Global Regime Research Articles

Explaining the EU’s Uneven Influence Across the International Regime Complex in Shadow Banking

This article shows that the EU has exerted uneven influence within the global regime complex in shadow banking. Why? We seek to explain the variation in the EU’s ability to exert influence across different elemental regimes—those on hedge funds and securitization—in the broader regime complex over time. In hedge funds regulation, the EU has pursued more stringent international rules, to no avail. In securitization, the EU has been more successful in promoting more lenient regulation at the international level. We focus on the EU’s internal cohesiveness (which can change over time) as the key explanatory variable.

Westphalian Sovereignty and the Free-Rider Conundrum in the Atmospheric Commons: Examining Global Governance Regimes for Addressing Climate Change Adaptation

While key actors at the international level have made strides in attempts to address climate change through collective action, their efforts are often limited by the Westphalian construct of the modern state which prioritizes territorial sovereignty over global governance. Thus, even though it is commonly known that the atmosphere transcends sovereign territory, creating effective institutional and policy mechanisms for collective state action to govern it remains a major challenge. Indeed, despite the crafting of various international climate change governing frameworks after the Rio Earth Conference of 1992, greenhouse gas emissions have continued to increase, with the negative impacts of climate change already being experienced in various parts of the world. In this paper, we review published literature, secondary data and international policies to gauge the performance of the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement of 2015 in regulating national and global greenhouse gas emissions. Our assessment established that enforcing commitments made by various nation states at the international level is very difficult, mainly because the pursuit of national economic growth is accorded precedence over the imperative for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This inevitably results in governance failures. It is also clear that the socioeconomic development imperatives of less developed economies are particularly compromised as they have the highest incentive to cooperate with global governance due to their vulnerability to climate change impacts, and yet they have the least capacity to emit greenhouse gasses because of the nature of their economies.

The EU and China in the global climate regime: a dialectical collaboration-competition relationship

The EU and China in the global climate regime: a dialectical collaboration-competition relationship

Temporal Irreversibility of Large-Scale Brain Dynamics in Alzheimer's Disease.

Healthy brain dynamics can be understood as the emergence of a complex system far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Brain dynamics are temporally irreversible and thus establish a preferred direction in time (i.e., arrow of time). However, little is known about how the time-reversal symmetry of spontaneous brain activity is affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). We hypothesized that the level of irreversibility would be compromised in AD, signaling a fundamental shift in the collective properties of brain activity toward equilibrium dynamics. We investigated the irreversibility from resting-state fMRI and EEG data in male and female human patients with AD and elderly healthy control subjects (HCs). We quantified the level of irreversibility and, thus, proximity to nonequilibrium dynamics by comparing forward and backward time series through time-shifted correlations. AD was associated with a breakdown of temporal irreversibility at the global, local, and network levels, and at multiple oscillatory frequency bands. At the local level, temporoparietal and frontal regions were affected by AD. The limbic, frontoparietal, default mode, and salience networks were the most compromised at the network level. The temporal reversibility was associated with cognitive decline in AD and gray matter volume in HCs. The irreversibility of brain dynamics provided higher accuracy and more distinctive information than classical neurocognitive measures when differentiating AD from control subjects. Findings were validated using an out-of-sample cohort. Present results offer new evidence regarding pathophysiological links between the entropy generation rate of brain dynamics and the clinical presentation of AD, opening new avenues for dementia characterization at different levels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT By assessing the irreversibility of large-scale dynamics across multiple brain signals, we provide a precise signature capable of distinguishing Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the global, local, and network levels and different oscillatory regimes. Irreversibility of limbic, frontoparietal, default-mode, and salience networks was the most compromised by AD compared with more sensory-motor networks. Moreover, the time-irreversibility properties associated with cognitive decline and atrophy outperformed and complemented classical neurocognitive markers of AD in predictive classification performance. Findings were generalized and replicated with an out-of-sample validation procedure. We provide novel multilevel evidence of reduced irreversibility in AD brain dynamics that has the potential to open new avenues for understating neurodegeneration in terms of the temporal asymmetry of brain dynamics.

Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space: Role of Sustainable Development Goals and Its Legal Consequences

Celestial bodies had always been part of the process of volatile natural phenomena. The problem of collusion and encroaching path of each other, and interference of comets and dust has been as a forming part of space debris. Things have become riskier with the humans’ entry. This has generated a genuine apprehension of damage to the adverse environment of outer space. In this connection, the UNCOPUOS has been working on the agenda of sustainable space. In 2010, the Scientific and Technical Subcommittee of the UNCOPUOS created a Working Group on the Long-Term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities to develop a consolidated set of voluntary, non-binding guidelines for the States, international organisations, and private entities to ensure sustainable space. 
 In this connection, the present paper discusses various aspects of sustainable space including possible applicability of SDGs to outer space. The part one of the paper introduces the concept of sustainable development. It also highlights the global environmental protection regime and underneath politics. Part two of the paper canvases the role of space (technologies) in achieving the SDGs. Part three of the paper explores to answer the question “whether SDGs includes Space in it or not?” If not, how the idea of “sustainable space” can be achieved? There, the authors explain the need for sustainable space and discussion happening around. In part four, authors conclude by arguing for evolving regime for sustainable space and resist from committing the same mistake that we did to the earth environment.

Understanding the current global regime shift and the standing of the macro-financial system resilience

Understanding the current global regime shift and the standing of the macro-financial system resilience

Determining the spatial contributions of land use changes on the streamflow and sediment transport regimes: a case study of the Gorganroud watershed in Iran.

Human activities and climate change are recognized as two of the most important drivers of hydrologic variability and have attracted the interest of researchers over the past decade. Changes in land use, dam construction, agricultural development, and global warming are forces that directly or indirectly impact the global and local hydrologic regime. This study examines the effects of these drivers on streamflow and sediment transport in the Gorganroud watershed, located in the north of Iran. In addition, the most sensitive land use patterns are detected using statistical approaches and a hydrologic model. The current study's principal argument is based on the variability of land use patterns during the modeling procedure (2007-2019). The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used to consider the land use dynamics during the simulation period based on the hydrological regime of the reference period. The Simple Differential Method (SDM) and Climate Elasticity Method (CEM) are utilized to estimate the contribution rates of land use and climate change in streamflow and sediment transport changes. The results indicate that changes in land use have contributed more than 60% to streamflow and sediment regime changes in all subbasins. A sensitivity analysis of land uses and the spatial distribution of the Human Contribution Rate (HCR) over the study area reveal that an increase in orchard land use (8.7% during the computational period) is primarily responsible for these significant changes.

The emerging global socio-technical regime for tackling space debris: A discourse network analysis

The global space sector has to increasingly consider sustainability concerns in the orbit, given the rising challenge of space debris. In which direction the management of space debris will develop in terms of technological solutions, policies, and actor strategies remains still unclear. This paper applies the concept of ‘global socio-technical regimes’ to better understand how actors in the global space sector frame, conceive, and legitimize the space debris problem. More specifically, we apply a discourse network analysis method – sociotechnical configuration analysis – to identify and map different value orientations by core actors over the last fifteen years. This analysis reveals three development stages in the discourse: a problem identification period (2007–2011), followed by the rise of national interests amidst increasing promises of space-based infrastructures (2012–2015), and finally, the emergence of a global socio-technical regime that increasingly connects space sustainability with Earth-bound sustainability (2016–2019). Based on our analysis, we expect that ensuring future earth-space sustainability will include a broader mix of challenges. Future approaches to space debris management will have to consider a broader and clearer problem framing to help inform effective policy making.

Prohibition geographies: Afterward to special issue on “Illicit geographies and contested environments”

This commentary takes up a challenge signaled by the papers in the special issue on ‘Illicit Ecologies and Contested Environments': to go beyond 'illicitness' as an analytical frame and think about how the socioecologies described here represent political ecologies of prohibition. Prohibitionary law-making is the moment when distinctions between legal and illegal commodities are made, and this commentary outlines a cascade of effects that follow from that moment, including law enforcement, criminalization and enrichment. Drawing on insights from the special issue, we see how global prohibitionary regimes create socioecologies characterized by ecological simplification, dispossession, resource enclosure, and land privatization, ultimately accelerating the pace and violence with which global frontiers are regularized and re-ordered into spaces available to capital. It is suggested that ‘political ecologies of prohibition’ offers a parsimonious lens for recognizing these common processes across otherwise diverse commodities and environments.

