Shifts In Global Economy Research Articles

Rethinking Asian Settler Colonialism: A Historical Perspective of Hawai'i Asians on Indigenous Lands

Abstract: "Asian settler colonialism" calls attention to the simultaneous denial of Kanaka 'Ōiwi dispossession and the celebration of descendants of Asian immigrants as industrious members of Hawai'i's multicultural middle class. While we acknowledge the importance of confronting settler colonialism, we argue that Asian settler colonialism reinscribes an inaccurate understanding of Hawai'i Asians today and over time. Tracing Hawai'i history from the Kingdom era to the present, we show that Hawai'i Asians are not inherently settlers by virtue of being non-natives living and working on Indigenous land; rather, many Hawai'i Asians hold a generational responsibility and political affinity within the nation of Hawai'i. Further, as Hawai'i's hierarchies have evolved amid economic restructuring, the privilege and power held by some Asians have been incorrectly attributed to the native-settler binary of settler colonialism while overlooking the interplay of race, class, global economic shifts, and political dynamics reinforced by military action.

Evaluating the Value of a Geology Degree: An Economic and Societal Analysis

In an era where the economic returns on investment in higher education are increasingly scrutinized, the question arises: Is a geology degree worth it? This paper tends to provide answers to this inquiry through comprehensive economic analysis to evaluate the financial viability and broader benefits of obtaining a geology degree. The analysis begins by examining the economic landscape for geologists, including their earning potential, employment opportunities, and career advancement trajectories. Data from national labor statistics, industry reports, and academic studies are synthesized to provide a nuanced understanding of the financial outcomes associated with a geology degree. Factors such as geographic location, industry specialization, and level of education are considered to capture the variability in economic outcomes among geology graduates. This paper also explores the non-monetary benefits of a geology degree, such as job satisfaction, intellectual fulfilment, and contributions to societal challenges like natural resource management, environmental conservation, and hazard mitigation. These aspects contribute to a holistic evaluation of the degree's value proposition, balancing economic returns with intrinsic rewards. Furthermore, the analysis addresses trends in the geology job market, including the impacts of technological advancements, environmental regulations, and global economic shifts on career opportunities for geologists. Insights into emerging fields within geology, such as geotechnical engineering, hydrogeology, and environmental consulting, are also discussed to illuminate evolving career pathways and specialization opportunities. Through this multidimensional examination, the paper aims to provide valuable insights to prospective students contemplating a geology degree, educators shaping curricula, and policymakers concerned with higher education and workforce development. By integrating economic principles with empirical data and qualitative perspectives, this study offers a robust framework for understanding a geology degree's economic implications and broader societal contributions in contemporary contexts.

Understanding Risk and Uncertainty Management: A Qualitative Inquiry into Developing Business Strategies Amidst Global Economic Shifts, Government Policies, and Market Volatility

This research aims to investigate the management of risk and uncertainty within the context of developing business strategies amidst global economic shifts, government policies, and market volatility. The study employs a qualitative inquiry approach, utilizing systematic literature review and thematic analysis to identify emerging themes and patterns in contemporary business environments. The research findings reveal several key insights regarding adaptive strategies, scenario planning, and technological advancements in risk management. Firstly, adaptive strategies are crucial for organizational competitiveness and sustainability, emphasizing agility, innovation, and dynamic capabilities. Secondly, scenario planning facilitates strategic foresight, resilience, and preparedness by exploring alternative futures and assessing their potential impacts. Thirdly, technological advancements, particularly in AI and data analytics, revolutionize risk assessment capabilities and strategic decision-making processes, enabling proactive risk management and enhanced resilience. The study underscores the importance of fostering a culture of innovation, investing in technological capabilities, and integrating scenario planning into strategic planning processes to navigate uncertainties effectively. Moreover, future research directions include comparative analysis, longitudinal studies, cross-disciplinary research, technological innovation, crisis management, and ethical considerations to deepen understanding and promote effective strategies for organizational resilience and sustainability.

