Global Mapping Research Articles

Advantages of GSMaP Data for Multi‐Timescale Precipitation Estimation in Luzon

AbstractThe Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) provides two different sources of post‐real‐time satellite‐based rainfall estimates, including the Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM Final Run (herein IMERG‐F) and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation‐Gauge (herein GSMaP‐G). However, relative to IMERG‐F, GSMaP‐G has been less thoroughly evaluated in the context of studying rainfall variations over Luzon, Philippines. Using rain‐gauge observations over Luzon as a reference base, this study aimed to clarify if GSMaP‐G v07 is more capable than IMERG‐F v06 in regard to representing rainfall variations over Luzon at multiple timescales (including intraseasonal, annual, and interannual). The results revealed that both IMERG‐F and GSMaP‐G performed better in regard to depicting the temporal phase evolution for the wet season rainfall than they did for the dry season rainfall for Luzon. However, relative to IMERG‐F, GSMaP‐G exhibited better performance in most examined features, including (a) the detection of temporal variations (both phase and amplitude) of rainfall on the intraseasonal, annual, and interannual timescales; (b) the representation of spatial differences with more rainfall occurring from April to September for western Luzon and from October to March for eastern Luzon; (c) the detection of occurrence of rainfall events at various intensities. The analysis also demonstrates that the difference between the performance of IMERG‐F and GSMaP‐G in regard to quantitative rainfall estimation is larger during the wet season than it is during the dry season. The possible cause for their performance differences over Luzon is the differences in the gauge‐adjustment method and the biases in its pre‐non‐gauge‐adjusted product.

Global mapping congruence influences phonological interference: ERP evidence for early and persistent ortho-phonological effects in reading Chinese for meaning.

Phonological interference during written-word meaning judgments occurs in both Chinese and English, suggesting that word-level phonological activation is universal rather than dependent on the sublexical structures that vary with writing systems. To accommodate this universality, we distinguish two sources of phonological congruence between a meaning-bearing orthographic unit (word or character) and other units in the orthographic lexicon: (a) Global congruence between a word (or character) and its orthographic neighbors having the same pronunciation and (b) Local congruence between a word (or character) and its graphic constituents (letters or radicals). Recent evidence by Zhou and Perfetti in 2021 shows a greater role for global than local congruence in covert naming of Chinese characters. We hypothesize this is true also for meaning processing and use behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) measures to test this hypothesis during character meaning judgments. As expected, we found word-level phonological interference in meaning decision times. Further, ERPs detected interference effects related to global congruence at early and mid-latency ERP components; local congruence effects emerged only in interaction with global congruence. A late ERP component (LPC) also showed phonological interference, but no effect on mapping congruence. These time-course results suggest two phases of phonological activation: (a) character identification, influenced mainly by global congruence, as indicated in early and mid-latency ERP components and (b) meaning comparison, influenced only by lexical phonology, as indicated by the LPC component. The early phase of lexical processing is much the same whether meaning or pronunciation is required because it engages ortho-phonological associations that are not easily suppressed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Global Mapping of Fragmented Rocks on the Moon with a Neural Network: Implications for the Failure Mode of Rocks on Airless Surfaces

Failure modes of lunar boulders depend both on rheology and the erosion agents acting in the lunar surface environment. Here, we address the failure modes of lunar boulders and their variations at a quasi-global scale (60°N to S). We deploy a neural network and map a total of ∼130,000 fragmented boulders (width > ∼10 m) scattered across the lunar surface and visually identify a dozen different disintegration morphologies corresponding to different failure modes. Our findings suggest that before a boulder is catastrophically shattered by an impact, there is an internal weakening period with minor morphological evidence of damage at the rock scale at the resolution of the used imagery. We find that some of the rare pre-shattering morphologies (e.g., fractures) are equivalent to morphologies observed on asteroid Bennu, suggesting that these morphologies on the Moon and on asteroids are likely not diagnostic of their formation mechanism (e.g., meteoroid impact, thermal stresses). In addition, we identify new morphologies such as breccia boulders with an advection-like erosion style. We publicly release the produced fractured boulder catalog along with this paper.

