Global Fossil Fuels Research Articles

Health-care systems' resource footprints and their access and quality in 49 regions between 1995 and 2015: an input–output analysis

Strategies to reduce the environmental impact of health care are often limited to greenhouse gas emissions. To broaden their scope, our aim was to determine the evolution of the resource footprints, dependency, and efficiency of health-care systems and to determine the relationship between this evolution and their Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) index. We carried out an input-output analysis of 49 health-care systems from 1995 to 2015. We harmonised the EXIOBASE v3.8.2 database-providing data for 49 world regions-to the World Health Organization Health Expenditures Database. We then performed a panel data analysis to understand the relationship between Healthcare Access and Quality index and energy footprint per capita of health-care systems. EXIOBASE3 does not provide measurement errors so it was not possible to propagate the uncertainties as can be done with other input-output databases. Health-care systems' footprint increased over the past two decades, reaching 7% of global non-metallic minerals footprint, 4% of global metal ores footprint, and 5% of global fossil fuels footprint in 2013. This increase was mostly due to China, rising from 7% of the non-metallic minerals footprint in 1995 to 45% in 2013. 80% of the health-care systems studied were dependent at more than 50% on fossil fuel imports. The energy footprint per capita was correlated exponentially with the HAQ index but some countries performed much better than others at a given energy footprint. Health-care systems have not become more efficient between 2002 and 2015. Health-care systems' resources footprint are exponentially linked to their HAQ. Both prevention and efficiency measures will be needed to change this relationship. If it is not enough, high-income countries will have to choose between further reducing the resource consumption of their health-care systems or shifting the efforts to other sectors, health being considered an incompressible need. We call for the creation of a HAQE (health-care access, quality, and efficiency) index that would add resource efficiency to access and quality when ranking health-care systems. The Shift Project.

Estimation of Renewable Solar Energy Source Using Grey Relational Analysis Method

Solar energy heat and in various forms like light that reaches the earth this study shows. As this energy travels, Most of it is scattered, and is lost due to reflection and absorption by clouds. By satisfactorily harnessing solar energy Studies show that Because It is abundant in nature and free of cost It is a freely available source of energy. Second, it is a promising global energy source, because it's not over, solid and then other energy sources increase output performance. Creating sustainable energy resources One of the most urgent tasks of mankind, Because of the increasing energy demand With limited global fossil fuels is in serious conflict. Therefore, solar energy is clean, In an economical and convenient manner Effective use is a big challenge. This paper deals with multi-attribute decision making (MADM) for complications Gray uses Correlation Analysis (GRA) method. GRA method Advantages of using Includes the following: Results are based on original data, And the calculations are simple And easy to understand. In a business context helps in making management decisions. This is one of the best methods. Combined with improved gray correlation analysis using the gray model An integrated forecasting method. Integrating convolution technology, of the gray model establishing the right solution, applicability of the latter Improves greatly. Effects of time delay included in the study. Improved gray correlation analysis Consistency of the two factors is not only "in scale" but as the traditional gray correlation method does, it assumes "direction". The proposed integrated method, then the existing system Provides tremendous improvement. Objective of this thesis Finding the Solar energy and using Gray Relational Analysis (GRA) method showing GRA (Gray Relational Analysis) Method, Energy efficiency, Energy variability, Economic allocation, Investment cost, Technology maturity, CO2 emission, Ecosystem impact, Employment are Alternatives and Hydro, Wind, Wind, Biomass, the evaluation parameters reached by the handler. Energy efficiency is the first rank whereas Technology maturity is having the lowest rank. In this paper Solar Energy efficiency is the first rank whereas Technology maturity is having the lowest rank.

Agriculture Residue: A Potential Source for Biogas Production

To achieve energy security and to address energy related environmental issues attempts have been made to find out such energy resources that are economically viable and environmentally friendly. Biogas appears as a sustainable, renewable and carbon neutral energy source, a substitute to reduce the global fossil fuels dependency. Agricultural activities generate huge amounts of organic residues annually worldwide. Microbial conversion of agriculture residue and organic wastes to produce biogas offers an attractive way for energy supply, resource recovery and waste treatment. Energy generated is renewable can have positive impact on environment, replacing fossil fuels and mitigating greenhouse gases emissions. In addition to a clean and cost effective energy source, it improves the management of manure and organic wastes and replaces inorganic fertilizer. Biogas production in the agricultural sector is a fast growing market particularly in many European countries. This article is aimed to review and investigate the potential contribution of biogas from agricultural residues. Techniques for quantitative assessment of the residue from different crops that can be recovered sustainably as a potential resource for biogas production are discussed.

