Global Reading Strategies Research Articles

Exploring ESL Learners’ Reading Strategies Based on the Theory of Reciprocal Determinism

The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between reading strategies and Bandura’s (1986) theory of Reciprocal Determinism. Previous research acknowledged the concept of Reciprocal Determinism as an effective teaching approach, however, limited research has been done to consider how reading is influenced by learners’ personal factors, behavior and environment. Based on four Research Questions, the study explores the perceived use of reading strategies by 225 undergraduates who completed a critical reading course at a local university. These learners of English as a Second Language responded to an online questionnaire adapted from Mokhtari and Sheorey’s (2002) Survey of Reading Strategies. Based on the learners’ ratings of the reading strategies, namely Global Reading Strategies, Problem-Solving Strategies and Support Strategies, the findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between the learners’ perceived use of reading strategies and the three factors of Reciprocal Determinism, namely Personal Factors, Behaviour and Environment indicating a cyclical effect that infuences learners’ reading comprehension. This exploration of reading strategies through this theory has pedagogical implications on how reading is taught to scaffold and help learners increase metacognitive awareness and self-efficacy. Overall, this study contributes to a further understanding of the importance of taking into account the three factors in a reading environment and the relationship between reading strategies and RD. Future studies could be an extension of how the cyclical effects of Reciprocal Determinism and reading strategies could be strategically integrated into the teaching of skilled and unskilled readers and in other learning domains.

Global Reading, Problem-Solving, and Support Reading Strategies Across Worry, Emotionality, and Task-Generated Interference of Learners as Predictors of Reading Comprehension

Global Reading, Problem-Solving, and Support Reading Strategies Across Worry, Emotionality, and Task-Generated Interference of Learners as Predictors of Reading Comprehension

EFL reading strategies used by high school students with different English proficiency

This study examines EFL students' reading strategy use and explores the differences between the factors affecting the use of the reading strategies by high and low proficiency EFL learners. The participants consisted of students from a high school in Taiwan. Their reading strategy usage and the influencing factors were assessed using the Survey of Reading Strategy (SORS), think-aloud protocols, and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal no significant disparities in problem-solving strategies and supporting reading strategies between high and low proficiency learners. However, no table differences were observed in the employment of global reading strategies. In addition, learners' vocabulary size and syntactic knowledge emerged as influential factors in the utilization of reading strategies. The results also indicate that high proficiency learners employ top-down reading strategies, while low proficiency learners rely on bottom-up reading strategies to approach their reading tasks. Detailed results of the reading strategies used by the two groups of students and factors affecting the strategy results are shown and discussed, followed by pedagogical implications. At the end, suggestions for the future research will be presented.

Metacognitive Reading Awareness Among Freshmen EFL Students

Purpose. This study investigated the levels of three different strategies of metacognitive awareness: global reading strategy, problem-solving strategy, and support reading strategy among university students in a Business English class during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Methods. The methodology is based on a survey, which was conducted among 192 freshman university students in their specialized courses of Business English as a foreign language. The research instrument was a metacognitive reading strategies awareness (MARSI) questionnaire.
 Results. The findings reveal that the students used problem-solving strategies the most, followed by global and support reading strategies the least. The results also indicate a difference between male and female students at individual levels of reading strategies.
 Conclusions. The study proposes a set of recommendations with an alliance of COVID-19 learning environment based on the results such as taking notes while reading and highlighting the most important information with an emphasis on details or showing the importance of previewing the text, asking questions/making predictions about the text, and most importantly paying attention to self-regulation practices in a new school environment.