Global Mapping of Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing for Older Adults in Community Settings: An Umbrella Review.

Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is a major public health concern with several undesirable health consequences for older adults. In this overview, we aimed to map and gather information from existing literature to provide a better insight into the prevalence of PIP among community dwellers. Electronic databases were searched from their inception to April 2022. The quality of the included systematic reviews (SRs) was assessed using the assessment of multiple systematic reviews checklist. The degree of overlap within the SRs was also evaluated (2% overlap). All SRs on the prevalence of PIP in older individuals in community settings were included, and a narrative approach was used to synthesize data. Nineteen SRs comprising 548 primary studies met the inclusion criteria, and the average quality of the included SRs was moderate. More than half (50.5%) of the primary studies were conducted in Europe, followed by the United States (22.8%), and Asia (18.9%). Thirty different criteria were used in the primary studies to estimate the prevalence of PIP. The most widely used criteria were those presented in Beers (41.8%) and STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons' Prescriptions)/START (Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment) (21.8%) criteria. Benzodiazepines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antidepressants were the most frequently reported PIPs. A considerable variation in the prevalence of PIP ranging from 0% to 98% was reported by SRs. However, there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the extent of PIP in community settings. To identify knowledge-to-action gaps, SR authors should consider the differences in prevalence of PIP according to settings, applied tools, data sources, geographical areas, and specific pathologies. There is also a need for primary and SR studies from low- and middle-income countries regarding the prevalence of PIP.

Information Visualization for a Comprehensive Cybersecurity Risk Quantification and Measurement

This paper presents an innovative dashboard design for cybersecurity risk management, addressing the urgent need for effective visualization and quantification of cyber threats in organizations. Through semi-structured interviews with security executives, we identify key challenges in cybersecurity operations and propose a user-centric dashboard. This tool integrates an overall risk score, trend analysis, global threat mapping, and a three-step workflow from risk insights to remediation, all aimed at enhancing decision-making for Chief Information Security Officers (CISOs) and their teams. Usability testing underscores its effectiveness and user-friendliness, signaling a significant step forward in cybersecurity risk management by providing a comprehensive, intuitive, and actionable overview of an organization’s security posture

Global mapping of urban thermal anisotropy reveals substantial potential biases for remotely sensed urban climates

Urban thermal anisotropy (UTA) drastically impacts satellite-derived urban surface temperatures and fluxes, and consequently makes it difficult to gain a more comprehensive understanding of global urban climates. However, UTA patterns and associated biases in observed urban climate variables have not been investigated across an adequate number of global cities with diverse contexts; nor is it known whether there are globally measurable factors that are closely related to the UTA intensity (UTAI, quantified as the maximum difference between the nadir and off-nadir urban thermal radiation). Here we investigate the UTAI over more than 5500 cities worldwide using multi-angle land surface temperature (LST) observations from 2003 to 2021 provided by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The results show that the global mean UTAI can reach 5.1, 2.7, 2.4, and 1.7 K during summer daytime, winter daytime, summer nighttime, and winter nighttime, respectively. Using nadir LST observations as a reference, our analysis reveals that UTA can lead to an underestimation of satellite-based urban surface sensible heat fluxes (H) by 45.4% and surface urban heat island intensity (Is) by 43.0% when using LST observations obtained from sensor viewing zenith angles (VZAs) of ±60°. Practitioners can limit the biases of H and Is within ±10% by using LSTs from sensor VZAs within ±30°. We also find that UTAI is closely related to urban impervious surface percentage and surface air temperature across global cities. These findings have implications for angular normalization of satellite-retrieved instantaneous LST observations across cities worldwide.

Global bibliometric mapping of dental development research for the period 2012-2021.

