Global Poverty Rate Research Articles

Exploring the association between multidimensional poverty and antenatal care utilization in two provinces of Papua New Guinea: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundAlthough global poverty rates have declined in the last decade, the fall in the Asia-Pacific region has been slow relative to the rest of the world. Poverty continues to be a major cause of poor maternal and newborn health, and a barrier to accessing timely antenatal care. Papua New Guinea has one of the highest poverty rates and some of the worst maternal and neonatal outcomes in the Asia-Pacific region. Few studies have investigated equity in antenatal care utilization in this setting. We explored equity in antenatal care utilization and the determinants of service utilization, which include a measure of multidimensional poverty in Papua New Guinea.MethodsTo explore the association between poverty and antenatal care utilization this study uses data from a ten-cluster randomized controlled trial. The poverty headcount, average poverty gap, adjusted poverty headcount, and multidimensional poverty index of antenatal clinic attendees are derived using the Alkire-Foster method. The distribution of service utilization is explored using the multidimensional poverty index, followed by multivariate regression analyses to evaluate the determinants of service utilization.ResultsThe poverty headcount was 61.06%, the average poverty gap 47.71%, the adjusted poverty headcount 29.13% and the average multidimensional poverty index was 0.363. Further, antenatal care utilization was regressive with respect to poverty. The regression analyses indicated that older women; being a widow (small number of widows (n = 3) asserts interpreting result with caution); or formally employed increase the likelihood of accessing antenatal care more often in pregnancy. Travelling for over an hour to receive care was negatively associated with utilization.ConclusionThis study indicated high levels of multidimensional poverty in PNG and that ANC utilization was regressive; highlighting the need to encourage pregnant women, especially those who are economically more vulnerable to visit clinics regularly throughout pregnancy.

Poverty in Russia: Analysis, forecast, and overcoming

Subject. This article examines the phenomenon of poverty in the Russian economy. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the current poverty rate in Russia and substantiate recommendations for overcoming it. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of analysis and synthesis, analogy, generalization, a combination of the historical and the logical, and the economic and statistical ones. Results. The article reveals conceptual approaches to defining poverty and changes in the Russian methodology for determining the basic poverty line. Based on a comparative analysis of the global poverty rate in Russia and some countries of the world, the article presents a forecast of the poverty rate in the Russian economy for 2024–2026 and recommendations for overcoming poverty in the country. Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that not only a significant discrepancy between the absolute and relative poverty lines, but also an understatement of the official poverty line is characteristic of Russian practice. Progressive taxation and the establishment of a zero rate of personal income tax for citizens with incomes below the subsistence level can be one of the tools for reducing poverty. The results of the study can be used by the authorities and administration to develop State social policy.

Survey: The state of sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific

For decades the Asia-Pacific region has been driving global economic growth despite occasional setbacks, such as the collapse of economies in Central Asia immediately following the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis. Most of the countries in the region have also done well in achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In fact, the attainment of the single most critical MDG – halving the global poverty rate – was due to rapid declines in extreme poverty in the region.

COVID-19’S IMPACT ON LEARNING LOSSES AND LEARNING INEQUALITY IN COLOMBIA

The COVID-19 pandemic’s toll on humanity worldwide cannot be overstated. To date, over 6 million deaths across the globe have been documented. Economic growth globally slowed down, and many more individuals fell into poverty. The World Bank estimates that, due to the pandemic, about 97 million more people are living in poverty, and the global poverty rate will increase from 7.8 to 9.1 percent. Even as the global economy is beginning to bounce back, the pandemic will lead to rising poverty and widening inequality across the world. Meanwhile, leading global institutions, as well as governments, have been primarily focused on mitigating the spread of COVID-19 through vaccines, tests and treatments, and fiscal and monetary policies to set the conditions needed for private investment, job creation, and economic growth. The urgent need to implement policies and programs to mitigate the lasting impacts of the COVID19 school closures on learning have received much less attention globally.

How much does reducing inequality matter for global poverty?

