Global Health Architecture Research Articles

Indonesia Interest toward G20 Pandemic Fund: Global Health Diplomacy Perspective

In the last three years, during the COVID-19 pandemic shocks, the discussion for economic recovery and global health development agenda prevailed. To date, the discussion has shifted from recovery to more extensive moves such as strengthen the current global health architecture. Specifically, prepare for the next pandemic and reduce potential risks. Countries around the world are interested in this topic and the Group of Twenty (G20), the premier economic forum summit, also focuses on this issue. This kind of “global crisis responder” experience drives the interesting discussion, how did the COVID-19 crisis respond by the G20? Answering this question, during Indonesia's G20 Presidency, the Pandemic Fund was formally introduced in collaboration with the Pandemic Fund secretariat, marked by a significant event during the G20 Joint Finance and Health Ministers’ Meeting. The rationale behind establishing this fund arose from the challenges faced by low and middle-income nations in securing adequate funding for their healthcare systems amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Depart from that, this significant achievement of the pandemic fund launching raises questions, why Indonesia has an agenda for Pandemic Fund during its presidency? This paper aims to answer this question with the framework of global health diplomacy.

The Role of Media in Amplifying G20 Indonesia Presidency Issues on 14 Online Media

On October 31, 2021, Indonesia was appointed to assume the G20 Presidency and proposed 3 (three) priority issues in the G20 Presidency, namely Digital Transformation Issues, Global Health Architecture Issues, and Sustainable Energy Issues. To obtain the success of the G20 Presidency, the role of mass media is an important factor to support this success. Using quantitative content analysis and thematic analysis units, this article seeks to obtain an overview of the role of the media on two important issues focused on at the G20 event, namely Priority Issues and Working Group Issues. The results of the study found that Kompas.com conveyed the most information about the G20 with 202 articles and issues regarding Digital Transformation were the most discussed Priority Issues. It can be concluded that the role of the media is still limited in conveying information about the G20, so it is expected to amplify the G20 through other social media and convey messages that have proximity to the audience.

Collaborative Governance Review on G20’s Global Health Infrastucture Priority Issue – The Indonesia Presidency 2022

In 2022, Indonesia will serve as the forum's president. This brings Indonesia to the attention of the global community. Due to restrictions, the COVID-19 pandemic has been plaguing the world for about two years, making it difficult to implement the G20 in Indonesia. Thus, the three main topics of discussion at the 2022 G20 will be: 1) digital transformation; 2) sustainable energy transition; and 3) global health architecture. This paper employs the Collaborative Governance model developed by Ansell & Gash (2008) to examine how the Indonesian G20 Presidency in 2022 collaborates on important global health architecture issues. A review of the literature and internet-based data analysis using the Vos Viewer application comprise the qualitative research methodology. The results of this research are: 1) the relevance of collaborative governance theory to the G20 forum. Seeing how G20 members and participants interact in discussing priority issues of global health architecture. 2) describe the G20 collaboration process using the Ansell & Gash (2008) collaborative governance model. 3) pentahelix as a tool to further emphasize the role of G20 members and participants in the ongoing collaboration process. This research has theoretical implications which prove that collaborative governance can be used to analyze the G20 forum and answer the challenges of the Covid-19 Pandemic.

India’s G20 Presidency: An Opportune Time for Strengthening Global Health Agenda

Healthcare must be prioritised in multilateral platforms like the G20, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic from which the world is still recovering. India’s G20 presidency in 2023 is being hailed by various emerging economies and international organisations for its potential in espousing universal health coverage (UHC), digital health innovation, better healthcare architecture and service delivery as primary drivers in achieving robust healthcare systems in the twenty-first century. This leadership year of G20 gives a unique chance to boost sustainable growth in healthcare across the country, the developing world, and beyond. Therefore, this article aims to analyse the role of G20 in promoting global health as a vital agenda on its platform comprising the developed world, emerging economies and low- and middle-income countries. The article also seeks to review the health track priorities under India’s presidency and its potential for developing global health architecture in the forthcoming years. Last but not least, the article delves into the question of what are the challenges encountered by the G20 multilateral platform, along with some potential avenues for future cooperation.