Navigating the Nexus of Urbanization, Technology, and Global Economics in Real Estate Market Dynamics

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the key factors shaping real estate markets, focusing on urbanization trends, technological advancements, and global economic shifts. Urban migration is fueling demand in metropolitan areas, leading to significant infrastructural developments and a reevaluation of property values. Concurrently, technological innovations like artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and blockchain are transforming real estate transactions and management, enhancing market efficiency and transparency. Additionally, the paper examines the impact of global economic conditions, including trade wars and policy changes, on real estate investment and market stability. By integrating these elements, the article forecasts potential market trends and offers strategic insights for navigating the complexities of the real estate sector. This synthesis not only highlights current influences but also projects future changes in the landscape of real estate, suggesting adaptive strategies for industry stakeholders.

Navigating the Nexus of Urbanization, Technology, and Global Economics in Real Estate Market Dynamics

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the key factors shaping real estate markets, focusing on urbanization trends, technological advancements, and global economic shifts. Urban migration is fueling demand in metropolitan areas, leading to significant infrastructural developments and a reevaluation of property values. Concurrently, technological innovations like artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and blockchain are transforming real estate transactions and management, enhancing market efficiency and transparency. Additionally, the paper examines the impact of global economic conditions, including trade wars and policy changes, on real estate investment and market stability. By integrating these elements, the article forecasts potential market trends and offers strategic insights for navigating the complexities of the real estate sector. This synthesis not only highlights current influences but also projects future changes in the landscape of real estate, suggesting adaptive strategies for industry stakeholders.

Navigating Risks: How External Environments Shape Non-Performing Loans in Vietnam's Commercial Banks

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to analyze the factors influencing Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) in Vietnam's banking sector. It aims to shift the focus from traditional perspectives centered on macroeconomic indicators towards considering external environmental factors, such as global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes. Moreover, it seeks to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on NPL dynamics in Vietnamese commercial banks. Methods: The study employs empirical data collected from various Vietnamese commercial banks. Robust statistical methods are applied to analyze the data and explore the relationships between external environmental factors and NPLs. The research challenges conventional risk assessment models by advocating for a more comprehensive approach that integrates a broader spectrum of external influences beyond internal and macroeconomic variables. Results: The findings of the study suggest that external environmental factors, including global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes, significantly affect NPLs in Vietnam's banking sector. The analysis reveals the intricate dynamics of NPLs, especially under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to traditional perspectives, the research underscores the importance of considering a wider range of factors in assessing and managing NPL risk. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the understanding of NPL dynamics in Vietnam's banking sector. The research highlights the need for banking executives and policymakers to adopt dynamic risk management strategies that account for external environmental factors. By recognizing the influence of global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes, stakeholders can enhance banking resilience and stability in emerging markets like Vietnam. The study underscores the importance of embracing a holistic approach to risk management in an era characterized by rapid global changes and uncertainties.

Economic structural transformation: The Vietnamese case for developing nations in a globalization context

Vietnam’s economic evolution presents a compelling case of transformative growth driven by its distinctive historical, cultural, and policy landscapes. Since the watershed Đổi Mới reforms of 1986, the country has navigated the complexities of market liberalization, socialist principles, and international integration, achieving remarkable development while preserving its economic sovereignty. Through a mixed-methods approach, this study delves into the impacts of Đổi Mới, assessing the successes and ongoing challenges in Vietnam’s economic restructuring. Results indicate a remarkable shift in GDP contribution from agriculture to industry and services, with a burgeoning private sector and enhanced international trade and investment. However, challenges in achieving equitable growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability remain salient amid global economic shifts. Vietnam’s experience underscores the critical need for targeted reforms in workforce development, economic diversity, infrastructural enhancement, environmental stewardship, and regulatory and financial governance. Vietnam’s proactive stance on economic autonomy and global participation highlights the importance of a nuanced approach in navigating the changing international landscape. In summary, Vietnam’s journey through economic structural reform provides a unique perspective on navigating development within a socialist-oriented market framework, serving as a distinctive exemplar for similar emerging economies contending with the vibrant currents of globalization.

NAVIGATING RISKS: HOW EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS SHAPE NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN VIETNAM'S COMMERCIAL BANKS

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to analyze the factors influencing Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) in Vietnam's banking sector. It aims to shift the focus from traditional perspectives centered on macroeconomic indicators towards considering external environmental factors, such as global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes. Moreover, it seeks to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on NPL dynamics in Vietnamese commercial banks.
 
 Methods: The study employs empirical data collected from various Vietnamese commercial banks. Robust statistical methods are applied to analyze the data and explore the relationships between external environmental factors and NPLs. The research challenges conventional risk assessment models by advocating for a more comprehensive approach that integrates a broader spectrum of external influences beyond internal and macroeconomic variables.
 
