Global Information Grid Research Articles

Multimodal layer surveillance map based on anomaly detection using multi‐agents for smart city security

Smart cities are expected to provide residents with convenience via various agents such as CCTV, delivery robots, security robots, and unmanned shuttles. Environmental data collected by various agents can be used for various purposes, including advertising and security monitoring. This study suggests a surveillance map data framework for efficient and integrated multimodal data representation from multi-agents. The suggested surveillance map is a multi-layered global information grid, which is integrated from the multimodal data of each agent. To confirm this, we collected surveillance map data for 4 months, and the behavior patterns of humans and vehicles, distribution changes of elevation, and temperature were analyzed. Moreover, we represent an anomaly detection algorithm based on a surveillance map for security service. A two-stage anomaly detection algorithm for unusual situations was developed. With this, abnormal situations such as unusual crowds and pedestrians, vehicle movement, unusual objects, and temperature change were detected. Because the surveillance map enables efficient and integrated processing of large multimodal data from a multi-agent, the suggested data framework can be used for various applications in the smart city.

AN EFFICIENT METAHEURISTIC FOR DYNAMIC NETWORK DESIGN AND MESSAGE ROUTING

Abstract : The implementation of Net-centric warfare presents major challenges in terms of effectively and efficiently delivering critical information across the Global Information Grid. In many cases, the amount of information requested will exceed the capabilities of the network. One challenge is to dynamically design the network (assign transceivers) to maximize the amount of required information that can be transmitted and the quality of service for those transmissions - to best implement the communications tasking order. The problem is as follows: given a list of required message traffic, to include source, destination, size, and priority, design the network to maximize the delivery of the message traffic based on message priority and quality of service. Once the network is designed, the routing for the messages must be determined. Due to the dynamic nature of the problem and the combinatorial explosion in size as new network nodes are added, a quick-running heuristic approach is needed. In this research, metaheuristic to dynamically design the network based on the projected message traffic requirements and to efficiently route the required messages on the network to maximize priority of messages successfully delivered and the quality of service of the delivery. The meta-heuristic is tested against previous efforts and is shown to generate high quality solutions in a very short amount of time.

Level Assessment Criterion and Method for C4ISR Systems Interoperability

In this paper, the concept of C4ISR systems interoperability is analyzed and the difference compared with traditional system interoperability is presented. The influencing factors of C4ISR system interoperability is analyzed from the overall framework of the US military global information grid. Six attributes including structure, application, facility, security, operation and maintenance, and data are selected. The selection process of evaluation attributes is described. Based on the enhanced interoperability maturity mode, the C4ISR system level attribute model is given by combing with the development trend of C4ISR system technology system. The grade of maturity and an evaluation index system for C4ISR systems interoperability are built and the index level reference model is designed. Combining qualitative assessment with quantitative assessment, an index synthesis criterion based on the mapping model and the corresponding interoperability level evaluation method for C4ISR systems are proposed to provide a specific method model for measuring the interoperability level of the C4ISR system.

Circuit switching is coming back?

Communication specialists around the world are facing the same problem: shifting from circuit switching (CS) to packet switching (CS). Communication service providers are favoring “Allover-IP” technologies hoping to boost their profits by providing multimedia services. The main stakeholder in this field of the paradigm shift is the industry itself: packet switching hardware manufacturers are going to earn billions of dollars and thus pay engineers and journalists many millions for the promotion of the new paradigm. However, this drive for profit is tempered by life itself. This article is devoted to the discussion of the telecommunications development strategy. We will provide examples to illustrate the difficulties that complicate the transition from CS to PS and make us question the feasibility of shifting the telecommunications paradigm. We will consider two examples: (1) the development of the global information grid (GIG) of the United States Department of Defense communications network, the world’s largest departmental network, which is still based on SS7 signaling and an intelligent network (2) the emergence of new trends in microelectronics: the construction of networks on a chip (NoC) oriented towards packet switching, where a return to packet switching is observed.