Global public health intelligence: World Health Organization operational practices.

Early warning and response are key to tackle emerging and acute public health risks globally. Therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) has implemented a robust approach to public health intelligence (PHI) for the global detection, verification and risk assessment of acute public health threats. WHO's PHI operations are underpinned by the International Health Regulations (2005), which require that countries strengthen surveillance efforts, and assess, notify and verify events that may constitute a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). PHI activities at WHO are conducted systematically at WHO's headquarters and all six regional offices continuously, throughout every day of the year. We describe four interlinked steps; detection, verification, risk assessment, and reporting and dissemination. For PHI operations, a diverse and interdisciplinary workforce is needed. Overall, PHI is a key feature of the global health architecture and will only become more prominent as the world faces increasing public health threats.

Asia is Reshaping the Geopolitics of Health

Abstract: The geopolitics of health has been traditionally shaped by Western powers. However, with Asia’s demographic, economic, and diplomatic rise, countries in the region have increasingly become important players in this sector. Yet, to maintain their influence and roles, regional nation-states must address national poverty, urbanization, and industrialization issues while strengthening their health systems and fulfilling their international responsibilities. The West must also move past the traditional donor-recipient mindset and treat all countries as equal partners to foster a more cooperative and equal global health architecture.

Improving the quality of life for premature infants through the continuity of care approach: A literature review

<p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> The agenda for strengthening the global health architecture is to improve quality of life for premature infants. Premature births increase the morbidity and mortality of newborns, necessitating innovation in primary health care. </em></p><p><strong><em>Objectives:</em></strong><em> This study was conducted to examine innovation programs with a continuity of care approach in primary health care for premature infants in an effort to strengthen the global health architecture. </em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> A literature review method was used to analyze articles obtained using databases such as Science Direct and Google Scholar. The researcher used the key words “continuity of care” and “premature infants”. The inclusion criteria were full-text journal articles published from January 2020-December 2022 in English-language journals. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> This study obtained ten articles that correspond to the continuity of care approach for premature infants. The articles included four qualitative studies, three quantitative studies, one mixed-method study, one literature review, and one systematic review. There are three themes related to the continuity of care for premature infants, including (1) Primary healthcare with information continuity, relationships continuity, and management continuity; (2) Continuity of care in the antenatal, natal, and postnatal periods; (3) The continuity of care on premature infant approach improves the outcome of premature infant care, the ability of parents, and health service quality. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions:</em></strong><em> A continuity of care approach can increase the achievement of adequacy, equity, efficiency, and effectiveness in primary health care for premature infants. Joint synergy between the community, health services, and health policymakers is essential in efforts to strengthen the quality of life for premature infants.</em></p>

CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE 2022 G20 SUMMIT IN STRENGTHENING PREVENTION, PREPAREDNESS, AND RESPONSE (PPR) FINANCING AS A PART OF GLOBAL HEALTH ARCHITECTURE RESTRUCTURATION

Restructuring and strengthening the framework of Global Health Architecture (GHA) is one of the significant agendas raised at the 2022 G20 Summit held in Bali, Indonesia. One of the identified motivations behind this initiative concerns the gap in the prevention, preparedness, and response (PPR) financing policy and its sustainability. This problem generates inequity in the global health system–especially experienced by the low- and mid-income countries (LMICs)–and hinders the effort to comprehensively mitigate the impacts the threats have caused, such as from the current COVID-19 outbreak. Consequently, these countries are struggling due to their inability to acquire healthcare resources such as health infrastructures, vaccine access, and human resources. To understand how the 2022 G20 forum could contribute to restructuring and strengthening the architecture, this paper investigates the upcoming summit's potential challenges and opportunities in restructuring the GHA framework to close the gap in financing PPR and creating an equal global health system. In doing so, this article will apply desk study by collecting information from secondary data sources. One of the potential opportunities is to strengthen global health multilateralism through the G20 members' active engagement in the financial intermediary fund (FIF) platform. However, there is also a significant challenge regarding the current global solidarity and political tension. Therefore, the forum must consider these notions to create a more robust and sustained financial policy to strengthen the architecture.

