Global Economic Institutions Research Articles

Marine Pollution and Waste Management

Water covers more than 70% of the surface of the globe. The ocean, which is amazing and significantly controls the world's climate, also has a hidden crisis, namely marine pollution. In the modern world, marine pollution is becoming a bigger issue. Article 1 (1) (4) of UNCLOS : says that “Pollution of the marine environment” means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazards to human health, a hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of quality for use of seawater and reduction of amenities”. Chemicals and garbage, most of which originate on land and are blown or carried into the water, are the two main components of marine pollution. Marine pollution, caused by human activities like improper disposal, shipping, and overfishing, harms ecology, health, and global economic institutions. Solutions include international agreements, sustainable fishing, improved waste disposal, and raising awareness. Education-based campaigns have the power to inspire citizens, groups, and governments to action. The legislative reforms and sustainable practices are significantly aided by environmental organizations and advocacy groups. The government has made several notable efforts, such as the plastic ban, marine protected areas, clean-up programs, and environmentally friendly fishing. Several countries have enacted plastic bags, which have significantly reduced the amount of plastic pollution, while the ocean may not be affected. Creating marine protected zones helps safeguard biodiversity and gives damaged ecosystems a place to recover. This article gives a general overview of the complex issue of marine pollution and shows how important it is to have efficient waste management plans. It investigates diverse marine pollution types and causes, emphasizing the dangers it poses, such as biodiversity loss, potential health hazards for humans, and significant financial expenses.

Migration Problem: Reasons, Impacts and Way to Overcome

The world is currently confronted with multidimensional challenges, migration problem, more specifically, illegal migration, is one of the most remarkable among them. People are being migrated to relatively safe, secure, and prosperous places from unsafe, insecure and poorer places either for better income, better life, better education or for security purpose. Whatever reason, migration, mostly the illegal migration are creation enormous problems in both the home countries and the host countries.The aim of the study is to analysis the reasons for the growing rate of migration, its impacts, and potential ways to overcome the challenges. The study is mainly based on secondary sources of data and information including scientific and academic journals, scholar articles, research papers, books, and other relevant sources to make a deep analysis. The study recommends ‘Absolute Globalization’, an absolute integration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions where regionalism will be the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront the challenges.

Breastfeeding and infant care as 'sexed' care work: reconsideration of the three Rs to enable women's rights, economic empowerment, nutrition and health.

Women's lifelong health and nutrition status is intricately related to their reproductive history, including the number and spacing of their pregnancies and births, and for how long and how intensively they breastfeed their children. In turn, women's reproductive biology is closely linked to their social roles and situation, including regarding economic disadvantage and disproportionate unpaid work. Recognizing, as well as reducing and redistributing women's care and domestic work (known as the 'Three Rs'), is an established framework for addressing women's inequitable unpaid care work. However, the care work of breastfeeding presents a dilemma, and is even a divisive issue, for advocates of women's empowerment, because reducing breastfeeding and replacing it with commercial milk formula risks harming women's and children's health. It is therefore necessary for the interaction between women's reproductive biology and infant care role to be recognized in order to support women's human rights and enable governments to implement economic, employment and other policies to empower women. In this paper, we argue that breastfeeding-like childbirth-is reproductive work that should not be reduced and cannot sensibly be directly redistributed to fathers or others. Rather, we contend that the Three Rs agenda should be reconceptualized to isolate breastfeeding as 'sexed' care work that should be supported rather than reduced with action taken to avoid undermining breastfeeding. This means that initiatives toward gender equality should be assessed against their impact on women's ability to breastfeed. With this reconceptualization, adjustments are also needed to key global economic institutions and national statistical systems to appropriately recognize the value of this work. Additional structural supports such as maternity protection and childcare are needed to ensure that childbearing and breastfeeding do not disadvantage women amidst efforts to reduce gender pay gaps and gender economic inequality. Distinct policy interventions are also required to facilitate fathers' engagement in enabling and supporting breastfeeding through sharing the other unpaid care work associated with parents' time-consuming care responsibilities, for both infants and young children and related household work.