국방지리공간정보 거버넌스에 대한 연구 - 미(美) 정보공동체와 육군 랜드워넷을 중심으로

최근 ICT 환경이 급격하게 발전하면서 전쟁의 양상도 네트워크중심전(NCW)으로 바뀌어가고 있다. 우리나라도 그 중요성을 인식하고 C4I체계, 전술데이터링크 등 정보통신분야의 발전은 비약적인 발전을 거듭했다. 그러나 네트워크 체계의 기본바탕이고, 임무수행체계의 기반이 되는 것은 지리공간정보이며, 그 동안 지리공간정보에 대한 관심 및 발전은 상대적으로 미흡했다. 이 논문은 미국 정보공동체에 대한 연구와 미 육군 범지구격자체계인 랜드워넷에 대한 연구를 통해 미국이 공유하고 있는 정보와 지리공간정보에 대한 중요성을 인식하고, 우리나라에서 지리공간정보의 역할과 위상을 재조명하여, 향후 국방지리공간정보 거버넌스를 발전시키는데 그 목적이 있다. 미국 정보공동체는 정책결정자들의 정보요구를 충족시키기 위해 다양한 정보출처에 대해 독립된 정보과정을 통해 정보를 생산해왔으며, NCW 전장환경에 부합한 범지구격자체계를 발전시키기 위해 미 육군은 랜드워넷 체계를 도입하였다. 랜드워넷 체계의 기반인 지리공간정보 데이터 구축을 위해 설립한 기구가 공병사령부 예하의 육군지리정보센터(AGC)이며, AGC는 육군 지리공간정보 사업(AGE)을 추진하고 있다. 우리나라도 NCW구현을 위해 지리공간정보에 대한 중요성을 인식하고 국방지리공간정보의 중심점을 확립해야 한다. 현재 지리공간정보의 생산에 중점을 두고 있는 국방지형정보단의 임무 및 위상을 격상시키고, 육군에는 이에 걸맞는 공병지리공간연구소 설립이 요구되며, 지리정보 생산을 전담할 수 있는 한 개의 지리공간정보대대를 창설하는 것이 바람직할 것이다. Recently, ICT environments have been increasingly developed and the pattern of the war also has been changed to NCW. The development of communication and network technology, for example, C4I and TDL(Tactical Data Link), has been prosperous and rapid. But the geospatial intelligence field which is the basis of the network frames relatively has not been developed. The purpose of this paper is to foster the geospatial governance in terms of the defense perspective. In order to do that, this paper deals with the U.S. Intelligence Community(IC) and the U.S. Army Global Information Grid(GIG), LandWarNet and those could be good examples of roles and statuses of geospatial intelligence. IC has been produced essential intelligence which is required for policymakers and military leaders. IC has several stove-piped intelligence process systems which have been separately developed and competed. And so as to complete GIG, the U.S. Army adopted LandWarNet. The U.S. Corps of Engineers organized the Army Geospatial Center(AGC) on 1 October 2009 to support LandWarNet. In order to develop NCW, we should recognize geospatial intelligence as the basis of network framework and make a central leading organization of defense geospatial intelligence. The mission of Korea Defense Geospatial-Intelligence Agency should be changed from producing GEOINT to a strategic GEOINT agency. The Army should organize a laboratory of geospatial intelligence field. The mission of producing GEOINT should be transferred to a geospatial intelligence battalion which is newly organized.

Radio-to-router interface technology and its applicability on the tactical edge

Tactical wireless and mobile networks are the primary networking infrastructure in the Global Information Grid (GIG) to provide end-to-end connectivity to the warfighters at the tactical edge. The highly dynamic nature of tactical edge networks raise a number of challenging issues related to data transport and service delivery in the tactical environment. To address some of these issues, DoD waveforms have increasingly leveraged layer 2 link information to make smart cross-layer multihop routing decisions. Although there has been some measure of success in providing higher end-to-end data delivery, the lack of standard interfaces between the radio and router have led to interoperability issues in environments with a heterogeneous mix of radio systems. As a result, there has been increased desire to standardize radio-to-router interfaces (R2RIs) as a means to separate radio and router functionality and to allow greater interoperability between systems. In this article, we examine three R2RI protocols currently being vetted through the Internet Engineering Task Force and currently integrated or under consideration in DoD radio systems (RFC 5578, R2CP, and DLEP), and identify their current use and applicability in the tactical edge. Furthermore, we identify some challenges in implementing any R2RI scheme into emerging systems.

