of the mobile phone where large quantity of the radiation is emitted. The amount of power density measured ranges from 0.3 to 0.5µW/m2 with the corresponding SAR ranges from 0.0011 to 0.0018W/Kg. These results were compared with the standard values from the safety guide lines provided by the ICNIRP and were found to be far below the recommended level.

Mobile Phone Base Stations: Eltiti et al. Respond

Three letters have questioned the validity of the conclusions drawn in our recent article on the short-term effects of GSM (global system for mobile communication) and UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) base station signals (Eltiti et al. 2007). Most of the concerns are founded in misunderstandings of the study, and we hope to clarify these issues here. We assessed whether people could detect the presence of a 10-mW/m2 signal over a 50-min period (not 10 μW as claimed by Zinelis). This level of exposure is roughly equivalent to standing within 60 m of a mobile phone base station and was based on prior scientific evidence (Mann et al. 2000). We also measured a range of variables within three classes of response: physiological response, self-reported well-being, and actual symptoms experienced.

A New GPS–GSM-Based Method to Study Behavior of Brown Bears

Abstract We report a new method of studying brown bear (Ursus arctos) behavior. The method combines the technologies of Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). A GPS–GSM collar on a bear locates itself with the help of a GPS module, while the GSM module sends the location information to the researcher as SMS (short) message via a GSM mobile phone network. The collar is interactive and can receive SMS commands, for instance, to adjust the interval at which location information is transmitted. We tested the method in experiments in which people equipped with GPS–GSM mobile phones approached a GPS–GSM-collared bear. Spatial locations of the bear and the approaching persons are displayed on the digital map on the computer screen in real-time. The dispersion of spatial information was 2.5 m, and the success rate in the experiments was 81.2% (new spatial locations successfully received when requested). The method proved to be useful and accurate enough to study the beh...

Are some people sensitive to mobile phone signals? Within participants double blind randomised provocation study

Objective To test whether people who report being sensitive to mobile phone signals have more symptoms when exposed to a pulsing mobile signal than when exposed to a sham signal...

Electromagnetic interference of GSM mobile phones with the implantable deep brain stimulator, ITREL-III.

BackgroundThe purpose was to investigate mobile phone interference with implantable deep brain stimulators by means of 10 different 900 Mega Hertz (MHz) and 10 different 1800 MHz GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) mobile phones.MethodsAll tests were performed in vitro using a phantom especially developed for testing with deep brain stimulators. The phantom was filled with liquid phantom materials simulating brain and muscle tissue. All examinations were carried out inside an anechoic chamber on two implants of the same type of deep brain stimulator: ITREL-III from Medtronic Inc., USA.ResultsDespite a maximum transmitted peak power of mobile phones of 1 Watt (W) at 1800 MHz and 2 W at 900 MHz respectively, no influence on the ITREL-III was found. Neither the shape of the pulse form changed nor did single pulses fail. Tests with increased transmitted power using CW signals and broadband dipoles have shown that inhibition of the ITREL-III occurs at frequency dependent power levels which are below the emissions of GSM mobile phones. The ITREL-III is essentially more sensitive at 1800 MHz than at 900 MHz. Particularly the frequency range around 1500 MHz shows a very low interference threshold.ConclusionThese investigations do not indicate a direct risk for ITREL-III patients using the tested GSM phones. Based on the interference levels found with CW signals, which are below the mobile phone emissions, we recommend similar precautions as for patients with cardiac pacemakers: 1. The phone should be used at the ear at the opposite side of the implant and 2. The patient should avoid carrying the phone close to the implant.