The Intersection of Gender, Culture, and Metacognitive Reading Strategies in Iranian EFL Education: A Mixed-Methods Analysis in Pursuit of Inclusion and Equity

In English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, metacognitive reading strategies (MRS) play a crucial role in learners' reading comprehension. This mixed-methods study investigated MRS among 178 Iranian EFL learners, focusing on gender and sociocultural dimensions. Utilizing an explanatory sequential design, participants—116 females and 62 males—were randomly sampled from two universities in Neyshabur, Iran. For the quantitative phase, a descriptive-correlational design using the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) and the TOEFL iBT reading section was employed. Descriptive analysis revealed nuanced differences in the use of MRS among Iranian EFL learners across genders, with an overall higher application by females (M = 3.61) compared to males (M = 3.44). In Support Reading Strategies, females demonstrated a higher application of strategies (M = 3.87) compared to males (M = 3.68). For Problem-Solving Strategies, female learners exhibited more frequent usage (M = 3.72) than their male counterparts (M = 3.46). Additionally, in Global Reading Strategies, there is a slight gender differential, with females showing a higher average score (M = 3.37) as opposed to males (M = 3.26). Independent samples t-tests revealed gender-specific differences in the overall MRS application, particularly in the subcategories of support and problem-solving strategies (p < .05), favoring females. In the qualitative phase, 12 participants were purposively sampled for semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis identified gender disparities exacerbated particularly by implicit teacher biases and sociocultural factors. These qualitative results corroborated and enriched the quantitative data, especially regarding gender-specific variations in MRS usage.

Strategies in Reading English Web-Novels on Wattpad

Motivated by the popularity of online reading on Wattpad, this research was conducted to investigate the metacognitive awareness of digital and online reading strategies to 39 undergraduate students who read English Web-novels on Wattpad. Additionally, the researcher explored the potential influence of English proficiency (TOEFL) and field of study, as well as the specific features of Wattpad that aid in their reading experience. Employing a quantitative survey and adapting the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Study Inventory (MARSI) developed by Mokhtari et al. (2018). The findings indicated that participants had a moderate level of strategies when reading English web-novels on Wattpad (M = 3.42). Problem Solving Reading Strategies were the most used (M = 3.80), followed by Global Reading Strategies (M = 3.73) and Support Reading Strategies (M = 2.73). English proficiency and field of study did not significantly impactful, with all groups showing similar levels (M = 3.4). Additionally, interactive features were not considered helpful (M = 2.51 and M = 2.23, respectively), while description and figure attachment features were frequently used (M = 4.15 and M = 3.25, respectively). The results indicated a necessity to integrate specific strategies, like incorporating Global Reading Strategies for pre-reading tasks and utilizing Problem Solving Strategies during reading activities, within EFL instruction. The research highlighted the obstacles encountered by both learners and instructors in the process of teaching and acquiring reading skills. It suggested that incorporating these strategies could effectively tackle comprehension challenges and improve overall language proficiency

Reading Strategies Used By the Students of English Language Education Study Program

The purpose of this research is to investigate the reading strategies used by the sixth-semester students of English Language Education Study Program who have the highest grade in reading subjects. There were 37 students who participated in this research. The data were obtained through the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) questionnaires developed by Mokhtari and Sheorey (2002) and interviews with 10 students. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis. The result revealed that students frequently used three categories of reading strategies: global reading strategies, problem-solving strategies, and support strategies. The students also used skimming, scanning and mind mapping strategies. Then, the most frequently used reading strategies were problem-solving strategies, followed by global reading strategies and support strategies. In conclusion, the students used various reading strategies to comprehend readings well.

The Correlation between Reading Strategies and Reading Comprehension

Indonesian students continue encounter difficulties when it comes to reading English academic materials as English is their foreign language. The study aims to explore the reading strategies employed by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students in order to improve their reading comprehension and to determine whether a significant correlation exists between reading strategies and reading comprehension. The study involved 60 participants from one senior high school in Batam, Indonesia. The study utilized Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS) and reading comprehension test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to determine the normality of the data distribution while Pearson correlation was utilized to investigate the interrelation among the variables. The results showed that students most commonly employed problem-solving strategies when reading and there was a significant correlation between reading strategy and reading comprehension. The findings suggest that students who employ a variety of reading strategies, including problem-solving strategies, support reading strategies, and global reading strategies, perform better on reading comprehension assessments. The study made a significant addition to the field of English language teaching by highlighting the need of raising EFL students’ awareness and teaching them proper reading strategy for comprehending scholarly texts.