Dental development is a complex long-term biological process, significant attention should be paid to the dental development and health of this critical time window in childhood for the oral health of the whole life cycle. This study aimed to conduct bibliometric studies on the scientific outputs of global dental development research by the CiteSpace software. The global scientific outputs about dental development between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2021, retrieved from Web of Science Core Collection, CiteSpace, and Microsoft Excel were applied for this bibliometric study. A total of 3746 reviews and articles were obtained from the Web of Science core database for exploring the basic publication characteristics, hotspots, and frontiers of this research field. The results showed that dental development is gaining more researcher's attention over time. In terms of countries, the USA and China were the major contributors to this research area. At the institutional level, Sichuan University ranked first. Meanwhile, international cooperation across regions was quite active. The Journal of Dental Research has exerted a broad and far-reaching influence on dental development research in both publications and citations. James P Simmer, Jungwook Kim, Charles E Smith, and Jan CC Hu are among the most influential scholars in this field. Finally, the future hotspots were proposed, covering three directions: dental analysis, tooth development, and post-translational phosphorylation of histones. In the past decade, the field of dental development has developed rapidly, and the cooperation between scholars, institutions, and researchers has become increasingly close.

Global geological mapping of Venus and the twenty-first-century legacy of William Smith: identification of challenges and opportunities for future research and exploration

Abstract Geological mapping principles have been applied across planet Earth since William Smith's initial 1815 map. During the Space Age, these principles were applied to smaller moons and planets, appropriately adjusted for remote conditions and data, and revealing ‘one plate planets’ recording Earth's missing chapters. Yet what of Venus, Earth's ‘twin’, shrouded in opaque clouds? How can these geological mapping principles be applied to address fundamental questions of planetary history? We outline how Venus's geological mapping over the last 35 years has proceeded towards a successively integrated more global picture that has revealed a surface and history unlike Earth or the smaller planetary bodies! The current 1 : 10 M global geological map documents geological units that all formed in the last c. 20% of Venus's history. The oldest, Fortunian, involved intense deformation and building of thicker crust (tessera). The Guineverian featured near-global emplacement of vast volcanic plains. The Atlian saw prominent rift zones and large shield volcanoes. The three major phases of activity provide a basis for assessing the geological, atmospheric and geodynamical processes operating earlier in Venus's history that led to the preserved record, raising a series of questions to be investigated in the coming decade by an international armada of Venus missions.

Comprehensive CMR to differentiate between fitness levels amongst veteran endurance athletes

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): British Heart Foundation. Background Myocardial fibrosis has been demonstrated to be highly prevalent amongst endurance athletes. However, it is unknown whether endurance athletes with a greater exercise capacity have an increased prevalence of fibrosis. Purpose To determine whether greater maximal exercise threshold is associated with increased myocardial fibrosis on cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in veteran endurance athletes. Methods 50 healthy veteran (aged > 50 years old) endurance athletes (cyclists/triathletes) who train >10 hours/week for >15 years underwent comprehensive CMR assessment and functional threshold power (FTP) cycling testing. Focal myocardial fibrosis was measured quantitively from late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging. Diffuse myocardial fibrosis was identified using global native T1 mapping of mid-left ventricular (LV) slices whilst extracellular volume (ECV) was calculated using haematocrit on the same day as CMR. Statistical analysis between groups was performed using independent t-test for nominal values and chi-squared for ordinal values. Results Athletes were divided into high and low performance groups based on FTP assessment (median 240.8 Watts). High performance athletes were significantly younger with increased bi-ventricular size and reduced right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) at rest (Table 1). However, there was no statistical difference in focal fibrosis, ECV or native T1 between the groups. Conclusion Maximal effort capacity did not appear to influence the prevalence of cardiac fibrosis which may be related to alternative factors such as cumulative exercise exposure. However, higher performing athletes had increased bi-ventricular size, particularly affecting the more compliant right ventricle (RV). Further larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Time to refine the geography of biodiversity hotspots by integrating molecular data: The Mediterranean Basin as a case study

