Global Revision Research Articles

채권양도금지 특약과 채권양도의 제3자에 대한 대항요건에 관한 비교법적 연구

At the time of the enactment of the Korean Civil Code, the provision regarding anti-assignment clauses and perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties were referred to the Japanese Civil Code. However, in 2017, Japan significantly revised Article 466 of its Civil Code, which deals with the anti-assignment clause. The provisions of the Japanese Civil Code regarding perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties were referred to the French Civil Code when Japan enacted its Civil Code in 1896. However, France revised its Civil Code to adopt a written form requirement for the contract of assignment of claims (French Civil Code, Article 1322), and removed the requirement of notification to the debtor for perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties, so that perfection of the assignment against third parties is acquired at the time of the conclusion of the assignment agreement (French Civil Code, Article 1323). The German Civil Code, from the beginning, stipulates that perfection of the assignment against third parties is acquired at the time of the conclusion of the assignment contract, and notification to the debtor is not a requirement. Considering these global revision trends, it is desirable to consider revision of the Korean Civil Code regarding anti-assignment clauses and perfection of the assignment of claims against third parties. As a proposed revision to the Korean Commercial Code, the introduction of a provision specifically dealing with receivables can also be considered. According to this proposal, for non-monetary claims, the assignment of claims would be void if the assignee is aware (or grossly negligent) of the anti-assignment clause, and the assignment would be valid if the assignee is unaware under the Korean Civil Code; and in the case of commercial receivables, the assignment of receivables would be valid regardless of whether the assignee is aware or unaware of the anti-assignment clause, thereby protecting the safety of transactions involving receivables under the proposed Commercial Code revision. An analysis of overseas legislation shows that there are few examples of legislation that stipulate notification to the debtor as a requirement for perfection of the assignment of receivables against third parties. With France’s revision of its Civil Code, the Japanese Civil Code is almost the only example of such legislation. It is time for Korea to consider a revision that liberates the assignor from the obligation to notify the debtor in order to perfect the assignment against third parties. To alleviate the burden of notifying the debtor of the assignment of receivables, it is necessary to revise the Act on Security over Movable Assets and Receivables to include the assignment of receivables within its scope of application.

Nature, technological and ethical action: paths for environmental education since Hans Jonas

Making environmental issues fundamentally necessary and urgent in these times and tropics, times of massive use – in the last two centuries and especially after World War II – of production technologies, means requiring the existential minimum, i.e., reasonable conditions for good quality of life. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, we intend to present the philosophical contribution of Hans Jonas to the ecological issue, on the other hand, we would like to highlight how precisely from this reflection it is possible to acquire adequate awareness, from the promotion of environmental education, environmental risks linked to technological and economic developments. First, we analyze Jonas’s contribution to the redefinition of the concept of nature. Secondly, we try to clarify in what terms and with what consequences, according to Jonas, human nature occupies a central place in the global revision of the concept of nature and manifests itself in terms of a fundamental ethical principle. Finally, let us try to explain what consequences this entails for the protection of the integral ecology.

(2959–2960) Proposals to conserve the name Abelmoschus against Laguna, and Pavonia, nom. cons., against the additional names Malvaviscus and Malachra (Malvaceae)

(2959–2960) Proposals to conserve the name <i>Abelmoschus</i> against <i>Laguna</i>, and <i>Pavonia</i>, nom. cons., against the additional names <i>Malvaviscus</i> and <i>Malachra</i> (<i>Malvaceae</i>)