Special Issue on Cyber Defense: Methodologies and Techniques for Evaluation

Welcome to this special issue of the Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation on ‘Cyber Defense: Methodologies and Techniques for Evaluation’. The cyber domain has emerged as a strategic national asset of interest to both military and civilian sectors. The overlap between military and commercial networking resources and infrastructure complicates issues of protection, defense, and offense. The defense community is tasked not only with protecting our military information systems commercially procured, but also in protecting our nation’s strategically vital enterprises. Homeland defense rests squarely on our ability to guard critical infrastructure control systems that have a wide range of exploitable vulnerabilities. In this issue we look at several publications that make contributions related to securing the cyber domain: (1) a formal model to capture human behavior in the cyber realm; (2) modeling results that capture efficacy of Global Information Grid awareness through Network Tasking Orders (NTOs); (3) performance modeling for virtual environments that aid in defensive training scenarios; (4) a model for attack analysis on underlying network control protocols; and (5) simulation results comparing centralization methods used in log-based security systems. Robinson and Cybenko tackle the issue of capturing and analyzing human behavior related to observable actions conducted by users in the cyber domain. Little work has been done in modeling cyber-specific human behavior and their paper presents a novel extension to traditional topic modeling. Using their methodology, more precise data analysis activities may be conducted to extract quantitative information related to cyber security. By translating normal topic models related to document handling, they derive more cyber-appropriate characteristics such as users, sessions, activities, and behaviors. Using weighted probabilities and sampling distributions, appropriate matrices may be derived that are useful for classifying patterns of behavior and probabilistic models for predictive analysis. By analyzing user behaviors in such a way, a key layer of cyber situational awareness is created: changes in historical user behaviors may indicate telltale signs of insider activity or malicious corruption. Cyber planners and operators, particularly in the Department of Defense (DoD), face the problem of how to manage cyber assets to ensure synchronization of efforts and economy of force. Although air planners have longed benefited from the Air Tasking Order (ATO: a daily allocation of air assets to support current mission requirements), the cyber domain has no correlation. Compton et al. propose the use of a NTO to help allocate resources in the DoD’s Global Information Grid, particularly for mobile assets that are part of highly dynamic network topologies. Although NTOs are not a new concept, Compton and colleagues use the concept to specifically optimize network resources as opposed to using them for supporting air missions themselves (the traditional use to date). By building upon the traditional structure of an ATO, this paper providers a clear translation to cyberspecific tasking and shows how a prior knowledge of network resources may be used in simulations during the NTO planning phase to support Quality of Service goals during execution. A major area of research within DoD currently revolves around how to defend host machines and network resources themselves. Grimaila et al. compare methods for collecting, logging, and correlating events used for defensive analysis. Centralized logging, the traditional method for event correlation, comes with shortfalls because it does

Network management challenges for joint forces interoperability

There are numerous challenges one can face while creating joint network management in tactical networks. Although many of these challenges are political, there are significant technical challenges that are currently being addressed by the research community. This article presents some of the challenges faced by the NM architecture from the tactical edge and across the global information grid, where IPbased networks and radios must work together seamlessly in joint missions in the presence of encryption tunnels. It shows some cases where unconventional NM techniques must be considered in order to meet the objectives of joint missions. These techniques should be considered when different networks from the same force (e.g., the U.S. Army), joint U.S. military services' networks, and coalition forces' networks interface together. The article is divided into three main sections. The first presents some of the urgent challenges facing NM interoperability across the GIG, while the second covers an architectural approach that relies on gateway nodes and abstraction techniques. The third section presents a conflict resolution case showing how different tactical network managers need to interface to each other with techniques that are not considered in commercial networks.

Using Modeling and Simulation to Examine the Benefits of a Network Tasking Order

The Global Information Grid (GIG) is the military’s computer and communications network which supports the myriad of military missions. Military missions are highly planned, passing through many hands in the strategy-to-task methodology to ensure completeness, accuracy, coordination, cohesion, and appropriateness. A benefit of this planning is the possibility to collect knowledge of future conditions that could be of use to network designers whose goals include optimizing and protecting the GIG. This advanced knowledge includes which networked military equipment will be involved, what their capabilities are, where they will be, when they will be there, and particulars on the required data flows. A Network Tasking Order process is proposed as a means of collecting this information, analyzing the information to generate network taskings, and disseminating those taskings. Tactical integration of assets in mobile networks is introduced as another planning variable in the battlefield; not unlike logistical considerations such as fuel, ammunition, water, and so on used currently in operation planning. Modeling and simulation is used to support the proposed benefits.