Metacognitive Strategies Employed by English Students in Reading Comprehension

This research aims to investigate the metacognitive strategies employed by English students at Bengkulu University in reading comprehension. This research was a descriptive quantitative study with the design was survey. The design intends to describe the students’ frequencies in employing metacognitive strategies and also the students’ awareness of metacognitive strategies appropriateness in reading comprehension. The population of this study was English students in KIP Faculty at Bengkulu University. The sample was 92 of English students overall. The sample was taken by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by using MARSI questionnaire by Mochtari & Reichard. The data obtained from questionnaire was analyzed by using scoring rubric of MARSI questionnaire and used mean formula to calculate the students’ results. The results have revealed that students highly preferred to employ Problem Solving Strategies (3.00) in reading. Global Reading Strategies was the medium strategy preferred by students (2.88). The least strategy preferred by students was Support Reading Strategies (2.82).The result also indicated that English students are frequently employee metacognitive strategies in reading. As conclusion, this study has revealed that students most frequently employed problem-solving strategies (PROB). The study has also found that students have medium awareness of metacognitive strategies appropriateness in reading.

Investigating Reading Strategies Used by Teachers at the Departments of English, Universities of Duhok and Nawroz

This paper aims at investigating the employment of reading strategies at the Departments of English, Universities of Duhok and Nawroz by the EFL teachers in their EFL classes. In order achieve the aims of the study and answer its questions a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire adopted from Oxford et al, (2004) was given to 10 EFL teachers; 6 females and 4 males, from the departments of English at the colleges of Languages and Basic Education at University of Duhok and Nawroz university . The questionnaire consists of 40 reading items grouped into three categories of (pre-reading stage, while-reading stage, and after-reading stage) that cover all the possible reading strategies used in EFL classes. The study has found out that all of the teachers are well aware of the reading strategies. However, the Global Reading strategies are preferred by teachers over the Support-reading strategies and Problem-solving strategies. Moreover, the participant teachers believe that all the reading strategies are important to be used in EFL reading classes. Finally, there were no statistically significant difference in gender between the teachers regarding their use of the reading strategies included in the study.

THE EFFECTS OF STRATEGY TRAINING ON THE USE OF GLOBAL READING STRATEGIES: IMPLICATIONS FROM THINK-ALOUD AND EYE-TRACKING DATA

Considering the critical role of readings strategies in L2 reading this study aimed to investigate the impact of strategy training on Turkish EFL learners’ use of global reading strategies. 23 freshmen, enrolled in the ELT Department, participated in the study, and the data were collected through eye tracking and thinkaloud protocols. The results are encouraging for the use of reciprocal teaching, one of the comprehensionenhancing approaches to teach reading, in the EFL contexts. Eye tracking results, hand in hand with the think-aloud protocols’ findings, revealed that the participants utilised global reading strategies more frequently to a statistically significant degree after the strategy instruction. Thus, it was concluded that strategy training was useful for the participants to improve their use of global reading strategies, and a recent technological tool can be purposefully integrated into the data collection procedure of educational research studies. Pedagogical implications on the strategy training for the employment of global reading strategies that would help students improve reading skills need to be given attention by teachers.

Educational Support and the Choice of Metacognitive Reading Strategies Under Exam Stress Among Students With and Without Dyslexia

The aim of the study was to identify the determinants of dyslexic and non-dyslexic students’ choice of reading strategies for exams, as well as the mediating factors – in this case, exam stress – in the relationship between perceived educational support and the use of specific reading strategies. The study groups consisted of students diagnosed with dyslexia (N=540) and students without dyslexia (N=540), aged 14 to 15 years.
 The tools used in the study were the Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory, developed by Mokhtari and Reichard, the Students’ Perceived Sources of Test Anxiety, developed by Bonaccio and Reeve, and the Educational Support Questionnaire, developed by Gindrich. The study followed a correlational design. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s r correlations, and regression analysis were used to analyze the results using model templates for PROCESS for SPSS and SAS (Hayes, 2018).
 The study established relationships between perceived educational support and the declared use of particular reading strategies (global, support, and reading problem-solving strategies) and stressors in exam situations. The results of the study indicate that only among dyslexic students was there a moderating role of exam stress in the relationship between perceived educational support and the declared choice of global reading strategies.