GaiaData Release 3

Context.Gaiahas been in operations since 2014, and two full data releases (DR) have been delivered so far: DR1 in 2016 and DR2 in 2018. The thirdGaiadata release expands from the early data release (EDR3) in 2020, which contained the five-parameter astrometric solution and mean photometry for 1.8 billion sources by providing 34 months of multi-epoch observations that allowed us to systematically probe, characterise, and classify variable celestial phenomena.Aims.We present a summary of the variability processing and analysis of the photometric and spectroscopic time series of 1.8 billion sources carried out forGaiaDR3.Methods.We used statistical and machine learning methods to characterise and classify the variable sources. Training sets were built from a global revision of major published variable star catalogues. For a subset of classes, specific detailed studies were conducted to confirm their class membership and to derive parameters that are adapted to the peculiarity of the considered class.Results.In total, 10.5 million objects are identified as variable inGaiaDR3 and have associated time series inG,GBP, andGRPand, in some cases, radial velocity time series. The DR3 variable sources subdivide into 9.5 million variable stars and 1 million active galactic nuclei or ‘quasars’. In addition, supervised classification identified 2.5 million galaxies thanks to spurious variability induced by the extent of these objects. The variability analysis output in the DR3 archive amounts to 17 tables, containing a total of 365 parameters. We publish 35 types and subtypes of variable objects. For 11 variable types, additional specific object parameters are published. Here, we provide an overview of the estimated completeness and contamination of most variability classes.Conclusions.Thanks toGaia, we present the largest whole-sky variability analysis based on coherent photometric, astrometric, and spectroscopic data. FutureGaiadata releases will more than double the span of time series and the number of observations, allowing the publication of an even richer catalogue.

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A review.

Microplastics (MPs) represent a serious problem for the environment and for this reason they have been studied in many articles, especially their presence in aquatic environments and soils. MPs have been found in wastewater and sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most part of the published works have focused on the detection and elimination of MPs in the water line and several reviews have been published in the last years. In addition, the application of sewage sludge produced from WWTPs for agricultural use is known to be a primary source of MPs in soils. However, in the scientific literature less attention has been paid to the sludge and little is known about MPs fate when it is applied in agriculture. This work aims to give a global revision on the most used techniques to identify and detect MPs in sludges, their characteristics and incidence, their effect on sludge treatments and their impact on the environment. As far as we know, there are no standardized protocols for MPs extraction from soil and the possible repercussions on the cultivation of plants are not known. This review evidences that more studies are necessary to stablished standardized protocols and decipher the main mechanisms and the effects of MPs from sewage sludge in the environment.

Phylogeny of Rubus (Rosaceae): Integrating molecular and morphological evidence into an infrageneric revision

AbstractRubus (Rosaceae), one of the most complicated angiosperm genera, contains about 863 species, and is notorious for its taxonomic difficulty. The most recent (1910–1914) global taxonomic treatment of the genus was conducted by Focke, who defined 12 subgenera. Phylogenetic results over the past 25 years suggest that Focke's subdivisions of Rubus are not monophyletic, and large‐scale taxonomic revisions are necessary. Our objective was to provide a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the genus based on an integrative evidence approach. Morphological characters, obtained from our own investigation of living plants and examination of herbarium specimens are combined with chloroplast genomic data. Our dataset comprised 196 accessions representing 145 Rubus species (including cultivars and hybrids) and all of Focke's subgenera, including 60 endemic Chinese species. Maximum likelihood analyses inferred phylogenetic relationships. Our analyses concur with previous molecular studies, but with modifications. Our data strongly support the reclassification of several subgenera within Rubus. Our molecular analyses agree with others that only R. subg. Anoplobatus forms a monophyletic group. Other subgenera are para‐ or polyphyletic. We suggest a revised subgeneric framework to accommodate monophyletic groups. Character evolution is reconstructed, and diagnostic morphological characters for different clades are identified and discussed. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, we propose a new classification system with 10 subgenera: R. subg. Anoplobatus, R. subg. Batothamnus, R. subg. Chamaerubus, R. subg. Cylactis, R. subg. Dalibarda, R. subg. Idaeobatus, R. subg. Lineati, R. subg. Malachobatus, R. subg. Melanobatus, and R. subg. Rubus. The revised infrageneric nomenclature inferred from our analyses is provided along with synonymy and type citations. Our new taxonomic backbone is the first systematic and complete global revision of Rubus since Focke's treatment. It offers new insights into deep phylogenetic relationships of Rubus and has important theoretical and practical significance for the development and utilization of these important agronomic crops.