THE POLITICAL ONTOLOGY OF MICHAEL HARDT AND ANTONIO NEGRI

The works titled Empire and Multitude that were co-authored by political theorists Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have created a considerable impact on human and social sciences. In these studies, the writers examine the main characteristics of the passage from modernity to postmodernity, industrial production to postindustrial immaterial production, modern notion of sovereignty to the global regime that they call Empire. Moreover, they maintain that the political agents that were active in modernity should be reconsidered within the context of a new postmodern political subjectivity which they call “the multitude.” This article argues that Hardt and Negri’s political theory cannot be grasped only with an empirical approach, it must also be read from the perspective of political ontology. Underlying this claim is the fact that Hardt and Negri depart from the dominant political theories and critical methods of modernity, and that they take Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s Spinozian ontology to the center of their analysis. Accordingly, this article discusses the sources—primarily the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari—that feed into concepts such as Empire, the multitude, desire, and immaterial labor introduced by Hardt and Negri, and it investigates the political ontology that constitutes the framework of their work.

The indirect criteria for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments

The twenty-second diplomatic session of the Hague Conference on Private International Law closed on 2 July 2019 with the adoption of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Decisions in Civil and Commercial Matters, also known as the Judgments Convention. The present work focused on analyzing the indirect criteria that are provided for in art. 5 of the Conference of the Hague for the recognition and enforcement of judgments. This is an ambitious project that will give rise to a global enforcement regime on the circulation of judgments. The shortcomings are still many as well as the debate between civil and common law, but the time is ripe for a concrete project of broader inspiration, more political and less juridical. The method used in our work is based on comparative doctrine and jurisprudence on a global level.

Where is the child? Refugee narratives in contemporary European popular culture

Abstract Subjected to what has been called a ‘global mobility regime’, refugees will often find that their destination countries have a limited number of pre-cut identities ready for them and allow them little leeway beyond these. In this paper, we will discuss representations of refugees in European popular culture following the so-called 2015 Syrian refugee crisis. We will analyse the narratives in these representations, and how these negotiate both what refugees are and should be, as well as what Europe, and more specifically the EU, is and should be. Through pathos, humour and shock, these works – two pop songs, a concert film, a comic and a cartoon – do not only convey narratives about the plight of refugees, but also work through how Europe experienced the 2015 crisis, and the ensuing, often conflicting, attitudes towards irregular migration that were expressed in European public discourse. We will discuss how this experience can be conceptualised as a ‘boundary experience’ that creates a before and after, as well as the possibility of new forms of identity – a possibility that may be ultimately rejected. As they take up the topic of irregular migration, we find producers of popular culture looking for words, sounds and images to express and address these attitudes, and to remember – or forget – the 2015 refugee crisis.

“You Can’t Go to War Over Refugees”: The Bangladesh War of 1971 and the International Refugee Regime

Abstract This article examines the 1971 refugee crisis between India and Pakistan and discusses its enduring lessons for the global refugee regime. The crisis, which drove an estimated ten million refugees into India within a space of nine months, led to a war between the two countries. The events of that year had significant geopolitical consequences. It led to the break-up of the Pakistani state, created the new country of Bangladesh, and involved the United Nations in one of its earliest, and largest, refugee repatriation campaigns. Yet, the case has received little attention in the refugee studies literature. Based on extensive archival research of the records of the US, British, and Indian governments, and of the office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, this article examines why and how the refugee crisis escalated into an interstate war. The study links the India–Pakistan case to ongoing challenges confronting the international refugee regime, particularly from the perspective of first-host countries. The 1971 crisis reminds us that refugee governance norms and practices must include more critical considerations of the conditions necessary to resolve forced migration situations.