 Results: The findings of the study suggest that external environmental factors, including global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes, significantly affect NPLs in Vietnam's banking sector. The analysis reveals the intricate dynamics of NPLs, especially under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contrary to traditional perspectives, the research underscores the importance of considering a wider range of factors in assessing and managing NPL risk.
 
 Conclusion: In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the understanding of NPL dynamics in Vietnam's banking sector. The research highlights the need for banking executives and policymakers to adopt dynamic risk management strategies that account for external environmental factors. By recognizing the influence of global economic shifts, digital transformation, and industry-specific changes, stakeholders can enhance banking resilience and stability in emerging markets like Vietnam. The study underscores the importance of embracing a holistic approach to risk management in an era characterized by rapid global changes and uncertainties.

COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF AGILE METHODOLOGIES IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT

This comprehensive review paper delves into the application and impact of Agile methodologies in the realm of project management. Agile methodologies, initially rooted in software development, have gained widespread acceptance across various industries due to their flexibility, adaptability, and customer-centric approach. The primary objective of this review is to synthesize the current body of knowledge on Agile methodologies, highlighting their evolution, principles, and diverse applications in project management. The methodology of this review involves a systematic analysis of existing literature, encompassing peer-reviewed journals, industry reports, and case studies. This approach ensures a holistic understanding of Agile methodologies, encompassing both theoretical frameworks and practical implementations. The review categorizes Agile methodologies, such as Scrum, Kanban, and Lean, and examines their unique features and contexts of application. Key findings indicate that agile methodologies significantly enhance project performance, particularly in dynamic and uncertain environments. They foster greater collaboration, continuous improvement, and customer satisfaction. However, challenges such as resistance to change, lack of skilled personnel, and difficulties in scaling Agile practices are also identified. The review concludes that while Agile methodologies offer substantial benefits in project management, their successful implementation requires a cultural shift within organizations, adequate training, and a nuanced understanding of when and how to apply these methodologies. Future research directions include exploring the integration of Agile with traditional project management approaches and its impact on organizational performance in various sectors.
 Keywords: Agile Methodologies, Project Management, Industry Adaptation, Scalability, Technological Advancements, Global Economic Shifts, Artificial Intelligence (AI).

The Potential Effects of De-risking from China on Global Economic Growth and Trade Patterns

This study explores the potential effects of de-risking from China on global economic growth and trade patterns, shedding light on the main drivers behind this trend and its macroeconomic implications. By analyzing the challenges and opportunities associated with diversifying supply chains away from China, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and stakeholders. The study identifies key factors driving de-risking, including bureaucratic restrictions, global economic shifts, customer demands, the COVID-19 pandemic, geopolitical stability, and national security concerns. While there are logistical, financial, regulatory, operational, and strategic challenges, there are also opportunities for improving economic growth, competitiveness, resilience, sustainability, innovation, and social development. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the complexities of supply chain diversification and its impacts on the global economy. Future research could explore the long-term impacts of de-risking on global trade dynamics and investigate the role of digital technologies and innovation in shaping new supply chain strategies.

Agricultural Transformation among the Abaluhya of Busia, Kenya: Colonial Impact and Economic Adaptations, 1918-1939

This paper presents the agricultural transformation among the Abaluhya of Busia, Kenya, during the interwar period from 1918 to 1939, a crucial era marked by significant colonial intervention and global economic shifts. Before British colonial rule, the Abaluhya had developed a self-sustaining and efficient agricultural system based on their deep understanding of the local environment. However, following World War I, the colonial administration intensified efforts to integrate local agriculture into the capitalist economy, driven by the need to finance colonial operations and exploit Kenya’s agricultural potential. The period 1918-1939 saw the imposition of taxation, the promotion of commodity crops such as maize, and the expansion of wage labor, all aimed at restructuring indigenous agricultural practices. This paper, with information from research that utilized archival sources, oral interviews, and existing literature, demonstrates that while colonial policies disrupted traditional systems, the Abaluhya agricultural organization adapted to coexist with the colonial capitalist economy. The paper highlights how colonial policies impacted the Abaluhya agricultural practices leading to significant shifts/changes during the interwar period. At the same time it is noted that export crop production enabled some farmers to accumulate wealth, yet also contributed to the marginalization of indigenous practices. Despite these pressures, the paper concludes that traditional agriculture was not eradicated; rather, it persisted and evolved in response to the changing economic landscape of the interwar period.