The goals of ending extreme poverty by 2030 and working towards a more equal distribution of incomes are part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. Using data from 166 countries comprising 97.5% of the world’s population, we simulate scenarios for global poverty from 2019 to 2030 under various assumptions about growth and inequality. We use different assumptions about growth incidence curves to model changes in inequality, and rely on a machine-learning algorithm called model-based recursive partitioning to model how growth in GDP is passed through to growth as observed in household surveys. When holding within-country inequality unchanged and letting GDP per capita grow according to World Bank forecasts and historically observed growth rates, our simulations suggest that the number of extreme poor (living on less than $1.90/day) will remain above 600 million in 2030, resulting in a global extreme poverty rate of 7.4%. If the Gini index in each country decreases by 1% per year, the global poverty rate could reduce to around 6.3% in 2030, equivalent to 89 million fewer people living in extreme poverty. Reducing each country’s Gini index by 1% per year has a larger impact on global poverty than increasing each country’s annual growth 1 percentage point above forecasts. We also study the impact of COVID-19 on poverty and find that the pandemic may have driven around 60 million people into extreme poverty in 2020. If the pandemic increased the Gini index by 2% in all countries, then more than 90 million may have been driven into extreme poverty in 2020.

Grand challenges in developing countries: Context, relationships, and logics

Grand challenges in developing countries: Context, relationships, and logics

Increase The State Of Poverty In Jordan During The Period 2010-2017

This research aims to study the change in poverty rates in Jordan and the governorates during the period 2010-2017. In estimating poverty rates, the method used by the government in the report on the state of poverty in Jordan for the year 2012 was adopted. This method is similar to the method of the World Bank in estimating global poverty rates. In assessing poverty lines for the year 2017, poverty lines for the year 2010 were re-estimated based on the change in inflation rates and the change in the standard household size at the national and governorate levels during the period 2010-2017. The research relied on national and international secondary sources to collect data related to income, economic growth, and unemployment. Mainly, in this research, reference was made to the Household Income and Expenditure Survey for the year 2010 and 2017 that was conducted by the Jordanian Department of General Statistics. The results of the research showed a significant increase in poverty rates at the national level. It increased from (14.4%) in 2010 to (22.2%) in 2017. With the exception of Ma’an Governorate, all governorates showed a significant increase in their poverty rates. The results also showed the great variation in poverty rates between governorates. These results indicate that the goals contained in the government’s poverty reduction strategies have not been achieved. The reason is not only due to the content and implementation of these plans, but also to the slowdown in economic growth rates and the high unemployment rates since 2010. It is also expected that the rise in the state of poverty will continue due to the deterioration of the economic conditions and will continue with the Corona pandemic, the end of which cannot be foreseen. This situation constitutes more pressure on the government to provide appropriate solutions to alleviate the state of poverty, especially in the difficult fiscal conditions it has faced recently. Keywords: poverty, welfare economic, income distribution, economic growth, unemployment.

Commercialization of the small farm sector and multidimensional poverty

Global poverty rates have declined considerably, but the number of people living in extreme poverty remains high. Many of the world’s poor are smallholder farmers. Agricultural commercialization – meaning a shift from subsistence to more market-oriented farming – can play a central role in improving smallholder welfare. Previous studies evaluated the impact of agricultural commercialization on income poverty, but whether income gains from commercialization are really used for satisfying basic needs was hardly analyzed up till now. Here, we evaluate the effect of commercialization on income poverty, as well as on the multidimensional poverty index that looks at deprivations in terms of education, nutrition, health, and other dimensions of living standard. Using data from 805 farm households in Kenya, we estimate average treatment effects and also analyze impact heterogeneity with quantile regressions. Results show that commercialization reduces both income poverty and multidimensional poverty. The magnitude of the income gains is positively correlated with income level, meaning that market-linkage support for marginalized farms may be needed to avoid rising inequality. However, the effect in terms of reducing basic needs deprivations is stronger for the poorest households, suggesting that agricultural commercialization contributes effectively to achieving the sustainable development goals.