Let battle connect

This article is discussing the various technologies used to enhance the battle winning strategies. These technologies are highly dependent on network integration, global information grid, network centric warfare, joint tactical radio system, airborne communication. All such techniques are used to share the information of battle field with the forces distributed over the war area and to unify all the necessary information for better execution of plan of action and future military strategy development. (4 pages)

Security Management for Mobile Ad Hoc Network of Networks (MANoN)

Many military research efforts have concentrated on how to allow war-fighters to take advantage of all available information within the battlefield in a rapid and flexible manner. As a result, the development of the Global Information Grid (GIG) was the key enabler for this process; hence, adding to the development of the mobile networking part of the GIG, the concept of the Mobile Ad hoc Network of Networks (MANoN) is introduced. This article proposes a novel security management algorithm achieving the three management essentials: Security Administration; Prevention and Detection; and Containment and Recovery; based on the International Telecommunication Union’s recommendation M.3400 to manage securely the future of military Network-Centric Warfare (NCW). The authors will employ Interval Temporal Logic (ITL) as a method of handling both sequential and parallel composition in flexible timely constrains, in addition, this technique will be evaluated using the Network Simulator (NS-2) to provide and check whether security requirements are met in a comprehensive manner.

Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems

The Net-Centric Adapter for Legacy Systems (NCALS) is a software technology that makes legacy system data and services available in near real-time to the military Global Information Grid (GIG). The intent of NCALS is to lower the cost and risk, and to decrease the time required for legacy systems to comply with U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) net-centric technical standards. Many different systems could use a common, configurable NCALS software component to comply with these standards. The benefit to the warfighter is improved interoperability with joint and coalition forces. NCALS enables legacy systems to move to a Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) compatible with the GIG without requiring a costly and risky re-architecture of their legacy software. In addition, NCALS enables mission critical systems such as weapon systems to segregate their real-time, mission critical software from enterprise integration software. This maintains the safety and security required by such systems, while accommodating rapid changes in Internet-based, enterprise technologies. This paper will discuss the legacy system challenge and describe a technology prototype developed by the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Dahlgren to realize the NCALS concept. The prototype works automatically, behind the scenes, to expose legacy data to the GIG and to make GIG data available to legacy systems.

AutoDEVS: A Methodology for Automating Modeling and Simulation Software Development and Testing of Interoperable Systems

Despite the increasing use of software system development methodologies that follow a highly-structured and systematic process, there remain critical limitations that need more advanced treatment. One such limitation is the failure to explicitly incorporate modeling and simulation (M&S) methodology, which becomes essential as the scale of systems under development exceeds the range supported by analytical tools. Other limitations include the lack of automation to reduce routine work and incoherence among the abstractions developed at various stages in development. Originally introduced as formalism for discrete event M&S, the Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) methodology has become an engine for advances within the wider area of information technology. In this paper, we present a new DEVS-based tool called the ‘AutoDEVS’ that automates systems development and exploits ‘model continuity’ to maintain coherence through the development process and to support test artifact continuity and traceability through phases of system development. The AutoDEVS creates models and systems that can be mapped to DEVS/service-oriented architecture (SOA), a DEVS implementation compliant with a SOA infrastructure, such as that adopted by the Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) Global Information Grid initiative.After describing the AutoDEVS environment, we show how it provides a rapid means of integrated development and testing of defense command and control systems for interoperability.

Using an Ontology for Entity Situational Awareness in a Simple Scenario

The use of ontologies to represent data and knowledge combined with service-based software provides new opportunities for the integration of command and control systems, simulations, and dynamic data. The U.S. Department of Defense's Global Information Grid (GIG) is envisioned to integrate complex communications networks, data from disparate sources, and services-oriented applications. The GIG will provide analysis, decision support, and information visualization to both human and automated users. This paper describes concepts and architecture for an experiment which demonstrates the use of knowledge-based technologies to support tactical maneuver. Open source and in-house software were linked together to conduct a simple simulation of a realistic mission (move from A to B along a “safe” route). Events which may affect the route are injected, reported, and stored in the knowledge base to simulate battlespace dynamics. Through the use of an automated reasoner, events which affect the route are identified and passed to the decision maker to stimulate possible replanning. Follow-on efforts will convert the maneuver related software into web services, moving closer to the GIG concept. Discussed is the value of a formal ontology within the domain of military maneuver, architectural approach, and lessons learned.