КОНЦЕПЦИЯ СУВЕРЕННОГО ГОСУДАРСТВА В УСЛОВИЯХ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

The article analyzes the actual problems of the political processes of the modern state, understanding its role and place in world political processes in the context of globalization. The article examines in detail the problems of conceptualizing a sovereign state in the context of globalization, challenges and increased conflict in world political processes. The article assesses the risks and challenges to a sovereign state in the context of neoliberalism, highlights the role of global economic and political institutions in the implementation of neoliberal approaches and principles of global regulation.

Automating Racialization in International Law

From the continuation of colonial power structures in global economic development institutions, to immigration policies that favor applicants from white-majority European countries, to the use of counter-terrorism law to target primarily Muslim people, international law and its domestic analogues reflect and further inscribe racial distinctions and hierarchies. Racialization in international law occurs in the more visible areas of public decision making but also in mundane, administrative practices. In this essay, I argue that digital technologies are at the heart of automating processes of racialization in international law. Digital technological instruments effectively divide the global population, decision by decision, in adherence to the logics of racial hierarchy: they distribute social and material rights and privileges through financial, welfare, and immigration decisions while simultaneously deepening and entrenching state surveillance, policing, and violence.

ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ НА РОЗВИТОК МІЖНАРОДНИХ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ

Based on the results of the research, an analysis of the essence of the development of globalization processes in the context of their socio-economic, political, ecological and cultural manifestations was carried out. The peculiarities and role of the functioning of global international economic institutions, in particular such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO), are determined. The negative consequences of globalization are identified and characterized, including the increase in migration, legal and illegal, either for economic reasons or due to environmental disasters. It has been established that in the social sphere globalization has significantly affected the levels and conditions of employment and the social rights of workers. The emergence of international movements, usually called anti-globalization, uniting trade unions, environmental non-governmental organizations, political, human rights, scientific circles, women's organizations and all those interested in creating a fairer world is substantiated. In the economic sphere, globalization is associated with the development of capitalism as an economic system, often based on the belief in self-regulating markets. Globalization has fostered economic freedom and supposedly raised living standards around the world, even as the gap between the rich and the poor widens in relative terms. The implementation of tasks to prevent the impact of various types of risks caused by globalization processes requires a deep analysis of the international legal field, requirements and rules that will need to be implemented for the actual implementation of international obligations at the domestic level through the transformation of international legal norms into national laws and by-laws . In the conditions of modern global challenges for the socio-economic security of Ukraine, it is relevant to study issues aimed at forming resistance to the influence of negative factors, strengthening competitiveness at the global level in general, quick response to changes in the establishment of global norms and ensuring their compliance. The relevance of this issue is the development of high-tech spheres of activity, the creation of new technology transfer centers or institutions, the introduction of measures to simplify the control of conducting business at various levels and stimulate their continuous development in order to reduce the level of import dependence, which in turn will lead to an increase in the volume of direct foreign investments.

Neoliberal Environmentalism, Climate Interventionism and the Trade-Climate Nexus

Trade has become an increasingly core part and defining feature of our globalising world economy, and so by default has become integrally linked to climate change and action. Trade has not only rapidly expanded over recent decades but also driven contemporary economic development and growth, especially in countries where carbon and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have too risen sharply. Increasing attention has consequently been afforded to the nexus between trade and climate change. Trade is now a key front for climate action. For some time, neoliberal environmentalism has been viewed as the dominant discourse on climate policy and other aspects of environmental governance. However, it has been very rarely applied to, or its relevance tested against the trade-climate nexus specifically. The paper presents a study on this relationship based on new original empirical research and the investigation of the following hypotheses or research questions. To what extent has neoliberal environmentalism thus far dominated mainstream international and global discourses on trade-linked efforts on climate action? What have been the principal features of neoliberal environmentalism within these discourses? Do the results of the study’s empirical research suggest the need to include other relevant analytical approaches to develop a better comprehension of how trade-climate nexus issues are being addressed? In addressing the above the paper develops an analytical framework comprises modelled normative elements of neoliberal environmentalism as well as relevant concepts of state-market relations. This frames the discursive evaluation of the study’s research that is based on a multi-stage, in-depth text analysis of 37 key publications produced by global economic institutions (GEIs) on the trade-climate nexus from 2007 to 2022. Market-based instruments (MBIs) were found to be by far the strongest normative element in this text corpus. This subsequently provided scope for exploring whether different forms of ‘climate interventionism’ were evident in the trade-climate nexus, and thus more nuanced and alternative understandings of the subject. The paper’s main contribution to the literature on this subject is to open up ideas and debate concerning how important aspects of neoliberal environmentalism overlap with, and can be better understood in the context of state-market relations. Evidence from this study’s research suggests that in the trade-climate nexus discourse there exists considerable space for states and international institutions to adopt, promote and innovate different forms of climate interventionism through various trade policy and governance actions. It is further argued that MBI-based trade related policies can only take us so far in climate action efforts. More ardent forms of state and other institutional interventions, from the local to the global-international levels, are required to ultimately achieve increasingly urgent climate goals.