Конкурентная разведка как инструмент достижения экономической безопасности организации

The relevance of the study lies in the ever-increasing level of competition in the global economy, which implies a global revision by the management of organizations of general approaches to the analysis of interaction with the external environment. At present, despite the general decline in the main macroeconomic indicators of the world economy, most organizations note that they feel an increasing level of competitive pressure, which, along with increased turbulence in the global economy, can lead the organization to severe financial consequences up to bankruptcy. In order to minimize such a negative impact, organizations should constantly take into account the influence of a constantly changing external environment in the process of strategic planning of their activities, for which it is advisable to conduct competitive intelligence as a tool to ensure the stability of the organization’s functioning. The purpose of the study is to determine the main economic prerequisites for conducting competitive intelligence in an organization and to analyze the dependence of the organization’s performance indicators on the introduction of competitive intelligence practices. The main objective is to develop recommendations for the implementation of competitive intelligence in the organization. The article pays special attention to the analysis of the global economic situation in recent years, characterizes a systematic approach to management as an element that allows you to fully build the organization’s activities depending on the influence of the external environment, draws up conclusions about the main problems of introducing the practice of competitive intelligence at the present stage. In the course of the study, general scientific methods were used, such as analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction. As a result of the study, the contribution of competitive intelligence, as a separate function, to the overall performance of the organization is demonstrated, recommendations are given for improving the implementation of competitive intelligence to increase efficiency.

Modern budget policy: features and criteria for assessing quality

The development of the principles of an appropriate budget policy (or a budget policy of adequate quality) is the central topic of research by Russian and foreign scientists, experts from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank as a response to the need of the world community to search for universal tools for ensuring economic growth with the unconditional fulfillment of current budget obligations, which in including the ability to mitigate the negative effects of fluctuations in economic cycles. Revision of the significance and role of the budget as one of the main instruments for the implementation of financial policy is especially relevant at the present time in connection with the global revision of the strategic priorities for the development of the state in the new socio-economic realities.

An unexpected new genus of panurgine bees (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) from Europe discovered after phylogenomic analysis

Establishing a higher classification of bees based on morphology alone can fail to capture evolutionary relationships when morphological characters either vary very little between distantly related groups, or conversely vary greatly between closely related species. This problem is well represented in the subfamily Panurginae, for which a recent global revision based on phylogenomic data unexpectedly revealed that two Old World species previously placed inCamptopoeumSpinola andFlavipanurgusWarncke, are in fact most closely related to each other, and together form a sister group relationship to the remainingFlavipanurgusandPanurgusPanzer combined. To rectify this situation, we here establish an expanded phylogenomic data set of Old World Panurgini and re-assess generic and subgeneric concepts for the tribe. To solve the paraphyly ofCamptopoeumandFlavipanurgus, we establish the new genusHalopanurgusgen. nov.containing the speciesH. baldocki(Wood &amp;amp; Cross),comb. nov.andH. fuzetus(Patiny),comb. nov., both of which are restricted to coastal sands, saltmarshes, and inland saline lagoons in the extreme south of Portugal and south-west of Spain. Re-evaluation of four recently used subgenera inPanurgusstrongly supports a simplified classification of two subgenera;PachycephalopanurgusPatiny,stat. rev.includingMicropanurgusPatinysyn. nov., andPanurguss. str. includingEuryvalvusPatiny.Pachycephalopanurgusspecies seem to be oligoleges of Asteroideae (Asteraceae), whereasPanurguss. str. may be oligoleges of Cichorieae (Asteraceae). Our findings reinforce the challenges of establishing a phylogenetically sound classification of Panurginae using morphology alone and illustrate that even in well-studied regions like Europe unrecognised genera can persist in underexplored corners of the continent.

First Phylogenomic Assessment of the Amphitropical New World Ant Genus Dorymyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a Longstanding Taxonomic Puzzle

Abstract Dorymyrmex Mayr 1866, the ‘pyramid ants’ or ‘cone ants’, are conspicuous inhabitants of arid landscapes across the Americas. Ranging from the Great Plains to Patagonia, they are concentrated north and south of the tropics in contrast to the latitudinal diversity gradient canon. Despite being frequently collected and ecologically important, Dorymyrmex ants exemplify the taxonomic neglect typical in the subfamily Dolichoderinae. The genus has never had the benefit of a global revision, and even the major lineages are still uncertain. This work characterizes the issues at hand and ushers 22 Dorymyrmex species into the world of modern-day phylogenomics: By targeting ultraconserved elements (UCEs) across the genome, I construct an alignment of 1,891 loci, infer phylogenies under maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches, and estimate divergence dates. Three major clades of Dorymyrmex emerge with maximal support, corresponding to former genera: Dorymyrmex sensu stricto, Araucomyrmex Gallardo 1919, and Conomyrma Forel 1913. The pyramicus group (‘Conomyrma’) shows a recent, rapid radiation with minimal morphological differentiation, reaffirming the difficulty of species delimitation in this widespread clade. Finally, I observe a general south-to-north pattern of dispersal, likely by way of savanna ‘stepping stones’ across the tropics during cooler, drier periods. Intercontinental dispersal occurred after the hypothetical Caribbean landspan in the Miocene, but before the Pleistocene or the completion of the Panamanian isthmus, suggesting dispersal by flight. This corroborates patterns observed in other arid-adapted amphitropical New World taxa. Characterizing the major Dorymyrmex species groups is an important first step towards stable taxonomic definitions—which underpin active studies in behavior, chemical ecology, and physiology.

Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi)

The whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 is the most speciose and widely distributed in the arachnid order Amblypygi Thorell, 1883. It comprises three genera and 95 species distributed across all tropical continents and the eastern Mediterranean. Despite recent advances in the taxonomy of the family, a global revision of all its species, necessary to advance understanding of its systematics, biogeography and evolution, has never been conducted. In the present contribution, the family is revised in its entirety for the first time, including all previous names and 33 new species, 24 in the genus Charinus Simon, 1892: C. alagoanus sp. nov., C. apiaca sp. nov., C. carinae sp. nov., C. carioca sp. nov., C. carvalhoi sp. nov., C. cearensis sp. nov., C. diamantinus sp. nov., C. euclidesi sp. nov., C. goitaca sp. nov., C. guayaquil sp. nov., C. imperialis sp. nov., C. loko sp. nov., C. magalhaesi sp. nov., C. miskito sp. nov., C. mocoa sp. nov., C. monasticus sp. nov., C. palikur sp. nov., C. perquerens sp. nov., C. puri sp. nov., C. renneri sp. nov., C. sooretama sp. nov., C. souzai sp. nov., C. susuwa sp. nov., C. una sp. nov.; eight in the genus Sarax Simon, 1892: S. bilua sp. nov., S. dunni sp. nov., S. gravelyi sp. nov., S. indochinensis sp. nov., S. lembeh sp. nov., S. palau sp. nov., S. rahmadii sp. nov., S. tiomanensis sp. nov.; and one in the genus Weygoldtia Miranda et al., 2018: W. consonensis sp. nov. Taxonomic keys to the 132 species (excluding four nomina dubia) are presented and several taxonomic rearrangements implemented. Four subspecies are elevated to species level: Charinus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006, C. elegans Weygoldt, 2006, C. longipes Weygoldt, 2006, and Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934). Sarax batuensis Roewer, 1962 is removed from synonymy with Sarax buxtoni (Gravely, 1915) and S. buxtoni newly synonymized with Sarax rimosus (Simon, 1901). Stygophrynus moultoni Gravely, 1915 is transferred to Sarax, resulting in Sarax moultoni (Gravely, 1915) comb. nov. Ten species are transferred from Charinus to Sarax, resulting in new combinations: S. abbatei (Delle Cave, 1986) comb. nov., S. bengalensis (Gravely, 1911) comb. nov., S. dhofarensis (Weygoldt, Pohl &amp; Polak, 2002) comb. nov., S. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) comb. nov., S. israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016) comb. nov., S. omanensis (Delle Cave, Gardner &amp; Weygoldt, 2009) comb. nov., S. pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005) comb. nov., S. seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898) comb. nov., S. socotranus (Weygoldt, Pohl &amp; Polak, 2002) comb. nov. and S. stygochthobius (Weygoldt &amp; Van Damme, 2004) comb. nov.

Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi)

The whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 is the most speciose and widely distributed in the arachnid order Amblypygi Thorell, 1883. It comprises three genera and 95 species distributed across all tropical continents and the eastern Mediterranean. Despite recent advances in the taxonomy of the family, a global revision of all its species, necessary to advance understanding of its systematics, biogeography and evolution, has never been conducted. In the present contribution, the family is revised in its entirety for the first time, including all previous names and 33 new species, 24 in the genus Charinus Simon, 1892: C. alagoanus sp. nov., C. apiaca sp. nov., C. carinae sp. nov., C. carioca sp. nov., C. carvalhoi sp. nov., C. cearensis sp. nov., C. diamantinus sp. nov., C. euclidesi sp. nov., C. goitaca sp. nov., C. guayaquil sp. nov., C. imperialis sp. nov., C. loko sp. nov., C. magalhaesi sp. nov., C. miskito sp. nov., C. mocoa sp. nov., C. monasticus sp. nov., C. palikur sp. nov., C. perquerens sp. nov., C. puri sp. nov., C. renneri sp. nov., C. sooretama sp. nov., C. souzai sp. nov., C. susuwa sp. nov., C. una sp. nov.; eight in the genus Sarax Simon, 1892: S. bilua sp. nov., S. dunni sp. nov., S. gravelyi sp. nov., S. indochinensis sp. nov., S. lembeh sp. nov., S. palau sp. nov., S. rahmadii sp. nov., S. tiomanensis sp. nov.; and one in the genus Weygoldtia Miranda et al., 2018: W. consonensis sp. nov. Taxonomic keys to the 132 species (excluding four nomina dubia) are presented and several taxonomic rearrangements implemented. Four subspecies are elevated to species level: Charinus cavernicolus Weygoldt, 2006, C. elegans Weygoldt, 2006, C. longipes Weygoldt, 2006, and Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934). Sarax batuensis Roewer, 1962 is removed from synonymy with Sarax buxtoni (Gravely, 1915) and S. buxtoni newly synonymized with Sarax rimosus (Simon, 1901). Stygophrynus moultoni Gravely, 1915 is transferred to Sarax, resulting in Sarax moultoni (Gravely, 1915) comb. nov. Ten species are transferred from Charinus to Sarax, resulting in new combinations: S. abbatei (Delle Cave, 1986) comb. nov., S. bengalensis (Gravely, 1911) comb. nov., S. dhofarensis (Weygoldt, Pohl &amp; Polak, 2002) comb. nov., S. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959) comb. nov., S. israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016) comb. nov., S. omanensis (Delle Cave, Gardner &amp; Weygoldt, 2009) comb. nov., S. pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005) comb. nov., S. seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898) comb. nov., S. socotranus (Weygoldt, Pohl &amp; Polak, 2002) comb. nov. and S. stygochthobius (Weygoldt &amp; Van Damme, 2004) comb. nov.

Unpacking Decades of Multi-Scale Events and Environment-Based Development in the Senegalese Sahel: Lessons and Perspectives for the Future

A major challenge faced by human societies is to promote development that truly makes difference for people without jeopardizing their environment. This is particularly urgent in developing countries where, despite decades of development programs, local populations often live under poverty thresholds. With this study, we participate in the ongoing debate about the necessary global revision of development theory and practice in the rural Sahel. We retrace the development trajectories in the Ferlo, the northern silvopastoral zone of Senegal. We highlight how development has evolved from the 1940s to the present, from centralized development action programs focused on hydraulic infrastructure to current polycentric development with growing environmental concerns. We highlight multi-scale events that have influenced the successive development paradigms in the area. Focusing on the past thirty years, we analyzed twenty-five environment and natural resource management-oriented projects, describing the evolution of their objectives and actions over time and identifying recurring flaws: redundancy, lack of synergy, and questionable relevance to local needs We put forth that a more resilient thinking-based development paradigm is necessary to guide the growing number of environment-oriented development actions, including the African Great Green Wall, for which massive investments are ongoing throughout Ferlo and across the Sahel.

Outcome and revision rate of uncemented humeral head resurfacing: Mid-term follow-up study.

BACKGROUNDGlenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of pain and disability affecting nearly a third of the world’s population over 60 years of age. As in other joints, shoulder arthroplasty appears to be the most effective treatment. The implant design has evolved during time transitioning to shorter humeral stem lengths or even stemless components.AIMTo evaluate the medium-term outcome and survival of a cementless humeral head resurfacing (HHR) in a group of patients affected with OA or avascular necrosis.METHODSThis is a retrospective study of prospectively collected data using HHR in 23 patients (15 female and 8 male) after a 7.4 year follow-up. The collected data included clinical and radiographical evaluation. The Constant score, the visual analogue scale, and a clinical evaluation of range of motion were registered pre- and postoperatively. Fifteen patients affected with OA (2 cases of mild, 6 moderate, and 7 severe) and 10 with avascular necrosis (stage III according to Cruess classification) were enrolled. X-rays were evaluated to detect loosening signs, degenerative changes, and superior humeral head migration. Magnetic resonance preoperatively was also performed to assess the rotator cuff status. Tendon integrity was mandatory to implant the HHR.RESULTSIn total, 19 patients (21 shoulders) completed the follow-up. Data on 4 shoulders, in 4 patients, were lost because of prosthesis failure. The global revision rate was 16%. A statistically significant improvement in the mean Constant score, visual analogue scale, and range of motion have been reported. No signs of loosening were registered, while in 12 cases a glenoid erosion was found. The osteophytes appeared 7 times on the humeral side and 12 on the glenoid. Superior humeral migration was recorded in only 1 case.CONCLUSIONHHR remains a reasonable option in patients with an intact rotator cuff for the treatment of OA and avascular necrosis.