Взаимосвязь между использованием стратегии чтения и продуктивностью чтения у студентов

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between the use of reading strategies and reading achievement between high and low EFL university students in Ethiopia. To this effect, sixty students were selected (30 top high achievers and 30 least low achievers) using stratified sampling technique. The Survey of Reading Strategies and Reading Comprehension Test were employed to discover students’ reading strategy use, and to measure their reading ability respectively. Thus, thirty reading strategies of the survey and fifty reading comprehension questions were administered to students. The data gathered was statistically analyzed through descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test and Pearson correlation. The findings of the study revealed that High achievers adopted a diverse and more reading strategies in higher frequency compared to low achievers. This difference between the groups was significant. The result also showed that there was a relationship between students’ three main strategies use (i.e., global, problem-solving and support reading strategies and their reading achievement). Based on the findings, it was recommended to raise awareness to enhance students' use of various strategies at higher frequency and the low achievers must be encouraged to use the reading strategies more frequently in general and global reading strategies in particular.

The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of revised metacognitive awareness of reading strategies inventory

This study aims to adapt the revised Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI- R) into Turkish. MARSI-R is a self-report instrument designed to assess students’ metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and perceived strategy use when reading school-related materials. 525 students (65% female, 35% male, Mage = 13 years old.) from multiple school types and degrees participated in this study. A stepwise validation procedure was used to translate and produce a Turkish version of the inventory. Evidence of structural and external aspects of validity for the inventory was collected. The 15-item inventory had a three-factor solution (global reading strategies, problem-solving strategies, and support reading strategies), as supported by confirmatory factor analysis. Turkish version scores were positively correlated with students' perceived reading ability, which provides evidence of MARSI-R's external validity. The coefficient of stability was calculated using data from 85 students who took the Turkish version of the MARSI-R twice in a five-week interval. The study’s overall results provided evidence of the reliability and validity of the inventory. According to the results presented in this study, the Turkish version of the inventory can be implemented to assess the students’ metacognitive awareness of reading strategies and perceived strategy use. The findings show that the adapted inventory can be used to obtain valid and reliable results for Turkish lower and upper secondary school students.

Assessment of students’ metacognitive skills in the context of education 4.0

IntroductionThis article measures the meta-comprehension of reading practices among schoolchildren and students.MethodsThe Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Inventory (MARSI) and Metacognitive Awareness of Reading Strategies Scale (MAI) was used to do this.ResultsThe research results showed that MARSI students overall outperformed MARSI high school students, and the differences were tested using Student’s t-test. The problem-solving subscale recorded high levels for students and moderate levels for high school students. Supported reading strategies and Global reading strategies were in the medium range for each age group.DiscussionThe obtained results are primarily important for students and teachers. By being aware of their cognitive processes, students take the first step towards meaningful and thoughtful reading, which is the goal of many modern developments and approaches. As students become more aware of their cognitive processes, their role in the learning process expands to the point where they dominate it, rather than the teacher.

A Study of The Relationship between Metacognitive Reading Strategies among Undergraduates

Reading is a fundamental skill in language learning for learners to produce: write and speak the target language. In order to perform successfully in academic and professional settings, learners are required to learn new knowledge by reading and comprehending the written texts extensively and effectively. Nevertheless, poor reading literacy rate, performance and struggling readers are evidently some reading problems among second language learners and to better comprehend learners’ difficulties this study explored learners’ perceptions on their usage of metacognitive reading strategies. 109 undergraduates of a Malaysian university responded to the survey for this quantitative study. The study found that global reading strategies, problem solving strategies and support reading strategies were employed in reading tasks and the relationships between strategies were strong indicating that planning before reading, monitoring reading progress, solving issues and relying on support or help during reading are strategies used in reading tasks. Thus, this suggests that background knowledge or pre-reading activities and guidance are critical for learners to be able to complete reading activities well.