The Dynamics of Extreme Poverty in Developing Countries

Abstract This paper aims to analyses the trends and dynamics of extreme poverty in developing countries. The study attempts to answer one critical question: has the world achieved its number one Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of reducing extreme poverty by half by 2015? The methodology used in this study mainly involves a descriptive data analysis during the period 1981-2015. The study used the World Bank’s US$1.90 a day line (popularly known as $1 a day line) in 2011 prices to measure the level of absolute poverty. In order to analyze the dynamics of poverty across different regions, the study grouped countries into five regions: i) sub-Saharan Africa; ii) East Asia and the Pacific; iii) South Asia; iv) Europe and Central Asia; and v) Latin America and the Caribbean. The study found that in 1990, there were around 1.9 billion people living below US$1.90 a day (constituting 36.9 percent of the world population) and this number is estimated to have reduced to around 700 million people in 2015, with an estimated global poverty rate of 9.6 percent. The world met the MDG target in 2010, which is five years ahead of schedule. However, extreme poverty is becoming increasingly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA), where its depth and breadth remain a challenge. SSA remains the poorest region, with more than 35 percent of its citizens living on less than US$1.90 a day. Half of the world’s extremely poor people now live in SSA, and it is the only region which has not met its MDG target.

Enhancing Sustainable Development Goals through The Provision of Decent Work to Minimize Inequality: A Comparative Study of Bangladesh and Indonesia

Globalization has helped countries to accelerate its growth and reduce poverty rate, particularly Bangladesh and Indonesia. Both countries started to reduce trade barrier and open up to globalization in around 1980s to 1990s and has enjoyed impressive growth since then. However, this impressive growth does not come without risks. Globalization has forced labors to meet the production target while neglecting safety measure, causing high work-related accidents in both countries. Statistics show an increase in the number of work-related accident year by year in both countries. In addition to the labor welfare condition, studies also show how actually even with decrease of global poverty rate, globalization increases inequalities. This paper analyzes globalization effect to labor welfare and inequality in Bangladesh and Indonesia by using comparative study approach. This paper also aims to provide solutions in minimizing inequality and enhancing labor welfare through the provision of decent work in accordance to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

There Is Poverty Convergence

Martin Ravallion (Why Don't We See Poverty Convergence? American Economic Review, 102(1): 504-23; 2012) presents evidence against the existence of convergence in global poverty rates despite convergence in household mean income levels and the close linkage between income growth and poverty reduction. We show that this finding is driven by a specification that demands more than simple convergence in poverty headcount rates and assumes a growth elasticity of poverty reduction, which is well-known to accelerate with low initial poverty levels. If we motivate the poverty convergence equation using an arguably superior growth semi-elasticity of poverty reduction, we find highly significant and robust evidence of convergence in absolute poverty headcount ratios and poverty gaps. Relatedly, we show that the results in Ravallion (2012) are driven by the special income growth and poverty dynamics in Central and Eastern European transition economies that started with low initial poverty rates and thus observed a high elasticity of poverty reduction. Once we control for their abnormal poverty dynamics, we again find robust evidence of global convergence in poverty, even in the original specification by Ravallion (2012). (authors' abstract)