Three decades ago, worldwide biodiversity hotspots were founded on the distributions of continental plants and vertebrates. Here, we question the timeliness of refining the geography of hotspots by basing their definition on more taxa, thanks to the molecular data available for hyper-diverse organisms such as insects, fungi and marine biota.To do so, we assess the temporal dynamic of molecular data acquisition and the geography of knowledge about lineages currently included or not into hotspot definition. Using the Mediterranean Basin hotspot as a case study, we examine the taxonomic and geographical facets of 175,828 DNA sequences distributed over 21,552 species, and 13,001 indexed biodiversity publications. We reveal a deeply fractured repartition of biodiversity research efforts within the hotspot regarding both barcoding efforts and publication activity, the northern side of the Mediterranean concentrating 84.16 % of the publications and 75.99 % of the public DNA sequences. In addition, 57.55 % of the sequences belong to lineages which were excluded from hotspots definition, with highly congruent geographical patterns among marine and continental lineages.Based on this analysis, we suggest 1) using the uneven geography of knowledge to rebalance sampling efforts towards poorly known regions within the Mediterranean hotspot, 2) handling the molecular corpus of orphan lineages to feed forthcoming multi-taxa biodiversity assessment initiatives, in order to 3) refine the geography of conservation stakes within the hotspot by identifying sub-hotspots of global diversity and 4) fusing a broad range of marine and continental taxa in global biodiversity mapping.

A novel gamut expansion method based on combined global–local mapping for sRGB‐to‐ProPhoto conversion

AbstractWith the development of display technology, more displays can cover the wider gamut, but most of the content they show is based on a small gamut. It is significant to employ gamut expansion (GE) to expand the small gamut images to a wider target gamut. Most of the existing GE methods only use global or local operations to realize the mapping from small gamut to wide gamut. However, the utilization of both global information and local feature is important for GE. In this article, the authors propose a combined global‐local gamut expansion network (G‐LGENet) for mapping the input standard RGB (sRGB) images to wider ProPhoto RGB space. In G‐LGENet, the global colour mapping module first extracts and fuses the global colour priors and learns the mapping of colour information for the corresponding pixels. And then, the local enhancement (LE) is designed to extract the local colour information between the corresponding pixel and neighbourhood pixels. The experimental results on a sRGB‐to‐ProPhoto dataset have demonstrated that the proposed G‐LGENet outperforms the other excellent GE methods qualitatively and visually.

#5042 ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SARCOPAENIA, CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND HABITUAL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN PATIENTS ON HAEMODIALYSIS

Abstract Background and Aims Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) show skeletal muscle abnormalities such as sarcopenia (presence of low muscle mass, strength, and physical performance). Severe sarcopenia and its components are associated with poor clinical outcomes, decreased quality of life (QoL), and mortality. The direction of the relationships between sarcopenia and cardiovascular disease are less clear as are the impact of exercise interventions in patients with severe sarcopenia. Method This is a post-hoc analysis of the CYCLE-HD study, which was a randomised controlled trial assessing the effects of a 6-month structured intradialytic cycling intervention on cardiovascular health in those on haemodialysis. Presence of sarcopenia was established using the European Working Group of Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) definition. A cut off of <17.5 kg/m2 in men and <14.5 kg/m2 in women were used for fat free mass to establish muscle quantity using bioimpedance. The cut off of 15 seconds on the sit to stand 5 tests was used to establish muscle strength and a score of ≤8 on the short physical performance battery was used to assess physical performance. If all three criteria were met, severe sarcopenia was confirmed. Accelerometery assessed habitual physical activity (PA) and the general practice physical activity questionnaire assessed self-reported PA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measured left ventricular mass, pulse wave velocity, and global native T1 mapping (measure of myocardial fibrosis). Mann - Whitney U or unpaired t-tests explored differences in cardiac MRI, and physical activity (PA) outcomes between sarcopenic and non-sarcopenic patients. Linear regressions were used to investigate whether sarcopenia or its components predict cardiovascular health, and habitual PA outcomes cross-sectionally at baseline and following the 6-month programme of intradialytic exercise. Multinomial regressions were used to explore if sarcopenia or its components predicted self-reported PA. Results 130 patients (57 [±15] years, 95 [73.08%] male) were included in the analysis of whom 65 patients underwent the intradialytic cycling intervention. 31 (23.85%) patients had severe sarcopenia. 107(82.31%) had low muscle mass, 92(70.77%) had low strength, and 48 (36.92%) had low physical performance. Severe sarcopenia was a significant predictor for self-reported PA status (p = .042, Pseudo R2 = 0.043) at baseline but not for any other outcomes. However, low muscle mass was a significant predictor for LV mass (p = .014, R2 = 0.04, Β = -6.76). Low muscle strength was a significant predictor for higher pulse wave velocity (p = .010, R2 = 0.056, Β = 2.57) and global native T1 (p = .001, R2 = 0.091, Β = 26.79). Low fat mass (p = .005, R2 = 0.07, Β = -2198.63) and physical performance were significant predictors for mean steps (p<.001, R2 = 0.12, Β = -209.16). Baseline severe sarcopenia or its components were not predictors for cardiovascular or habitual PA changes following intradialytic exercise. Conclusion Severe sarcopenia was present in nearly quarter of the participants, but the majority showed at least one muscle health related abnormality (low muscle mass, strength or physical performance). These markers of sarcopenia showed associations with habitual PA and structural markers of cardiovascular disease. However, the presence of sarcopenia may not limit the benefits offered by intradialytic exercise. Patients with sarcopenic traits should be encouraged to participate in appropriate interventions to improve health and wellbeing.

