Global Cooperation Research Articles

The Interplay between Population Growth and Climate Change: A Critical Analysis

This paper critically examines the interrelationship between population growth and climate change, emphasizing the profound environmental and socio-economic impacts on human populations. Population growth exacerbates environmental degradation, contributing to resource depletion, greenhouse gas emissions, and biodiversity loss, which in turn intensifies climate change. Conversely, climate change directly affects populations by threatening health, livelihoods, food security, and prompting large-scale migration, particularly in vulnerable regions. The disproportionate impact on developing countries and marginalized communities highlights the need for climate justice and equitable solutions. This paper explores the health risks, economic impacts, and migration patterns driven by climate change, and evaluates the socio-economic inequalities exacerbated by both phenomena. It concludes by offering a range of recommendations, including the integration of climate adaptation into development plans, increased investment in climate resilience, sustainable population growth through education and family planning, and global cooperation to ensure climate justice. Urgent, coordinated action is required to mitigate the environmental and societal impacts of population growth and climate change, fostering a sustainable future for all.

Understanding Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers: Virus Diversity, Vector Ecology, and Public Health Strategies.

Viral haemorrhagic fevers encompass a diverse group of severe, often life-threatening illnesses caused by viruses from multiple families, including Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Peribunyaviridae, and Phenuiviridae. Characterised by fever and haemorrhagic symptoms, these diseases challenge public health systems by overwhelming healthcare facilities, complicating diagnostic processes, and requiring extensive resources for containment and treatment, especially in resource-limited settings. This discussion explores the intricate relationships between VHFs and their transmission vectors-both animal and arthropod-and examines the impact of ecological and geographic factors on disease spread. The primary transmission of VHFs typically occurs through direct contact with infected animals or via bites from haematophagous arthropods, facilitating zoonotic and, at times, human-to-human transmission. With an emphasis on the role of diverse wildlife, domesticated animals, and vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks in the epidemiology of VHFs, there is a recognised need for robust surveillance and strategic public health responses to manage outbreaks. This review discusses the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches that integrate virology, ecology, and public health to enhance diagnostic capabilities, develop vaccines and antivirals, and improve outbreak interventions. Exploring the ecological and biological dynamics of VHFs will help bolster a deeper understanding of these emerging viruses and underpin preparation for future outbreaks. The importance of enhanced global cooperation, continuous research, and collaboration to mitigate the public health threats posed by these complex infections is a central theme, serving as a foundational strategy to reinforce worldwide preparedness and response efforts. Future directions include addressing gaps in vaccine development and tailoring public health strategies to the unique challenges of managing VHFs, such as the rapid mutation rates of viruses, the need for cold chain logistics for vaccine distribution, and socio-economic barriers to healthcare access, in order to ensure readiness for and effective response to emerging threats worldwide.

Navigating the Dual Nature of Deepfakes: Ethical, Legal, and Technological Perspectives on Generative Artificial Intelligence AI) Technology

The rapid development of deepfake technology has opened up a range of groundbreaking opportunities while also introducing significant ethical challenges. This paper explores the complex impacts of deepfakes by drawing from fields such as computer science, ethics, media studies, and law. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we examine the technological foundations, uses, and societal effects of deepfakes. Our analysis includes case studies, expert interviews, and a thorough review of existing literature to highlight the dual nature of deepfakes—showcasing their potential benefits in entertainment and education, while also addressing the risks of misinformation and privacy violations. This study emphasizes the urgent need for improved detection methods, ethical guidelines, and strong legal frameworks to address the issues created by deepfakes. It calls for enhanced digital literacy and global cooperation to ensure that the advantages of generative AI are harnessed responsibly, while its inherent risks are minimized. The findings underscore the importance of effective detection strategies, ethical considerations, and legislative reforms to ensure deepfake technology is used in ways that benefit society.