Conservation after the fact: The prevalence of post-approval condition-setting in environmental impact assessment processes in Australia and its implications for achieving ecologically sustainable development outcomes

Environmental impact assessment (‘EIA’) processes are ubiquitous across global approvals regimes as a key mechanism for achieving sustainable development. However, in recent decades, the integrity of the EIA process has been threatened by streamlining efforts undertaken by governments to reduce the cost of EIA. One such streamlining mechanism that has been under-evaluated by EIA literature is the potential prevalence and impact of post-approval condition-setting. That is, condition-setting that shifts some, or all, of the impact analysis and mitigation stages of EIA to the post-approval stage.This study addresses that gap by undertaking an empirical review of the prevalence and impact of a subset of post-approval conditions, namely, post-approval biodiversity offset conditions in Australia across two study periods, 2011–2017 and 2021. The study finds that over 48% of all development approvals pursuant to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth)22“Cth” is the accepted abbreviation for “Commonwealth” and indicates that the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 was enacted by the federal Australian government. during those periods utilise post-approval condition-setting. Through the lens of EIA theory, this study argues that such condition-setting practices cause information gaps and limits stakeholder engagement during the EIA process. Post-approval condition-setting therefore has significant implications for the integrity of the EIA process and its capacity to deliver ecologically sustainable development outcomes.

JCPOA and Challenges for Non-Proliferation Regime

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement is a landmark accord that has deep implications for regional security and the global Non-Proliferation Regime. The revival of this agreement is a cumbersome challenge for the Biden administration, as the Trump withdrawal from this deal in 2018 caused a significant setback to its efficiency in blocking Iran’s path to building nuclear weapons. With the JCPOA no longer effective to restrict Iran’s nuclear ambitions, there is an urgent threat that the Middle East would be plunged into a nuclear arms race and strategic vulnerability. The Non-Proliferation Regime is facing a number of challenges which include a revival of the JCPOA nuclear deal, power imbalances, security dilemma, polarization among regional countries, continuing proliferation activities, regional security concerns, and domestic political pressures. The recent outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war has intensified Iranian insecurities in forgoing their nuclear program, as Iran feels threatened by its regional adversaries; Israel and Saudi Arabia. Iranian hardliners in empowered positions are steering Iran further away from the JCPOA owing to the security dilemma. A sustainable and comprehensive nuclear deal must be reached with Iran to avoid a nuclear arms race and further proliferation of nuclear weapons in the Middle East. This article aims to explore a) how the deal shall impact domestic and global security in terms of the Non-Proliferation Regime and, b) how the JCPOA is a decisive agreement for the fate of the Non-Proliferation regime.

On random trees and forests

The first talk at the session Random trees and random forests “Journée MAS” (27/08/2021) was presented by I. Kortchemski. After a general up-to-date introduction to local and scaling limits of Bienaymé trees (which are discrete branching trees), he presented new results on precise behavior of the largest out-degree of large branching trees when the offspring distribution μ is subcritical with μ(n) of order n−β for large n and β > 2 or critical with μ(n) of order n−2. In the next talk, M. Nassif gave asymptotics of additive functionals of large Bienayme trees in the global regime, which can be understood using scaling limits. Looking at Cayley trees with fixed size, A. Contat established a surprising identity for randomly built independent sets. Eventually J.-J. Duchamps presented some results on the distribution of the discrete Moran forest, a random graph arising in a classical population model at equilibrium.

Золотодобывающая промышленность России: санкционные шоки

The deliberate fragmentation of the world market as a result of the establishment of a global sanctions regime provoked a complete transition of both the Russian and the entire world economy to non-stationary modes of operation, one of the fundamental features of which are the deformations of the global monetary and financial system, which only two years ago seemed to have no alternative to the one based on the US dollar. One of the consequences of these events is the objective strengthening of the role of gold as the basis for the stability of national reserves and a single base in the transition to a plurality of global means of payment. The only source of replenishing gold reserves is gold mining, especially for modern Russia, which Western sanctions have effectively cut off from the world trade in gold. Russia has traditionally been one of the world leaders in terms of gold reserves and resources, ranking third in world production. Gold production in Russia increased by a factor of 1.5 in 2012–2021, facilitated by the growth rate of the Russian gold price relative to the global price due to the rise in the dollar exchange rate after 2014. At the same time, the share of gold in Russia’s gold and foreign exchange reserves is three times smaller than that of developed countries. This article discusses the problems of production localised in the regions of the Russian Far East and Siberia, its impact on the socio-economic development of these regions and the role of gold in the country’s economy. The impact of sanctions on the circulation of precious metals, including gold, is assessed. The authors assess the effects of external sanctions and the macroeconomic policy of the Russian Central Bank in terms of replenishing gold reserves and the volatility of the Russian ruble on gold production, the structure of gold consumption, and the economic situation in the gold mining industry