The Role of FDI in India's Manufacturing Sector: Growth, Challenges, and Opportunities

This research paper explores the pivotal role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the growth and transformation of India's manufacturing sector, with a focus on recent trends, challenges, and future opportunities. It highlights the positive impact of FDI facilitated by government policies, including the "Make in India" initiative, which aims to boost the country's manufacturing capabilities and position it as a global hub. The study underscores the significant contributions of FDI to enhancing production capacity, technological advancements, and job creation. However, it also identifies key challenges, such as regulatory hurdles and inadequate infrastructure, that continue to limit the sector's full potential. In the context of recent global economic shifts, including the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and evolving trade policies, the paper examines how these factors influence FDI inflows and the strategic positioning of India's manufacturing industry. According to recent data from the Reserve Bank of India, FDI inflows into the manufacturing sector increased by 15% in the fiscal year 2021-2022, reflecting the sector's resilience and continued attractiveness.1 The paper concludes with recommendations for policy reforms aimed at creating a more conducive environment for FDI, essential for the sustained growth and competitiveness of India's manufacturing sector.

Impact of International Trade and Globalization on Financial Markets: A Case of Pakistan

This study investigates the intricate relationship between international trade, globalization, and Pakistan's financial markets through quantitative analysis. Using regression, correlation, time-series, and comparative methodologies, data from 2018 to 2022 was analyzed. Findings indicate a direct correlation between higher trade volumes and improved stock market performance, while a rising globalization index aligns with increased capital inflows. Exchange rate fluctuations reflect the currency's sensitivity to global economic shifts. Comparative analysis with regional counterparts highlights both aligned and divergent financial market trends. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis emphasizes the potential impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on stock market indices. These insights underscore the importance of trade policies, global integration, and FDI in shaping Pakistan's financial market dynamics within the evolving global economic landscape.

Новые подходы к обеспечению финансовой безопасности в условиях геофинансовых рисков и регионализации

Geopolitical and geo-economic changes have an impact on financial markets, macroeconomic stability and economic development of countries. In such circumstances, states need to develop effective strategies and measures to ensure financial security. One of the aspects that should be taken into account is geofinance risks. They are caused by global economic shifts, such as changes in trade and economic relations between countries, the introduction of sanctions, financial crises, etc. Many States depend on global trade and investment, and the loss of stability in the international financial market can have serious consequences for their financial system and the economy as a whole. Another factor is regionalization. Many countries are increasing economic ties within the framework of regional blocs and associations. This can be useful for stimulating trade and economic growth, but at the same time creates new financial risks. The article examines the development of trends in globalization and regionalization, as well as the role of the Russian Federation in regional associations.

Financial Risk Assessment Analysis and Countermeasures of Household Appliance Manufacturing Enterprises

This paper aims to assess financial risks in household appliance manufacturing using Ecovacs as a case study and proposes corresponding solutions. Amidst global economic shifts and evolving market conditions, home appliance manufacturers encounter diverse financial challenges. Analyzing Ecovacs' financial status reveals key indicators such as asset-liability ratio, profit ratio, current ratio, and asset turnover. Additionally, this study uncovers market pressures, debt management issues, and innovation gaps at Ecovacs, potentially impacting its financial stability. To address these, improvement measures are suggested: enhancing innovation, optimizing debt, expanding market share, and boosting asset turnover. These steps enable appliance manufacturers to navigate challenges and attain sustainability. Results offer insights for financial management and risk assessment in similar enterprises.