Health outcomes of the G7 Hiroshima Summit: breaking the cycle of panic and neglect and achieving UHC

Health outcomes of the G7 Hiroshima Summit: breaking the cycle of panic and neglect and achieving UHC

Elevating global health together

The World Health Summit (WHS) is an international meeting for experts to discuss the most important issues facing global health care. The 2022 event was co-hosted by WHO, with more than 300 speakers and over 40 WHO experts. In his opening ceremony speech, WHO Director- General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus drew links between the first summit in 2009, which was the year of the H1N1 pandemic and today's backdrop of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. He said that the theme of the 2022 WHS is 'taking global health to a new level' through a shared response and commitment, a new global architecture and a new global approach. He explained that this requires a new agreement based on 'a common vision, a new global health architecture that is coherent and inclusive, and a new global approach that prioritizes promoting health and preventing disease, rather than only treating the sick'. As such, a new agreement or global accord will be established, ensuring nations of the world commit to bringing this vision to life. Ghebreyesus said that this global accord will 'provide an essential framework and foundation for other initiatives to keep the world safe' and will be based on a shared commitment to solidarity and equity, with countries working together rather than in competition with each other. Indeed, the countries will be involved in negotiating the agreement and it will be implemented according to their respective national laws.

The Global Health Architecture: Governance and International Institutions to Advance Population Health Worldwide.

Policy Points Global health institutions and instruments should be reformed to fully incorporate the principles of good health governance: the right to health, equity, inclusive participation, transparency, accountability, and global solidarity. New legal instruments, like International Health Regulations amendments and the pandemic treaty, should be grounded in these principles of sound governance. Equity should be embedded into the prevention of, preparedness for, response to, and recovery from catastrophic health threats, within and across nations and sectors. This includes the extant model of charitable contributions for access to medical resources giving way to a new model that empowers low- and middle-income countries to create and produce their own diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics-such as through regional messenger RNA vaccine manufacturing hubs. Robust and sustainable funding of key institutions, national health systems, and civil society will ensure more effective and just responses to health emergencies, including the daily toll of avoidable death and disease disproportionately experienced by poorer and more marginalized populations.

Making morbidity multiple: History, legacies, and possibilities for global health.

Multimorbidity has been framed as a pressing global health challenge that exposes the limits of systems organised around single diseases. This article seeks to expand and strengthen current thinking around multimorbidity by analysing its construction within the field of global health. We suggest that the significance of multimorbidity lies not only in challenging divisions between disease categories but also in what it reveals about the culture and history of transnational biomedicine. Drawing on social research from sub-Saharan Africa to ground our arguments, we begin by describing the historical processes through which morbidity was made divisible in biomedicine and how the single disease became integral not only to disease control but to the extension of biopolitical power. Multimorbidity, we observe, is hoped to challenge single disease approaches but is assembled from the same problematic, historically-loaded categories that it exposes as breaking down. Next, we highlight the consequences of such classificatory legacies in everyday lives and suggest why frameworks and interventions to integrate care have tended to have limited traction in practice. Finally, we argue that efforts to align priorities and disciplines around a standardised biomedical definition of multimorbidity risks retracing the same steps. We call for transdisciplinary work across the field of global health around a more holistic, reflexive understanding of multimorbidity that foregrounds the culture and history of translocated biomedicine, the intractability of single disease thinking, and its often-adverse consequences in local worlds. We outline key domains within the architecture of global health where transformation is needed, including care delivery, medical training, the organisation of knowledge and expertise, global governance, and financing.