Exceptions for stop building coal-fired power plants in Indonesia

Indonesia planned to stop building new Coal-Fired Power Plants after 2023 which are in line with its NDC for Global Climate Change Regimes. But, Joko Widodo, Indonesia President, issued regulations that the government will allow to build new coal-fired power plants until 2030. This paper will explain Indonesia policy in allowing the construction of new coal-fired power plants. By using international regimes in renewable energy approach, Indonesia's role in fulfilling the needs in energy and also commitment to transform to clean energy will be explained. The Results of this paper show that Indonesia used rhetoric to show their commitment to get international support in funding for renewable energy developments. Yet, Indonesia allowing the construction of new coal-fired power plants has been used for bargaining positions for most of its interest in international forums. Indonesia got $20 billion deals from G7 Countries for transitions in The Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) scheme but is still getting international attention to get more investments. Indonesia also handled most of Non Governmental Organizations efforts to stop building new coal-fired power plants by making public statements for its reliable plant of transitions. In conclusion, Indonesia is using coal-fired power plants rhetoric to get funding for its transitions coping with the climate changes agenda in energy sectors.

Evaluating the impact of deviating technical standards on business processes, trade and innovation

Surrounding the increasingly intense discussions about the emergence of new global standardization regimes in context of China’s rise as a dominant standardization power, there has been much talk about countries purposefully using deviating national standards to impose trade barriers. The discussion of whether and to what degree technical standards deviate from international standards and how this affects business, trade, innovation and the standard system is of global relevance. As research about the impact of deviating technical standards is still strongly underrepresented in the academic community, this research analyses the different “degrees” of deviation and the respective impact of minor or negligible deviation and strong deviation on businesses trading in a global context. By using a mixed research method based on literature review, analysis of standard documents and semi-structured interviews, this study discusses peculiarities and challenges associated with deviating technical standards. This is of relevance with regards to international trade and especially trade with countries that became increasingly important players in the international standardization regime. Our research will therefore add further insights to a better understanding of the close linkage between economic growth and standardization. This paper further highlights how deviating technical standards impact companies around the globe and how these companies could use a newly developed risk indicator to not only engage in the standard game but also to better assess consequences.

Exploring Factors Impacting Organizational Adaptation Capacity of Punjab Agriculture & Meat Company (PAMCO)

Background: Worldwide organizations face various risks, and the key to sustainability is adaptive capacity linked to resilience. The study is part of the Ph.D. thesis for the capacity assessment of PAMCO under environmental factors. PAMCO, a government entity, is mandated to establish modern Halal meat processing & value addition facilities under the global quality compliance regime and institute a service delivery platform to promote commercial meat production, processing, value addition, and marketing mechanism. Aim: This study explored factors influencing PAMCO’s adaptation capacity to respond to disruptions. Methods: A study on PAMCO’s organizational resilience has been performed using a mixed-method approach. The corporate and financial records of the organizations have been reviewed critically, and the issues highlighted have been discussed with the senior management to finalize the findings. Sample: Thirty respondents were selected using the non-probabilistic purposive sampling method comprising management officials from different cadres.Results: The results display that several variables positively impact adaptation capacity directly and indirectly through mediation and serial mediation. The hypotheses’ results supported the hypothesized model. Conclusion:The study highlighted the importance of leadership and vision sharing along with the need for establishing a risk management culture within the organization, where risk management is seen as a shared responsibility in developing the organization’s adaptive capacity.