НАЦІОНАЛЬНО УКОРІНЕНИЙ РОЗВИТОК ЕКОНОМІКИ ЯК ЛОКАЛЬНА ВІДПОВІДЬ НА ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ГЕОЕКОНОМІЧНІ ЗРУШЕННЯ

Розкрито логіко-історичну обумовленість і зміст національного укорінення економічного розвитку як локальної відповіді на глобальні економічні зрушення. З’ясовано, що перехід від індустріально-ринкової до інформаційно-мережевої економіки, який відбувається нині, закономірно призводить до посилення нерівномірності соціально-економічного розвитку, загострює його суперечності, породжує конфлікти і війни. На цій основі формується гібридна система «мир-війна», яка закономірно продукує дестабілізаційні впливи і посилює невизначеність економічної динаміки. Показано, що структура тотальної невизначеності включає екзистанціональну, просторову, часову, якісну, кількісну і мірну складові. У таких умовах виникає необхідність для забезпечення стійкості й безпеки економічного розвитку піклуватися про його національне укорінення шляхом формування розгалуженої системи ланцюгів створення доданої вартості на основі використання вітчизняного науково-технічного потенціалу і переробки національних сировинних ресурсів, на які достатньо багата Україна. Запропоновано кількісний критерій національної укоріненості економічного розвитку, яким може слугувати частка доданої вартості національного походження, створеної на основі використання національних ресурсів, у загальній вартості спожитих кінцевих продуктів. Зроблено висновок, що післявоєнна реконструкція економіки України, яка відбуватиметься в принципово нових вихідних умовах, відкриває простір для використання стратегії національно укоріненого розвитку. Така стратегія не є ні ізоляціонізмом, ні протекціонізмом, а є поєднанням внутрішньої інклюзивності, яка спирається на мобілізацію всіх внутрішніх чинників, фізичного і соціального капіталу як джерел економічного зростання, і зовнішньої інклюзивності, спрямованої на використання глобалізації для реалізації інтересів національного соціально-економічного розвитку.

XA-GANomaly: An Explainable Adaptive Semi-supervised Learning Method for Intrusion Detection using GANomaly in Global Economic dynamic shifts

Economic Intrusion detection is discovering unauthorized net-work activity and recognizing whether the data is an abnormal network transmission. Recent research has focused on semi-supervised learning mechanisms for identifying abnormal net-work traffic to deal with both labeled and unlabeled in industry. Economic shift generation is very crucial in creating a balance between hyper sensitive generation and superficial balance. However, real-time training and classifying network traffic remains as challenges, as they can lead to the degradation of the overall dataset and difficulties in preventing attacks. Addi-tionally, existing semi-supervised learning research may not comprehensively analyze the experimental results. To address these issues, we propose XA-GANomaly, a novel technique for explainable adaptive semi-supervised learning using GANoma-ly, an image anomalous detection model, that sequentially trains small subsets in a dynamic way. First, we introduce a Deep Neural Network (DNN) based GANomaly for semi-supervised learning. Second, we present our proposed adaptive algorithm for DNN-based GANomaly, validated with four sub-sets of the adaptive dataset. Finally, we demonstrate a monitor-ing system that incorporating three explainable techniques – SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP), reconstruction error visualization, and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) – to respond effectively to attacks toward traffic data at each stage of feature engineering, semi-supervised learning, and adaptive learning. Compared to other single-class classifi-cation techniques, the proposed DNN-based GANomaly achieves higher scores than 13% and 8% of F1 scores and accuracy of 4.17% and 11.51% for the NSL-KDD and UNSW-NB15 datasets, respectively. In addition, our adaptive learning experiments show mostly improved results over initial values, and we provide an analysis and monitoring system based on the combination of the three explainable methodologies. As a result, our proposed method has the potential to be applied in the real industry, and future research will explore on handling unbalanced real-time datasets in various scenarios.The essence of such shifts in economic paradigm can be better understood by applying various triggers in functional machine to machine interaction.This can be better understood by creating a super-vised paradigm which better understands global economic shifts.