Human security and universal health coverage: Japan's vision for the G7 Hiroshima Summit

Human security and universal health coverage: Japan's vision for the G7 Hiroshima Summit

COVID-19 pandemic exposes deep fault lines in global health governance

A specter is hunting the world – the specter of a deadly infectious disease – novel coronavirus (COVID-19), which has resulted in 758,390,564 and 6,859,093 confirmed cases and deaths, respectfully, worldwide as of 11 March 2023 (World Health Organization 2023). The lethality and adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have generated increased awareness and interest in reforming the global health system. This study seeks to explain the major conceptual fault lines in global health governance (GHG) that hindered infectious disease-control efforts during the COVID-19 outbreak. This will enable the WHO to reform or consider alternative models of GHG in preparation for the next pandemic. The study finds that a global coordinated response has been conspicuously absent in an attempt to combat the COVID-19 pandemic due largely to stumbling blocks such as state sovereignty, gaps in international legal frameworks, and inadequate institutional coordination and collaboration. The article concludes with some novel, innovative, and prescriptive policy approaches toward filling a lacuna in global health architecture.

Indonesia’s Presidency On G20 2022: Unpacking Its Digital Economic Diplomacy In Advancing Indonesian MSMES Digital Economic Transformation

After a long period of membership in the Premier global forum of G20, Indonesia has taken the lead in the G20 Presidency 2022. With a theme of "Recover Together, Recover Stronger" to encounter the multi-spectrum repercussion of the Covid-19 Pandemic, Indonesia set out three main agendas of deliberation within, encompassing Global Health Architecture (GHA), Digital Economic Transformation (DET) and Energy Transition (ET). This article considers and puts forward the DET agenda, particularly the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) DET, as the main discussion in this article. It assumes DET agenda that could significantly encounter the problem of economic downturn with its following consequences of losses of many jobs and rising unemployment. Therefore, this article scrutinizes how Indonesia's G20 Presidency could elevate its economic diplomacy capacity to achieve its MSMEs' DET interests. For this purpose, this article employs the analytical framework tailored from the integrated perspective of economic diplomacy, digital economy, and digital economic transformation. This article argues that Indonesia's G20 Presidency has advantaged Indonesia by giving more policy and diplomatic room to campaign and mainstream its MSMEs DET interests to multiple stakeholders from all G20 countries. It consequently crystallizes MSMEs DET as both a normative and practical agenda globally in which Indonesia could further entertain its MSMEs DET interest. In such ways, it is expected that Indonesia could recover its economy after the pandemic, particularly with the advancement of its MSME economic environment. This argument is based on the mapping of the G20 events dynamic substantiating MSMEs DET from December to October 2022. Overall, despite Indonesia's MSMEs DET interest achievement in G20 2022, Indonesia still needs to strengthen its economic diplomacy endeavour related to MSMEs DET in the following G20s forums.

International Health and Global Health: Reconfigurations of a Disputed Field

International health is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge, research, and action that deals with the health of populations beyond their national borders. Latin America established itself as a pioneer in international health during the 20th century, inducing an unprecedented dynamic in the field. In this sense, a process of analysis, reflection, and interpretation from a Latin American perspective is required to overcome its image as a mere replica of European health development. This article has the double objective of analyzing the historical development of the field of International Health and, secondly, reflecting on the concepts of International Health and Global Health, in the new regional and global geopolitics. Through a historical journey that begins in 1851, this analysis accounts for the disputes, tensions, and rivalries that have shaped the field of international health and some of its main organizations. Particularly, the World Health Organization -with the supremacy of neoliberalism- has been impacted by mercantilist interests of new non-health actors, such as the World Bank, the pharmaceutical industry, and philanthropic organizations. In this context, the passage/transition from the field of International Health to the denomination of Global Health represents - much more than a simple linguistic shift - a political-ideological shift. In Latin America, on the other hand, the influence of critical Latin American thought has pushed toward an understanding of International Health based on human rights and regional health sovereignty, implemented through more horizontal cooperation and emancipatory policies. The advent of the pandemic has shown that health is an unquestionable international issue, demanding coordinated and comprehensive policies. Instead, it occurs in a world fragmented by disputes and interests and, particularly in Latin America -with the dissolution of UNASUR- it arrives in a context of savage/wild health system reforms and at a time of marked weakness in some of its processes of integration. Consequently, there is an urgent need to discuss the architecture of global and regional health, its agenda, and to rethink international cooperation as an epidemiological policy that effectively addresses global inequities and responds to the urgent and persistent needs of our people.