Policy Based Management in the Global Information Grid

The Global Information Grid (GIG) is briefly described and the application of the Policy Based Management (PBM) technology to the GIG is discussed in detail. Given the state of the technology, industry, and the needed products, there are serious difficulties and challenges in deploying the PBM technology in the GIG. This paper analyses these difficulties and challenges, and suggests possible solutions. It is suggested that PBM be deployed in carefully chosen small scale applications in the GIG such as the management of the Teleports, and these deployed applications be transitioned to the recommended deployment modes when needed technology becomes available.

Improving the Global Information Grid's Performance through Satellite Communications Layer Enhancements

With the information age in full and rapid development, users are becoming accustomed to having immediate access to information. Users demand more capabilities from every kind of electronic device: more processing power, more features, and better connectivity. Users are also realizing the benefits of collaborating with others in their communities to help expand the body of knowledge. One user that understands the benefits of information sharing is the United States Department of Defense. The DoD's Network-Centric Enterprise Services initiative, along with the concept of pushing the "power to the edge," aims to enable end users with maximum situational awareness and the most comprehensive battlespace, all in a secure networking environment. Providing so much data and capabilities to the end user, however, will require an increase in communications capability and efficiency. To address increased capability needs, the DoD is continually developing and enhancing the global information grid (GIG) throughout its various "layers" of communication infrastructure. One such layer of infrastructure involves the use of cooperative low Earth orbiting satellites for efficient multicasting communications. In this article we review the network-centric concept and the GIG infrastructure. We then discuss the potential benefits to adding a low Earth orbit satellite communications infrastructure to the GIG model. Finally, we show how multicasting protocols can enhance the efficiency within the GIG and reduce some of the long-haul communications burdens

Key Challenges of Military Tactical Networking and the Elusive Promise of MANET Technology

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are considered by many as fundamental to realizing the global information grid (GIG) and the vision of network-centric warfare. Indeed, a fully realized MANET would be powerful in enabling highly mobile, highly responsive, and quickly deployable tactical forces. However, significant technical challenges remain before this realization is viable. Addressing these deficiencies is a significant task that will require the invention and adoption of new technology. The goal of this article is not to declare these capabilities impossible to achieve. Rather, it is to manage the expectation of the capabilities achievable in the foreseeable future through edification on the technical difficulties standing between current technology and the desired capabilities. This article provides an overview of the military MANET problem space, describing the ideal military MANET solution. Several deficiencies are highlighted that exist between MANET technologies and the desired capability. Identified technical issues include system-level architecture, routing (both interior and exterior), management, security, and medium access control (MAC), with an emphasis on the former two areas

2.2.3 Directed Energy Weapon System Architecture to Meet Network Centric Operations Requirements

AbstractNetwork Centric Operational Warfare (NCOW), the Global Information Grid (GIG), a typical Directed Energy (DE) Weapon System, and elements within a Battlespace that the DE Weapon would communicate with, are concepts introduced in this paper. NCOW requirements are described as applied to a weapon system, a DE weapon in this application, but the requirements and the solution proposed could be applied to other systems as well. This paper introduces a general DE Weapon and an architecture that meets the attributes described in the DoD Net‐Centric Data Strategy.

Enterprise Analysis and Assessment

AbstractAs military command and control (C2) applications evolve and become immersed within a growing net‐centric operational environment, the complexity of interactions among component C2 enterprise capabilities will rapidly increase. The adoption of a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach to C2 development, coupled with the incremental fielding of Internet Protocol (IP) based Global Information Grid (GIG) capabilities, will serve as the principal catalysts for this scenario. As a result of the sheer number of anticipated web service interdependencies, analysis and assessment of C2 behavior at the enterprise scale will be both necessary and challenging. This paper will provide an initial discussion of the emerging need for such analysis and will suggest some important implementation concepts to be considered, each of which could significantly impact future enterprise systems engineering (ESE) processes.

All-optical networks provide flexibility for platforms on the Global Information Grid

All-optical networks provide flexibility for platforms on the Global Information Grid