Exploring EFL Learners’ Comments on Web-Based Peer Feedback: Local and Global Revisions

The purpose of this empirical study was to explore the interactional commenting patterns that EFL learners produced in web-based peer feedback and correlate them with the learners&amp;rsquo; writing achievement. The study employed a quasi-experimental design built on the Theory of Cognitive Apprenticeship (Collins, 1991), which gives emphasis on coaching (local revision) and scaffolding (global revision) processes. The context of the study was in a public university in Oman and 50 participants were involved in a selected range of online peer-feedback processes, synchronously and asynchronously. A paired samples t-test showed that students were able to improve their grammar range and accuracy in writing essays more than other scaling categories (e.g. content and organization). The results of the qualitative analysis indicated that students produced far more comments synchronously than asynchronously, and most of the students&amp;rsquo; exchanges were on forms. The findings of this study could be a practical reference for those who plan to cultivate the use of technology in peer feedback practice.&amp;nbsp;

Ranking kinematics for revising by contextual information

Probability kinematics is a leading paradigm in probabilistic belief change. It is based on the idea that conditional beliefs should be independent from changes of their antecedents’ probabilities. In this paper, we propose a re-interpretation of this paradigm for Spohn’s ranking functions which we call Generalized Ranking Kinematics as a new principle for iterated belief revision of ranking functions by sets of conditional beliefs with respect to their specific subcontext. By taking into account semantical independencies, we can reduce the complexity of the revision task to local contexts. We show that global belief revision can be set up from revisions on the local contexts via a merging operator. Furthermore, we formalize a variant of the Ramsey-Test based on the idea of local contexts which connects conditional and propositional revision in a straightforward way. We extend the belief change methodology of c-revisions to strategic c-revisions which will serve as a proof of concept.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;An updated species inventory of&lt;em&gt; Callithamnion&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;sensu lato&lt;/em&gt; Rhodophyta, Callithamniaceae in South Africa with the description of &lt;em&gt;Callithamnion africanum sp&lt;/em&gt;. &lt;em&gt;nov&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The species diversity of Callithamnion sensu lato in South Africa is re-visited using existing literature, morphology and DNA. The identity of a putative new species is confirmed as distinct using DNA and is described here as Callithamnion africanum sp. nov. Callithamnion africanum differs molecularly and morphologically from a similar species, C. cordatum with which it shares a similar habitat and distribution range in South Africa. Callithamnion africanum is resolved in the Callithamnion sensu stricto clade and is sister to the type species of the genus, Callithamnion corymbosum. Additionally, Callithamnion stuposum, a species described from South Africa and a common component of the seaweed flora, was recovered in the larger, unresolved Callithamnion sensu lato clade. An updated species inventory of Callithamnion sensu lato in South Africa is provided, and indicates a lack of sequence data for the large majority of species. Furthermore, a global rbcL phylogeny highlights a number of taxonomic concerns regarding the classification of taxa circumscribed to Callithamnion sensu lato and calls for a global revision using DNA, type specimens or material collected from near type localities.