Global Mapping of Structures and Properties of Crystal Materials.

Understanding materials' composition-structure-function relationships is of critical importance for the design and discovery of novel functional materials. While most such studies focus on individual materials, we conducted a global mapping study of all known materials deposited in the Materials Project database to investigate their distributions in the space of a set of seven compositional, structural, physical, and neural latent descriptors. These two-dimensional materials maps along with their density maps allow us to illustrate the distribution of the patterns and clusters of different shapes, which indicates the propensity of these materials and the tinkering history of existing materials. We then overlap the material properties such as composition prototypes and piezoelectric properties over the background material maps to study the relationships of how material compositions and structures affect their physical properties. We also use these maps to study the spatial distributions of properties of known inorganic materials, in particular those of local vicinities in structural space such as structural density and functional diversity. These maps provide a uniquely comprehensive overview of materials and space and thus reveal previously undescribed fundamental properties. Our methodology can be easily extended by other researchers to generate their own global material maps with different background maps and overlap properties for both distribution understanding and cluster-based new material discovery. The source code for feature generation and generated maps is available at https://github.com/usccolumbia/matglobalmapping.

Global Model Calibration of High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Pebble-Bed Module Using an Adaptive Experimental Design

The world’s first high-temperature gas-cooled reactor pebble-bed module (HTR-PM) nuclear power plant adopts an innovative reactor type and a modular structure design. Parameter estimation and model calibration are of great significance prior to the implementation of model-based control and optimization. This paper focuses on identifying the thermal hydraulic parameters of HTR-PM over the global operating domain. The process technology and model mechanism of HTR-PM are reviewed. A parameter submodel named global parameter mapping is presented to quantify the relationship between an unknown model parameter and different operating conditions in a data-driven manner. The ideal construction of such a mapping requires reliable estimates, a well-poised sample set and an appropriate global surrogate. An adaptive model calibration scheme is designed to tackle these three issues correspondingly. First, a systematic parameter estimation approach is developed to ensure reliable estimates via heuristic subset selection consisting of estimability analysis and reliability evaluation. To capture the parameter behavior among the multiple experimental conditions and meanwhile reduce the operating cost, an adaptive experimental design is employed to guide condition testing. Experimental conditions are sequentially determined by comprehensively considering the criteria of sampling density, local nonlinearity and parameter uncertainty. Support vector regression is introduced as the global surrogate due to its capability of small-sample learning. Finally, the effectiveness of the model calibration scheme and its application performance in HTR-PM are validated by the simulation results.

Mapping global soil acidification under N deposition.