Ending Poverty as a Global Goal

Global poverty remains one of the most pressing challenges in the 21st century, affecting over 700 million people worldwide. Despite significant technological advancements, globalisation, and economic growth, the rich-poor divide is still growing, particularly in developing regions. This research paper examines the complex interplay between globalization and poverty, exploring how global efforts, mainly through legal frameworks and international cooperation, can contribute to ending poverty as a global goal. Analyzing existing international treaties, conventions, National/ International/ regional initiatives, Programs or schemes, and successful case studies. The paper highlights the critical role of law in poverty eradication. Also, it identifies the challenges and opportunities presented by globalisation in this context, arguing for more robust global governance and innovative legal approaches to ensure that poverty eradication efforts are both practical and sustainable. Ultimately, the paper provides recommendations for enhancing the legal empowerment of the poor and fostering global cooperation to achieve the ambitious goal of ending poverty.

On the legal issues of the Shiprider Program

As an essential tool for the United States to pursue its maritime interests, the Shiprider Program has become the legal basis for the United States to carry out global comprehensive maritime law enforcement cooperation. However, the United States Coast Guard (hereafter USCG) has over-expanded its maritime jurisdiction by breaking through the limitations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter UNCLOS) in its law enforcement activities. The USCG’ activities in the South China Sea may jeopardize other countries’ maritime rights and interests and homeland security, aggravating the maritime disputes in those regions. Therefore, this paper proposes to clarify the applicable law and improve the responsibility mechanism for the Shiprider Program to ensure that the activities of the USCG are in line with the corresponding provisions of the UNCLOS.

The Effectiveness of the International Environmental Law: The Issues of State Sovereignty, National Interests, and Differing Levels of Commitments

This study aims to explore the main challenges facing international environmental law and affecting its effectiveness. Although many international texts and agreements have been adopted to address environmental degradation and promote sustainable resource development, most of these agreements remain ineffective in achieving the objectives of these agreements. The critical study reveals that these legal frameworks face many challenges that affect the effectiveness of these texts, for example, there are issues such as national sovereignty, the lack of unified implementation at the state level, insufficient funding, and weak institutional frameworks. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analytical view of the factors that affect the effectiveness of these texts and frameworks. The issues of national sovereignty, insufficient funding, weak institutional frameworks, different levels of commitment, lack of political will, and global cooperation will be mainly discussed here. By focusing on the most important challenges facing international environmental law, this research aims to contribute to developing international environmental law to make it more effective.

Оптимизация внешней политики Министерства строительства РФ: от СНГ к ЕАЭС и БРИКС

The study addresses the importance of international cooperation of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation in the context of global integration and regional cooperation. The goal of the study is to analyze the current situation within the internationalcooperation of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation and propose possible ways to optimize this interaction. The research employs a comprehensive approach including historical context analysis, comparative analysis, as well as quantitative and qualitative research methods. The results of the research suggest that it may be optimal for the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation to redirect its efforts from interaction with the CIS towards cooperation with BRICS and EAEU. This study represents the first attempt to systematically analyze the foreign policy of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation in terms of its interaction with international organizations. The results of the study can be used in the process of forming the foreign policy strategy of the Ministry of Construction of the Russian Federation and in decision-making at the level of state governance.

Balancing conservation and development for achieving land degradation neutrality

The loss of biodiversity has risen dramatically in the face of a global emergency and worsened by human activities which involves habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change. Biodiversity is essential for sustainable development, supporting ecosystem services crucial for agriculture, forestry and climate regulation. These services are threatened by biodiversity loss, which also has an impact on world cultural heritage, economic stability and human well-being. Moreover, a decline in biodiversity exacerbates the effects of climate change, undermining ecosystem resilience and making food poverty worse. Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN), a global goal to stop and reverse land degradation through sustainable land management techniques, depends on effective biodiversity protection. LDN projects aim to balance restoration efforts against deterioration in order to preserve or improve land-based natural capital. This chapter highlights the biophysical and socioeconomic factors driving land degradation, including unsustainable agricultural practices, urbanization and climate change impacts. It underscores the importance of integrated approaches that consider ecological, social and economic dimensions in achieving LDN. Principles such as respecting human rights, promoting good governance, and engaging stakeholders are critical for successful LDN implementation. This chapter emphasizes the need for global cooperation and policy reforms to mitigate biodiversity loss, combat land degradation and ensure sustainable land use practices for future generations.