СПЕЦИФИКА И ОСОБЕННОСТИ СТРУКТУРЫ И ДИНАМИКИ ДОХОДОВ КОНСОЛИДИРОВАННОГО БЮДЖЕТА В РОССИИ

The budget system of the Russian Federation, characterized by the presence of a consolidated budget, including federal, regional and local levels, plays an important role in ensuring the socio-economic dynamics of the country. This study is devoted to the study of the structure and dynamics of revenues of the consolidated budget of Russia in the five-year period from 2018 to 2022. In the context of global economic shifts and nuances of domestic policy, the analysis provides a comprehensive view of the evolution of the Russian budget sector. The main conclusion of this study is the strategic turn of Russia towards the diversification of the revenue side of the budget, which has reduced the historical dependence on the export of hydrocarbons. Such diversification has made it possible to increase the stability of the country’s budget system, especially in the face of external economic shocks. The data indicate a constant increase in both direct and indirect taxes, among which a significant place is occupied by value added tax (VAT), income tax and personal income tax. These tax revenues not only indicate active economic activity, but also reflect the effectiveness of the tax policy pursued in Russia. The fiscal measures taken in response to the unprecedented challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate the adaptive potential of the State. By providing tax incentives and tax incentives, Russia has demonstrated its commitment to support the business community and minimize the economic consequences of the pandemic. At the same time, the analysis also revealed potential problems related to income inequality, as evidenced by a sharp increase in personal income tax against the background of a static wage fund. In addition, the study traces the relationship between Russia’s budget policy and geopolitical dynamics, especially in the context of foreign policy implications for the budget system. Summing up, we can say that this study is a comprehensive review of the budget trajectory of Russia for the specified period. It highlights the country’s active efforts to diversify its revenue base, overcome economic difficulties and continue the path to creating a balanced and sustainable budget ecosystem. The conclusions made in this report will be useful for politicians, financial experts and scientists interested in the intricacies of the Russian economic and budgetary paradigm. Keywords

РЕЦЕНЗИЯ НА УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ "МИРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: СИСТЕМНЫЕ СДВИГИ И ПРОБЛЕМА ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ XXI ВЕКА". НАУЧ. РЕД. С.И. БЕЛЕНЧУК; АВТ. КОЛ. М.И. ГЕЛЬВАНОВСКИЙ, К.Н. АНДРИАНОВ, Е.Б. ПОКРОВСКАЯ И ДР. М.: РГГУ, 2019. 192 С.

The study guide was prepared by employees of the Department of World Economy, Faculty of Economics, Institute of Economics, Management and Law of the Russian State University for Humanities with the participation of a team of researchers from the Autonomous Non-profit Organization “National Development Institute” of the Department of Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The deceased M.I. Gelvanovskii, Doctor of Economics, Professor, one of the leading Russian economists was the head of the team. This publication includes his latest works and is dedicated to his memory. This review is an analysis of the study guide “The World Economy. Systemic Shifts and the Global Security Problem of the 21 st Century”, the authors of which tried to reflect in the format of the study guide the shifts in global economy, the causal relationship between those shifts and the aggravation of the global security problem, as well as demonstrate possible options for strengthening Russia’s economic sovereignty as a means of counteracting those negative trends. Over the past decade, the global economy has experienced systemic shifts unprecedented throughout the post-war period. Not only the hierarchy, but also the composition of the subjects of the world economy is changing, the question of the need for reform of the world monetary system is being raised more and more acutely. All the shifts result in a sharp aggravation of the global security problem. Given the new realities, the authors quite reasonably set as their goal the formation of the reader’s basics of knowledge about the world economy under the conditions of rapid systemic changes, as well as understanding the need to establish a sovereign development model in Russia as one of the main conditions for ensuring global economic security. The authors paid special attention to a possible model for the formation of regional currencies with the participation of Russia and some of the BRICS countries as a counterweight to the current de facto world dollar currency system. In general, the study of shifts in the global economy is exclusively relevant and important both scientifically and in practical terms.

Fighting the Lion: Hegemonic Masculinities in Sam Nujoma's Autobiography

Dr. Samuel Nujoma's autobiography, Where Others Wavered: My Life in SWAPO and My Participation in the Liberation Struggle, documents his life as a pivotal figure in the Namibian war for independence leading to his tenure as the first president of Namibia (1990–2005). Nujoma, known as the "Founding Father" of Namibia, occupies a larger-than-life sphere within the public imagination through monuments, public photographs, placards, and street names. Nujoma's autobiography prescribes a certain type of national citizenship that entails a specific construction of masculinity for Namibian men. This paper analyzes his autobiography, arguing that Nujoma constructs a hegemonic masculinity based on four key features: 1) leadership, 2) initiation to manhood, 3) the use of physical strength, and 4) strictly defined gender roles. This literary analysis will enter a broader discussion as to how, in the face of global economic shifts and the introduction of neoliberal structural adjustment policies, Nujoma's masculinity remains unattainable for many male youths today who struggle with a lack of employment opportunities and rapid urbanization. The shifting of hegemonies from a white Afrikaner masculinity to a nationalistic black masculinity points to the changing nature of expectations for masculinity and further highlights intergenerational discontent that arises in light of changing global economic planes.