Absolute Globalization: The Way to Confront the Global Challenges

The world is currently confronted with multidimensional challenges which are cause of concern for the earth’s all living creations. The most remarkable challenges are global warming and global climate changes, tremendous poverty, environment pollution, warfare, antibiotic resistance, migration problems, and the spread of contagious and deadly diseases etc. The adverse effects of these are very devastating. They will affect hydrology and biology of earth, everything including economy, eco-system, and the substances. The challenging factors are interconnected, and acceleration and minimization are interlinked. The study is to analysis the challenges the world is currently confronting with and their potential impacts, the reasons behind the challenges and the potential way to overcome the challenges. The study is based on secondary sources of data and information including scientific and academic journals, scholar articles, research papers, books, and other relevant sources to make a deep analysis, interpretation and re-interpretation and describe and explain the issue of this proposed study. The study recommends ‘Absolute Globalization’, an absolute integration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions where regionalism will be the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront the challenges.

Absolute globalization: The way to confront the global challenges

The world is currently confronted with multidimensional challenges which are cause of concern for the earth’s all living creations. The most remarkable challenges are global warming and global climate changes, tremendous poverty, environment pollution, warfare, antibiotic resistance, migration problems, and the spread of contagious and deadly diseases etc. The adverse effects of these are very devastating. They will affect hydrology and biology of earth, everything including economy, eco-system, and the substances. The challenging factors are interconnected, and acceleration and minimization are interlinked. The study is to analysis the challenges the world is currently confronting with and their potential impacts, the reasons behind the challenges and the potential way to overcome the challenges. The study is based on secondary sources of data and information including scientific and academic journals, articles, research papers, books, and other relevant sources to make a deep analysis, interpretation and re-interpretation and describe and explain the issue of this proposed study. The study recommends ‘Absolute Globalization,’ an integration of global economic, education, political, and social institutions where regionalism will be the cornerstone of the integration, as the way to confront the challenges.

Global uncertainty, economic governance institutions and foreign direct investment inflow in Africa

Based on the fact that Africa has not fared well in attracting foreign direct investments in the last decade compared to other regions of the world, especially during periods of high uncertainty occasioned by one crisis or the other, this study investigated: the impacts of global uncertainty and economic governance institutions on FDI inflow to Africa; the moderating effect of economic governance institutions on global uncertainty-FDI relationship in Africa; and other significant drivers of FDI inflow to Africa. The study used the system GMM modeling framework and a panel of 46 African economies over the period 2010–2019. The results indicate that global uncertainty has a significant dampening effect on FDI inflow to Africa, and economic governance institutions on the continent amplify this effect rather than mitigate it. The results further indicate that natural resource endowment, market size, and initial FDI inflows are robust drivers of FDI inflows to Africa, while the roles of financial development and trade openness remained muted. Overall, the study concludes that policymakers in Africa should take urgent steps to strengthen the quality of economic governance institutions as a means of mitigating the excruciating effect of global uncertainty on FDI inflows to Africa.

La grande transition

Due to the global environmental crisis and problems of climate change, but also the economic problems of neoliberalism and inequality, it is important to rethink our ideas about society, business, and economic organization in the context of a transition to a more sustainable society. Important themes of a political economy of sustainability are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the philosophical underpinnings of governance and sustainability management. Reforming global economic and political institutions means finding new, creative, and imaginative solutions for managers, administrators, and members of government critically to evaluate our political economy and management concepts and values. It is important to rethink policies and strategies in the light of challenges of the global society. We will do this in what follows by focusing on important topics such as 1) The origin of our contemporary crisis 2) The political economy of the crisis 3) The transformation of governance for lasting change.