Ionic Liquids-Promoted Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide

The excessive consumption of global fossil fuels leads to the rapid increase of CO2 content in the atmosphere, causing serious consequences, such as global warming, which have attracted extensive a...

Modeling, simulation and outdoor experimental performance analysis of a solar-assisted process heating system for industrial process heat

Industrial process heating applications in the temperature range of 50°–250 °C consumes about 35% of the global fossil fuels, wherein solar thermal is envisaged as an alternative option. Outlet temperatures of both flat-plate collector (FPC) and photovoltaic thermal collector (PVT) are not high enough to serve industrial processes. In this article, a solar assisted process heating (SAPH) system, wherein an FPC integrated in series with a PVT, has been designed to produce low to medium temperature process heat. TRNSYS simulation models have been developed for the isolated FPC and PVT as well as integrated SAPH (PVT-FPC) systems and simulated models have been validated through outdoor experimentation. Results show that SAPH system generates thermal energy as high as 1420 W with a thermal efficiency of 75% and an exergy efficiency of 12.72%. Performance mapping ascertains that SAPH system performs better at lower mass flow rates and under higher radiations. This well-engineered integration offers unique and sustainable solution to meet industrial process heat demand at a minimum fossil fuel usage. Such SAPH system with the compatible numbers of FPCs and PVTs can be implemented to accomplish low to medium temperature process heat requirements.

Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Global Fossil Fuel Consumption and Co2 Emissions

We assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on global fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions over the two-year horizon 2020Q1-2021Q4. We apply a global vector autoregressive (GVAR) model, which captures complex spatial-temporal interdependencies across countries associated with the international propagation of economic impact due to the virus spread. The model makes use of a unique quarterly data set of coal, natural gas, and oil consumption, output, exchange rates and equity prices, including global fossil fuel prices for 32 major CO2 emitting countries in 1984-2019. We produce forecasts of coal, natural gas and oil consumption, conditional on GDP growth scenarios based on alternative IMF World Economic Outlook forecasts that were made before and after the outbreak. We also simulate the effect of a relative price change in fossil fuels, due to global scale carbon pricing, on consumption and output. Our results predict fossil fuel consumption and CO2 emissions to return to their pre-crisis levels, and even exceed them, within the two-year horizon despite the large reductions in the first quarter following the outbreak. Our forecasts anticipate more robust growth for emerging than for advanced economies. The model predicts recovery to the pre-crisis levels even if another wave of pandemic occurs within a year. Our counterfactual carbon pricing scenario indicates that an increase in coal prices is expected to have a smaller impact on GDP than on fossil fuel consumption. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic would not provide countries with a strong reason to delay climate change mitigation efforts.

Stigma Work In Action: The Case Of The Global Fossil Fuel Divestment Movement

This study explores processes of stigmatization as forms of institutional work. We base our study within the context of the fossil fuel divestment movement and focus specifically on climate activis...

How Large Are Global Fossil Fuel Subsidies?

Summary This paper estimates fossil fuel subsidies and the economic and environmental benefits from reforming them, focusing mostly on a broad notion of subsidies arising when consumer prices are below supply costs plus environmental costs and general consumption taxes. Estimated subsidies are $4.9 trillion worldwide in 2013 and $5.3 trillion in 2015 (6.5% of global GDP in both years). Undercharging for global warming accounts for 22% of the subsidy in 2013, air pollution 46%, broader vehicle externalities 13%, supply costs 11%, and general consumer taxes 8%. China was the biggest subsidizer in 2013 ($1.8 trillion), followed by the United States ($0.6 trillion), and Russia, the European Union, and India (each with about $0.3 trillion). Eliminating subsidies would have reduced global carbon emissions in 2013 by 21% and fossil fuel air pollution deaths 55%, while raising revenue of 4%, and social welfare by 2.2%, of global GDP.