Soil pH is critically important in regulating soil nutrients and thus influencing the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the ongoing threat of nitrogen (N) pollution especially in the fast-developing regions, it remains unclear how increasing N deposition affects soil pH across global terrestrial ecosystems. By conducting a global meta-analysis with paired observations of soil pH under N addition and control from 634 studies spanning major types of terrestrial ecosystems, we show that soil acidification increases rapidly with N addition amount and is most severe in neutral-pH soils. Grassland soil pH decreases most strongly under high N addition while wetlands are the least acidified. By extrapolating these relationships to global mapping, we reveal that atmospheric N deposition leads to a global average soil pH decline of -0.16 in the past 40 years and regions encompassing Eastern United States, Southern Brazil, Europe, and South and East Asia are the hotspots of soil acidification under N deposition. Our results highlight that anthropogenically amplified atmospheric N deposition has profoundly altered global soil pH and chemistry. They suggest that atmospheric N deposition is a major threat to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

Identifying potential sites for rainwater harvesting ponds (embung) in Indonesia's semi-arid region using GIS-based MCA techniques and satellite rainfall data.

People have used rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology for generations to a considerable extent in semi-arid and arid regions. In addition to meeting domestic needs, this technology can be utilized for agricultural purposes as well as soil and water conservation measures. Modeling the identification of the appropriate pond's location therefore becomes crucial. This study employs a Geo Information System (GIS) based multi-criteria analysis (MCA) approach and satellite rainfall data, Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) to determine the suitable locations for the ponds in a semi-arid area of Indonesia, Liliba watershed, Timor. The criteria for determining the location of the reservoir refer to the FAO and Indonesia's small ponds guideline. The watershed's biophysical characteristics and the socioeconomic situation were taken into consideration when selecting the site. According our statistical analysis, the correlation coefficient results of satellite daily precipitation were weak and moderate, but the results were strong and extremely strong for longer time scales (monthly). Our analysis shows that about 13% of the entire stream system is not suitable for ponds, whereas areas that are both good suitability and excellent suitability for ponds make up 24% and 3% of the total stream system. 61% of the locations are partially suited. The results are then verified against simple field observations. Our analysis suggests that there are 13 locations suitable for pond construction. The combination of geospatial data, GIS, a multi-criteria analysis, and a field survey proved effective for the RWH site selection in a semi-arid region with limited data, especially on the first and second order streams.

Global network mapping research findings on orthognathic surgery and temporomandibular disorder

ObjectivesThe objective of this work is to assess the relationship between orthognathic surgery and temporomandibular disorders literature through a bibliometric analysis. MethodsA bibliographic search in line with the STROBE guidelines and the concepts of the Leiden Manifesto was performed on the Web of Science using the terms orthognathic surgery AND temporomandibular. A citation analysis and establishment of the more cited articles were performed. A graphical representation of the keywords was created with VOSviewer. ResultsA total of 810 articles were analyzed in this study. The research revealed a significant increase in publications on this topic, particularly in English language articles and a high H-index. The publications represented 55 nations, with the highest number of articles coming from the USA. The discussion of highly cited articles covered various aspects such as the relationship between orthognathic surgery and TMD, including condylar resorption or displacement, predisposing factors, dentoskeletal and occlusion patterns, anatomical factors, osteotomy techniques, condylar positioning techniques, and emerging technologies for improved TMJ stability. ConclusionThe analysis reveals an increasing research interest in this field, with a significant number of publications in English and a high citation rate per article, indicating the impact of the research. Various factors associated with TMD in orthognathic surgery are explored, including condylar alterations, predisposing factors, occlusion patterns, and surgical techniques. The study underscores the importance of thorough assessment, treatment, and monitoring of TMD in orthognathic surgery patients, while acknowledging the need for further research and consensus in management strategies.