ВПЛИВ Е-ТОРГІВЛІ НА ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНІ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯ У СВІТІ ТА В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines different approaches of scientists to the impact of e-commerce on globalization transformations in the world and in Ukraine. E-commerce has become a primary factor in accelerating the process of globalization. The increase in the value of goods exported and imported around the world reflects the development of international trade, globalization, and technological progress. The trends of world economic development were analyzed and the correlation between economic growth and trade was revealed. The author studied the dynamics of the share of retail e-commerce by region and analyzed the regional share of e-commerce in retail. Countries with fast growth in e-commerce differ from the list of e-commerce leaders, which indicates that the markets are oversaturated with goods, that is, supply outweighs demand. An analysis of countries with rapid growth in e-commerce, the level of Internet penetration, and the number of e-users was carried out. Attention is paid to the examination of the market capitalization of the leading e-commerce enterprises with capitalization around the world, and the largest e-commerce enterprises in the world and Ukraine are studied, and their influence on globalization transformations is established. It was revealed that the world's strongest economies and the world's largest e-enterprises are not always open to globalization transformations. A slowdown in economic growth means a decrease in the demand for imports of goods and services, as well as a weakening of the supply of capital. e-commerce will develop in the future according to two alternatives: the closeness of countries and stagnation of global economic institutions and unions with weakening of balanced economic growth and development; the regulation and expansion of free trade with increased competitiveness and the formation of a new structure of the world economy, which will ensure stable, balanced development.

Rat u Ukrajini i promene globalnog ekonomskog sistema

The US years-long irresponsible policy with the excessive printing of dollars, reinforced by the COVID-19 crisis and the war in Ukraine, has led to a large public debt and increasing inflation in the US, which significantly threatens the position of the dollar as the world's reserve currency. The latest challenge to the dollar came from Russia, China and the BRICS countries. The paper analyzes the consequences of the war in Ukraine, the sanctions-based war between Russia and the West, the position of the dollar as the world's reserve currency and the weaknesses of the international financial-monetary system leading to financial instability, frequent crises and growing inequality. A special emphasis has been placed on possible reforms of global finances and alternative proposals for a new reserve currency and more efficient work of global economic institutions (IMF) with the aim of achieving greater equality and faster economic growth.

GLOBALIZATION AND THE ECONOMY: EVENTS AND TRENDS FROM NIGERIA

Globalization has contributed greatly to the advancement of organizations, institutions, societies, and nations in several ways, to the point where most entities are increasingly leveraging on it for the expansion and growth they desire, and how this would translate into increased profit. This paper review global economic systems, institutions, organization, governance, and development under the purview of globalization and its components. The theory of transformationalism was adopted to serve as an undergirding theory for globalization in this context. A vigorous and extensive review was accordingly conducted and submissions were made based on the aim of this research paper. It was concluded that the managerial implication of not leveraging on globalization leaves employees obsolete, ineffective and inefficient which will be inevitably evident in the economy; while over-reliance on globalization could destroy nearly any economy because it breaks geographical and national boundaries and makeslocal firms vulnerable in the global space, thereby exposing them to stiffer and unhealthy competition with more economically viable international organizations, in which thesecountries’ low global production cannot compete or match.

Legitimacy challenges to the liberal world order: Evidence from United Nations speeches, 1970\u20132018

The liberal international economic order has been facing high-profile legitimacy challenges in recent years. This article puts these challenges in historical context through a systematic analysis of rhetorical challenges towards both the order per se and specific global economic institutions. Drawing on Albert Hirschman’s classic typology of exit, voice and loyalty, we coded leaders’ speeches in the General Debate at the UN General Assembly between 1970 and 2018 as articulating intentions to abandon elements of the order, challenges or calls for reform, unequivocal support, or factual mentions of cooperation. Surprisingly, we find that explicit criticisms towards the liberal order are at an all-time low and that exit threats remain rare. An analysis of the historical evolution of criticisms to global economic institutions reveals a move away from the Cold War insider-outsider conflict towards insider contestation. For example, we find that as countries’ economies become more open, their leaders expressed more support for global economic institutions during the Cold War but less support since. Finally, we demonstrate consistency between the public policy positions leaders announce in UNGA General Debate speeches and their government positions on consequential reform debates on debt relief.