Viewing the global health system as a complex adaptive system - implications for research and practice.

The global health system (GHS) is ill-equipped to deal with the increasing number of transnational challenges. The GHS needs reform to enhance global resilience to future risks to health. In this article we argue that the starting point for any reform must be conceptualizing and studying the GHS as a complex adaptive system (CAS) with a large and escalating number of interconnected global health actors that learn and adapt their behaviours in response to each other and changes in their environment. The GHS can be viewed as a multi-scalar, nested health system comprising all national health systems together with the global health architecture, in which behaviours are influenced by cross-scale interactions. However, current methods cannot adequately capture the dynamism or complexity of the GHS or quantify the effects of challenges or potential reform options. We provide an overview of a selection of systems thinking and complexity science methods available to researchers and highlight the numerous policy insights their application could yield. We also discuss the challenges for researchers of applying these methods and for policy makers of digesting and acting upon them. We encourage application of a CAS approach to GHS research and policy making to help bolster resilience to future risks that transcend national boundaries and system scales.

Eliminating the White Supremacy Mindset from Global Health Education.

The term “decolonization” has been increasingly used to refer to the elimination of the colonial experience and its legacy. However, the use of this overarching term masks the real root of the problem. European countries, whose populations are majority white, used their assumed supremacy as justification for the colonization of current low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the majority of non-white people live. This clear overlap between geographic and skin color differences explains how the white supremacy ideology triggered European colonization. Therefore, calls to decolonize global health education must focus on the roots of colonization and fight for the elimination of white supremacy ideology that is one of the pillars of the current ills of our global health architecture. A step in this process acknowledging the expertise that emerges from LMICs, alongside challenging the traditional high-income country (HIC) hegemony over knowledge and strengthening universities in LMICs to provide quality medical and global health education. Additionally, we also need to reevaluate curricula, research selection, and design as well as partnerships. Students need to be equipped with the skills to question norms and contribute to the creation of equitable, mutually beneficial partnerships. This needs to accompanied by the adoption of transdisciplinary education to address critical societal challenges. By challenging the white supremacy ideology, we can shift the center of gravity in global health to respect the right to equal say in education and research according to the disease burden and the distribution of the world population.

Effective post-pandemic governance must focus on shared challenges

Effective post-pandemic governance must focus on shared challenges

Indonesia’s G20 presidency: neoliberal policy and authoritarian tendencies

ABSTRACT Multilateralism at the regional and global stage is essential for Indonesia’s foreign policy. Apart from ASEAN, which has long been a pivotal array for Indonesia’s regional economic interdependence and political stability, the G20 is recently added to the country’s interest. It serves Indonesia’s desire for global leadership and middle-power status. As Indonesia began its year-long presidency of the G20 in 2022, the government is confident that hosting numerous meetings and the Group’s summit at the end of 2022 is a notable milestone for its international leadership exposure. This time, Indonesia’s President Joko Widodo emphasises priority agendas: strengthening global health architecture, transitioning to green and renewable energy, and promoting the digital economy. This commentary evaluates and projects Indonesia’s G20 presidency amidst the country’s democratic decline in recent years. It argues that Indonesia’s proposed agendas are more ambitious goals than strategic. Instead, the country’s priority will be marked by a solid neoliberal economic policy and stability, which is likely to cause even more democratic setbacks at home.