An improved global land cover mapping in 2015 with 30 m resolution (GLC-2015) based on a multisource product-fusion approach

Abstract. Global land cover (GLC) information with fine spatial resolution is a fundamental data input for studies on biogeochemical cycles of the Earth system and global climate change. Although there are several public GLC products with 30 m resolution, considerable inconsistencies were found among them, especially in fragmented regions and transition zones, which brings great uncertainties to various application tasks. In this paper, we developed an improved global land cover map in 2015 with 30 m resolution (GLC-2015) by fusing multiple existing land cover (LC) products based on the Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence (DSET). Firstly, we used more than 160 000 global point-based samples to locally evaluate the reliability of the input products for each land cover class within each 4∘ × 4∘ geographical grid for the establishment of the basic probability assignment (BPA) function. Then, Dempster's rule of combination was used for each 30 m pixel to derive the combined probability mass of each possible land cover class from all the candidate maps. Finally, each pixel was determined with a land cover class based on a decision rule. Through this fusing process, each pixel is expected to be assigned the land cover class that contributes to achieving a higher accuracy. We assessed our product separately with 34 711 global point-based samples and 201 global patch-based samples. Results show that the GLC-2015 map achieved the highest mapping performance globally, continentally, and ecoregionally compared with the existing 30 m GLC maps, with an overall accuracy of 79.5 % (83.6 %) and a kappa coefficient of 0.757 (0.566) against the point-based (patch-based) validation samples. Additionally, we found that the GLC-2015 map showed substantial outperformance in the areas of inconsistency, with an accuracy improvement of 19.3 %–28.0 % in areas of moderate inconsistency and 27.5 %–29.7 % in areas of high inconsistency. Hopefully, this improved GLC-2015 product can be applied to reduce uncertainties in the research on global environmental changes, ecosystem service assessments, and hazard damage evaluations. The GLC-2015 map developed in this study is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.22358143.v2 (Li et al., 2023).

High-accuracy lunar global brightness-temperature mapping using third-order Fourier fitting and co-kriging interpolation

The use of microwave radiation data collected by lunar orbiters to infer the lunar brightness-temperature (TB) distribution is of great importance to lunar scientific exploration. The TB data acquired by China's Chang'E-2 passive microwave radiometer (MRM) is one of the basic materials for lunar temperature mapping. Core issues of lunar microwave TB mapping include data fitting at different latitudes, outlier removal, and integrated spatial interpolation considering influencing factors. We applied a third-order Fourier function to fit the lunar TB data, which effectively removes outliers considering the fitting characteristic and three-sigma rule (FCTSR). Because the lunar surface temperature is influenced by a variety of factors such as topography and albedo, we then built a multi-factor co-kriging interpolation method to perform lunar TB mapping accurately. The cross-validation shows that, in terms of the mean-absolute-error and root-mean-square-error, the multi-factor co-kriging interpolation improves the mapping accuracy by 30%–60% compared to inverse distance interpolation and ordinary kriging interpolation. The analysis shows that topography and albedo are the most important factors influencing the lunar TB, and the TB maps at 37 GHz reveal cold spots that can be considered as younger craters. It is concluded that the proposed data fitting, denoising and spatial interpolation methods significantly improve the lunar TB mapping. The results and scientific data can also provide a basic energy map for lunar roving path planning and subsequent lunar exploration.

The response and sensitivity of global vegetation to water stress: A comparison of different satellite-based NDVI products

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is an effective proxy for vegetation activity and terrestrial productivity, and the widely used global NDVI products include the third generation Global Inventory Modelling and Mapping Studies Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer NDVI (NDVI3g), Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre VEGETATION NDVI (NDVIsp) and Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer NDVI (NDVItr). Here, for the first time, we investigated the differences between the three NDVIs in response and sensitivity to water stress represented by root zone soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index across climate zones, humidity gradients, vegetation types and tree cover gradients. Over the temperate and arid climates region, the three NDVIs show higher consistent response fractions (CRFs) to water stress in the water-limited regions, with their sensitivity being in the order of NDVI3g < NDVIsp < NDVItr. The three NDVIs tend to exhibit inconsistent responses to water stress in the areas with higher humidity and tree cover, and their sensitivities to water stress fall as humidity and tree cover increase. In addition, the three NDVIs display higher CRFs and sensitivities to water stress over the non-forested areas. Our results also show that, in the cold climates region, the three NDVIs respond in the opposite way to water stress as that in water-limited areas, and NDVI3g has higher sensitivity to water stress than NDVIsp and NDVItr. This study highlights the differences between three NDVIs products for qualifying and quantifying their response and sensitivity to water stress.