Russia in international economic institutions: are there contradictions in the regional and global agendas?

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the analysis of Russia’s agenda in global and regional international economic institutions. Our aim is to reveal the main goals of Russia’s agenda in these institutions as well as their realisation and to find whether there is a contradiction or complementarity between Russian participation in global and in regional initiatives. We identify three of Russia’s main goals within the system of global and regional economic institutions as follows: increasing the role of Russia in global and regional economic governance; safeguarding the national economy from external shocks and facilitating its development; and ensuring the interests of Russian economic agents. We conclude that on the global level Russia has faced limitations on realising these goals and lacks its own agenda for international finance and trade issues. However, Russia has created and supported mechanisms for their realisation on the regional and trans-regional level.

The pandemic is delaying solutions to the most pressing problems of global trade while creating new challenges

The article raises the question of the role of Global economic regulation institutions, in particular, the WTO after the Covid-19 pandemic. The author considers the aggravated modern problems of the WTO, and focuses on the crisis of the Organization that arose in December 2019 in connection with the suspension of the appellate body functioning in the WTO dispute settlement system. The author also tries to identify new challenges of the XXI century for the Global economy, regulatory institutions, as well as for Russia.

Telemedicine in Otorhinolaryngological Practice during COVID-19 Pandemic.

Coronavirus-19 pandemic has impacted significantly on global social, economic, financial, and health institutions. Otolaryngologic (ORL) practice has also been affected by the scourge with the need for modification of practice. The risks of contracting COVID-19 with the regular “patient–doctor physical contact” method of management of cases in ORL practice are high, given the routine examination of nose and throat. The desirability of telemedicine in the handling of most patients is appealing despite the limitations in the technology, especially in the developing countries like Africa. Therefore, otorhinolaryngologists in Sub-Saharan Africa, within limits of applicability, should leverage on telemedicine in their clinical practice during this COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. COVID-19, being a disease of second chance, has provided us with the opportunity to harness this technologically driven method of supportive care in our clime.

Pedagogies of the Poor: Resisting Resilience in Eastern Europe and Beyond

This article illustrates the different ways in which the poor are being put to work, in defence of a global neoliberal order by global economic institutions concerned with constructing them as resilient subjects, as well as by opponents of neoliberalism concerned with galvanizing the revolutionary potentials of poor people. In spite of the apparent gulf between neoliberalism and its revolutionary opponents, the poor find themselves subject to remarkably similar strategies of construction by both proponents and opponents of neoliberalism today. This predicament of the poor is particularly vexed in Eastern Europe where strategies of resilience are fast developing, and critical legal theory has so far offered little resistance to this trend. Turning against this tide, this article considers how we might reimagine poverty and conceive its politics beyond and against clichéd images of the poor as resilient subjects. Through an analysis of the work of the Hungarian filmmaker Bela Tarr, it argues for the necessity of images capable of conveying the intolerability of the conditions in which the poor continue to live, as well as the contingency of those conditions; images that serve as interventions on narratives which would reduce the poor to a life of mere resilience.

When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going: Advancing Development Through Governance Indicators at the WTO

This article argues that, similar to the World Bank and other global economic affairs institutions, the time has come for the World Trade Organization (WTO) to devise governance indicators to advance economic development. This would change the topography of global trade governance in such a way that it would shift the responsibility on Members to design policies that can enable them reap more benefits from trade, as well as to adopt truly inclusive trade policies. Not only could this help silence the serious criticism, particularly from the developed world, that has called into question the role of trade as a tool for advancing development, but it would also be consistent with the treaty-based development goals that are enshrined in the WTO treaty. In parallel, through the use of indicators, the WTO would be able to address the negative effects of automation and disruptive technologies, by providing a measurement of the extent to which such externalities are offsetting the benefits that should otherwise be attributed to trade liberalization. The WTO has already given signals of its openness to create indicators and that its Secretariat counts with the technical capacity to build complex soft law mechanisms even if the necessary data to build the same implies stepping out of the WTO system.