GEOPOLITICS, INSTITUTIONS, AND ECONOMICS: ON THE RISE AND DECLINE OF CIVILIZATIONS

The purpose of this paper is to combine the analysis of geopolitics and economics. Such a project is necessarily ambitious and likely to suffer from many deficits. Since the literature in both fields is huge, important contributions must have been looked. But global reality is insufficiently reflected by the departmental structure of academic studies. Geopolitics does affect the economy and our prosperity. Economic freedom and limited government are the fruits of geopolitical accidents like European disunit)' as well as the ultimate source of the rise of the West. The export of economic freedom which we call globalization has contributed to catch up growth elsewhere, particularly in East Asia, thereby reducing global income inequality somewhat, challenging Western dominance, but simultaneously raising the prospect of a capitalist peace between the West and its challengers. While economic freedom and markets generate miracles, governments tend to fail. They build unsustainable welfare states in aging societies, run up ever higher mountains of debt, establish unviable monetary unions, and permit a type mass immigration that undermines human capital as well as economic freedom and thereby the growth prospects of Europe. Western governments, more so in Europe than in America, do not only fail at home. As the Euro crisis and the Ukrainian crisis demonstrate, responses to interstate disputes neglect the likely consequences as much as many domestic policy choices do. Self-defeating policies undermine the viability of capitalism or free markets in Europe, thereby endangering the prospect of a capitalist peace between rising and declining powers. In such a disorderly situation, attempts to combine the analysis of geopolitics and economics have to be undertaken.1. Economic Growth, Prosperity and Global Power BalancesEconomic growth determines human well-being as well as power balances. Because of its rapid economic growth it has long been predicted that the Chinese economy is likely to become equal to the American one in size - but, of course, not yet in living standards - before 2020 (Maddison 1998: 17, 96). The rise of and more slowly of India will continue to make global poverty rates and even inequality between human beings on earth fall (Bouguignon 2015) and simultaneously affect the global balance of power.1 According to Maddison's (2007: 343) estimates, might control about 23%, the USA 17%, and India 10% of gross world product in 2030. In the long run, economic development determines the rise and decline of nations which affects power balances, power transitions and the risk of war (Organski and Kugler 1980; Kugler and Lemke 1996).2 Although this is not the place to attempt analyzing the two world wars and the subsequent cold war of the 20th century, it is obvious that the world wars could not have happened without rapid German economic growth before 1914 and the Anglo-German power transition (Organski 1958), that the Asian-Pacific part of the second world war could not have happened without Japan's successful industrialization after the Meiji restoration, and that the Soviet Union could not have challenged American primacy after World War II without its establishment of a huge military-industrial complex. Although the Soviet Union never satisfied consumer wants, it built rather strong armed forces on a comparatively weak economic foundation (Luttwak 1983).The most likely future power transition concerns the United States and China. Since neither the Russian, nor the Indian economy come even close to half the size of the Chinese economy, since Europe and Japan are allied with the United States as well as still disinclined to remilitarize, the only conceivable challenger of US hegemony on the horizon is the People's Republic of (Weede 1999). According to Mearsheimer (2001: 14), China and the United States are destined to become adversaries as China's power grows. For adherents of the Realist school of thought in international relations, the two strongest powers in the world are likely to become enemies because of what they are capable to do against each other. …

Justice and development: Challenges to the legal empowerment of the poor

We have made great strides in reducing poverty and enabling human development. Ever since poverty trends began to be monitored, the number of people living in extreme poverty and poverty rates declined in every developing region, including in sub-Saharan Africa. The global poverty rate at $1.25 a day declined in 2010 by less than half the 1990 rate. The first target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)—halving the extreme poverty rate to its 1990 level—will have been achieved at the global level well before 2015.

Global Poverty, Human Rights and Correlative Duties

Does the fact that my actions cause someone to lack access to the objects of her human rights make me a human rights violator? Is behaving in such a way that we deprive someone of access to the objects of her human rights even when we could have avoided behaving in such a way, sufficient to maintain that we have violated her human rights? When an affluent country pursues domestic policies that will foreseeably cause massive deprivation abroad in order to improve its already prosperous economy, has this country violated the human rights of the very poor just by doing so? If international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization pursue policies that lead to an increase in the global poverty rate, are such organizations human rights violators? Can an individual undertaking certain actions in the market place that render insecure the access of the worst-off to the objects of their human rights be blamed for violating their rights?In this article I discuss the thesis that claims that whenever we cause, or contribute to the cause of, someone else’s lack of access to the objects of her human rights, we are human rights violators. I contend that this thesis, which seems to underpin the arguments of many cosmopolitan authors taking part of the global justice debate, is mistaken. In order to achieve this end, I analyze several alternative formulations of the causal thesis. My conclusion is that before it can be said that an agent has violated someone else's human rights, it has to be proven that this agent has caused, or contributed to the cause of, a state of affairs where someone lacks access to the object of some of her human rights, by infringing a duty not to do so. Furthermore, I maintain that this must be a perfect, as opposed to an imperfect, duty.

Croissance et réduction de la pauvreté dans les pays en développement et les pays en transition

Title – Growth and Poverty Reduction in Developing and Transition Countries Abstract – The aim of the paper is to evaluate economic growth rates required in differentes regions of the world to reach the millenium development goal of halving global poverty rate by 2015. Current situation of poverty is briefly presented in the first part of the paper. The second part investigates the link amongst economic growth, inequality, and poverty reduction. Studying 99 episodes of growth or economic recession, we show that the greater the initial inequality the lower the elasticity of poverty to growth, and the higher the initial economic development the higher the elasticity. Based on these results, we evaluate that the per capita growth rate required to reach the millenium development goal in African, Asian and Latin American countries is around 50 %, much lower for Eastern European countries and the Middle East.