Small-Scale Ammonia Production from Biomass: A Techno-Enviro-Economic Perspective

Ammonia production has traditionally been based on large-scale plants. The thrust toward large-scale production to gain economic advantages has overshadowed the benefits that could be derived from small-scale production plants. Additionally, the ammonia industry consumes a major chunk of global fossil fuels, which also burdens the planet with greenhouse gases. To effectively counter these issues, this study investigates the production of ammonia from biomass. Processes based on biomass plants are usually small-scale and are limited by biomass supply. To ensure sustainable ammonia production, this study tries to highlight the techno-economic advantages that result from small-scale ammonia plants based on biomass feedstock. This paper proposes a new process that takes inputs from a relatively old, natural gas based process (leading concept ammonia) specifically designed for small-scale ammonia manufacture and couples it with a recently developed dual fluidized bed technology for biomass feedstock. Two diffe...

Mapping Global Fossil Fuel Combustion CO2 Emissions at High Resolution by Integrating Nightlight, Population Density, and Traffic Network Data

Quantification of global fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at fine spatial resolution is emerging as a critical need in climate change research and policy-making. Numerous studies have constructed CO2 emission inventories by using spatial proxies, such as radiance-calibrated nightlight and population density, to downscale national emission data into finer spatial scales. However, only using nightlight imagery and population density datasets cannot sufficiently explain the spatial characteristics of potential emission sources from transportation. In this study, we integrated nighttime imagery, population density, and traffic network data to estimate CO2 emission, and performed a linear regression model with corrective measure to create a high-resolution global grid of fossil fuel carbon emissions in 2010. The experimental results show that the model which considers all these factors (nighttime lights, population density, and traffic network data) exhibited a more reasonable distribution of CO2 emission than those involving only one or two factors. Besides, in contrast to previous studies on the actual statistical data of CO2 emissions at the level of subadministrative units of mainland China and the United States, the correlation coefficient of our inventory is significantly larger than those of the other two inventories, while both the mean absolute error and root-mean-squared error of our inventory are the smallest values among the three inventories. The inventory established in this study shows strong agreement with subnational-level CO2 emission statistics. The resulting dataset and corresponding methods would be of immediate use to global climate managers and policy-making communities.

Current challenges in photosynthesis: from natural to artificial.

Current challenges in photosynthesis: from natural to artificial.

Courting Future Resource Conflict: The Shortcomings of Western Response Strategies to New Energy Vulnerabilities

With the phenomenon of economic globalization having absorbed our attention for the last decade, environmental challenges as well as the necessity to manage the distribution of resources have been neglected. This paper focuses on the potential for future resource conflicts among states which – as will be argued – will be fought along the axis of the consumers and producers of energy. Conflict over resources can be provoked by the increased energy import dependency of some Western states, intensified by a progressive process of global fossil fuels depletion. The strategies of the West to prevent and manage this type of conflict – risk reduction, crisis management and geopolitics of energy – will be evaluated according to their effectiveness. It will be argued that these strategies might be effective in the short- and mid term but are inadequate in the long term, and that Western states cannot depend on them to prevent a conflict over fossil fuels. The focus of the study is the EU and its precarious strategy of “risk reduction” which, in effect, places all the eggs in the Russian basket. The discussion of Western crisis management as implemented by the International Energy Agency also points to their lack of reliability and effectiveness to manage a severe shortage crisis. The third strategy to prevent and manage supply crisis for the West – a geopolitics of energy – might work in the short run by furnishing Western states' control of cheap oil, but is counterproductive in the long run by deepening the chasm between them and the producer countries on whose energy they depend. The only two effective and complementary strategies to avoid conflict over resources would be to start to reduce the dependency on fossil fuels by developing alternative and renewable energy, and, most of all, to pursue a global policy based on a more equitable and controlled energy distribution.

96/04462 A simple model of carbon cycle for upgrading global fossil fuels consumption and carbon emission forecasts validity

96/04462 A simple model of carbon cycle for upgrading global fossil fuels consumption and carbon emission forecasts validity

A simple model of carbon cycle for upgrading global fossil fuels consumption and carbon emission forecasts validity

A set of models for global carbon cycle, World population and atmospheric CO 2 are proposed. These set of models works as some tools for validating field and modeling dates. Proposed set of models improved validity of prognoses of future fossil fuel consumption.