Widespread polytypic species or complexes of local species? Revising bumblebees of the subgenus Melanobombus world-wide (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus)

Species are often presumed to be apparent in nature, but in practice they may be difficult to recognise, especially when viewed across continents rather than within a single site. Coalescent-based Poisson-tree-process (PTP) models applied to fast-evolving genes promise one quantitative criterion for recognising species, complete with the estimates of uncertainty that are required of a scientific method. Such methods face challenges especially in discerning between widespread polytypic species and complexes of closely related, restricted-range species. In particular, ‘over-sampling’ of many closely related individuals within one species could risk causing groups of less closely-related individuals within other species appearing relatively more distinct and consequently could risk them being interpreted falsely as separate species. Some of the most persistent taxonomic problems among bumblebees (genus Bombus Latreille, 1802) are within the subgenus Melanobombus von Dalla Torre, 1880. For a global revision of Melanobombus species, we use COI barcodes and seek to reduce the risk from localised over-sampling by filtering the data to include only unique haplotypes. Unique haplotypes give more conservative results than unfiltered data, but still increase the number of species in comparison with recent morphological treatments. After integrative assessment of COI coalescents in comparison with morphological groups, the number of accepted species shows a non-linear increase with sample size that plateaus to an increase of 47% (to 25 species) compared with a previous estimate (of 17) based on morphology alone. For the most widespread and variable species-complexes, our revised species improve the match to the patterns expected of species, both for genetic divergence-with-distance and for sympatry, leading to three main inferences. (1) The particularly widespread polytypic Bombus sichelii Radoszkowski, 1859, is a single species. (2) We detect two candidates for species within previous broad concepts of each of the former B. lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758), B. miniatus Bingham, 1897, and B. rufofasciatus Smith, 1852. Within B. lapidarius s. lat. we find insufficient evidence to corroborate the candidate species, with no coalescent or morphological support for a recent claim for a separate species, B. bisiculus Lecocq, Biella, Martinet &amp;#38; Rasmont, 2019 described from southern Italy, but rather we find a weak and uncorroborated coalescent for a different and much broader group of samples from across southeastern Europe but excluding Turkey. Within the former broad concepts of B. miniatus s. lat. and B. rufofasciatus s. lat. the coalescent evidence is stronger and subtle evidence from morphology corroborates recognising B. miniatus s. str. and B. eurythorax Wang, 1892 stat. rev. as separate species as well as B. rufofasciatus s. str. and B. prshewalskyi Morawitz, 1880 stat. rev. as separate species. (3) Our coalescent and morphological results ‘split’ more clearly what has long been interpreted as a single polytypic B. keriensis Morawitz, 1887, s. lat., by supporting novel concepts of the restricted-range species: B. alagesianus Reinig, 1930 stat. rev., B. incertoides Vogt, 1911 stat. rev., B. keriensis s. str., B. qilianensis sp. nov., B. separandus Vogt, 1909 stat. rev., and B. tibeticus sp. nov. A lectotype is designated for the name B. keriensis and a neotype is designated for the name B. alagesianus. We estimate the phylogeny of Melanobombus species by including three slower-evolving genes to provide more evidence for deeper relationships, to estimate the time calibration of this phylogeny, and to estimate ancestral distributions, all within a Bayesian framework. We provide the first keys for identifying all of the species of Melanobombus.

Labor Legislation in Russia vs Coronavirus: Who will Win?

The spread of a new coronavirus infection and the consequences caused by it (social interactions limitations, the need for citizens to comply with the self-isolation regime, reduction in the volume of products and (or) services rendered, suspension of activities in a number of industries) posed the problem of optimal coordination of the interests of the parties to labor relations and the interests of the state before labor legislation. The paper attempts to consider the possible actions of the employer aimed at minimizing the negative consequences of the spread of the virus, both on the basis of mechanisms already laid down in labor legislation, and taking into account measures taken at the federal and regional levels. The author expresses the hope that the spread of a new coronavirus infection will not lead to a global revision of the rights and obligations of workers laid down in labor legislation, but will allow a fresh assessment of the existing balance of interests of workers and employers.

A study of possible-worlds semantics of relevance-sensitive belief revision

Abstract Parikh’s relevance-sensitive axiom (P) for belief revision is open to two different interpretations, i.e. the weak and the strong version of (P), both of which are plausible depending on the context. Given that strong (P) has not received the attention it deserves, in this article, an extended examination of it is conducted. In particular, we point out interesting properties of the semantic characterization of the strong version of (P), as well as a vital feature of it that, potentially, results in a significant drop on the resources required for an implementation of a belief-revision system. Lastly, we shed light on the natural connection between global and local revision functions, via their corresponding semantic characterization, hence, a means for constructing global revision functions from local ones, and vice versa, is provided.