TIMORESE LANGUAGE STUDENTS’ LEVELS OF METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS OF READING STRATEGIES

Reading strategies are crucial in education. This research focused on Timorese language students’ levels of reading strategies. It attempted to answer two research questions; (1) What are the levels of Timorese language students’ metacognitive awareness of reading strategies? and (2) How do Timorese language students apply the reading strategies in their reading experiences? A mixed-method design was adopted. Mokhtari & Sheorey’s (2002) Survey of Reading Strategies (SoRS) was used to collect quantitative data. The findings revealed two high levels; global reading strategies, with a mean value M=3.86, SD=1.1837, and support reading strategies, with a mean value of M=3.79 SD=1.2120. Problem-solving strategies were medium-level, with a mean value M=3.61, SD=1.1718. Highlighting keynotes, using google, discussing, controlling speed were revealed in the qualitative data as adopted reading strategies. Language teachers could use this research to improve language students’ reading strategies, and future researchers should do extensive research to provide more findings.

EFL College Students' Reading Strategies for Comprehending Reading Texts

This qualitative study attempts to look into reading strategies employed by college students to comprehend the texts they are reading. Semi-structured interviews and observations were conducted to obtain verbal and nonverbal data regarding reading strategies. The findings revealed that six participants of English students used all types of reading strategies developed by Mokhtari et al.: global reading strategies, problem-solving reading strategies, and support reading strategies. Support reading strategies and problem-solving reading strategies were the most frequent reading strategies the students used, and they seldom applied global reading strategies while reading. However, although they are equally high achiever students, they still need to be better readers; their reading comprehension skills differ.

Exploring Reading Strategies Used by Students Based on Metacognitive Awareness

The crucial impact of knowing about learners reading strategies to acquire a second language has been widely accepted. Therefore, this paper reports a study investigating university students' awareness of their reading strategies when they read English academic texts. As many as 39 first-year university students took part as the research subject, and they answered a 30-item questionnaire on reading strategies. A four-point Likert Scale questionnaire named SORS (Survey of Reading Strategies) was deployed to collect the data concerning the use of reading strategies. The results indicated that among the three reading strategies, the students tended to use Problem-solving strategies more, followed by the Global Reading Strategies and Support Reading Strategies. Finally, the idea of metacognitive that undergoes before, during, and after reading activities must be equipped by the teachers to fulfil the scarcity in those stages of reading. The findings showed that the mean score of each category varied among the three, and these were discussed considering the reading strategy knowledge base as well as the theoretical and practical implications.

Exploring the Perceived and Real Metacognitive Reading Strategies of Iranian EFL Learners: Different Text Types in Focus

This mixed methods study examined whether perceived metacognitive reading strategies differed in Iranian EFL learners with different reading abilities. It also compared their actual (real) utilization of metacognitive reading strategies in different English text types (narrative and expository). Four hundred Iranian university students studying TEFL were selected according to their performance on the Oxford Placement Test. A Persian Reading Comprehension Placement Test, Reading Section of PET, and English and Persian Perceived Reading Strategy Questionnaires were administered. One hundred thirty-three students were selected and divided into two groups based on the Persian Reading Comprehension Placement Test scores. Those who achieved above the mean score were classified as high readers and others as low readers. After administering the questionnaires and conducting think-aloud, the data were analyzed through chi-square, MANOVA, and theme-based analysis. The findings revealed that the realizations of global reading strategies regarding frequency and type were not different in Iranian EFL learners’ perceived metacognitive reading strategies. The findings also indicated a significant difference between the frequency and type of problem-solving reading strategies. The results confirmed that learners used the same global and problem-solving strategies in reading narrative and expository text types, while the pattern of using support-reading strategies was different. The most frequent support reading strategies used in expository text were paraphrasing, circling the information, and reading aloud while summarizing and asking questions were the most frequent support reading strategies used in narrative text. The theoretical and pedagogical implications of the study were finally pointed out.