Liver Cancer Etiology: Old Issues and New Perspectives.

This review aims to synthesize the old issues and current understandings of the etiology of liver cancer, focusing on the diverse causative factors influenced by geographical, socioeconomic, and lifestyle variations across different regions. We highlight significant geographic disparities in liver cancer risk factors. While hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxin exposure, and alcohol consumption remain globally established contributors; metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic syndromes are increasingly prominent in the West. Chronic HBV and aflatoxin continue to dominate as risk factors in Asia and Africa. Dietary factors, metabolic diseases like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, environmental risk factors and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol use play substantial roles in specific populations. Protective factors like coffee and tea consumption, along with aspirin use, vegetables and fruits have shown potential in reducing HCC risk, although findings vary by population and dietary habits. Liver cancer etiology is influenced by various factors that differ by region. Established risk factors include hepatitis B and C, aflatoxin, and alcohol. Emerging risks, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, are more prevalent in Western countries, while aflatoxin and HBV remains significant in Asia and Africa. Diet, metabolic conditions like diabetes and obesity, genetic predispositions, and lifestyle choices also play crucial roles. Coffee, tea, aspirin, vegetables, and fruits may reduce HCC risk, but effectiveness varies. Future research should integrate epidemiology, genetics, and nutrition, with global cooperation and data sharing essential for effective cancer control strategies.

Exploring the research trend and development of sports science technology in the last 4 decades: systematic review

This study systematically reviews the trends and developments in sports science technology over the past four decades. Utilizing a comprehensive systematic review analysis of 1,127 articles from the SCOPUS database, we aimed to identify key subject areas, contributing countries, and prevailing keyword patterns in the field. The analysis highlights a significant increase in publications and citations, indicating the growing importance and recognition of sports science technology. Japan leads in contributions with the highest number of publications and citations, followed by the United States and China. Medicine and engineering emerged as the most influential subject areas, underscoring the interdisciplinary nature of the research. Keyword analysis revealed a strong emphasis on human studies, sports, and the integration of science and technology, reflecting the field's evolving landscape. Findings show that technological advancements such as sensor technology, big data analytics, and virtual reality have revolutionized sports science by enhancing performance monitoring, injury prevention, and rehabilitation processes. The study identifies critical trends and provides insights into future research directions, advocating for continued interdisciplinary collaboration and global cooperation to further advance the field. These insights offer a comprehensive overview of the historical and current state of sports science technology, serving as a roadmap for future innovations and applications. By understanding the development and current trends in sports science technology, researchers and practitioners can better plan and implement effective strategies for improving athletic performance and health, ultimately contributing to the broader field of sports science and technology. Keywords: technological advancements, sensor technology, big data analytics, virtual reality in sports

Advancing irrigation management: integrating technology and sustainability to address global food security.

Irrigation management is essential for addressing global food security challenges under changing climate. This review discusses the integration of advanced irrigation technologies and their roles in enhancing water use efficiency and managing energy demands within agricultural systems. High-efficiency irrigation systems, such as drip and sprinkler systems, have significant potential to reduce water use and increase crop yields. However, their adoption varies worldwide, and the efficiency of existing irrigation practices often remains inadequate, resulting in substantial water losses due to outdated management practices. Emerging technologies and innovative irrigation strategies, including precision agriculture and advanced crop models, provide promising pathways for improving irrigation efficiency. Nonetheless, the widespread integration of these technologies is hindered by high costs, the need for technical expertise, and challenges in adapting existing agricultural systems to new methodologies. Irrigation systems can have substantial energy requirements, particularly those dependent on groundwater. The exploration of the water-environment-energy-food (WEEF) nexus illustrates the importance of a balanced approach to resource management, which is crucial for achieving sustainable agricultural outcomes. Future research should include lowering barriers to technology adoption, enhancing data utilization for precision irrigation, promoting integrated management strategies within the WEEF framework, and strengthening policy support for sustainable practices. This review proposes a multidisciplinary approach to irrigation management that includes technological innovation, strategic policy development, and global cooperation to secure sustainable agricultural practices and ensure global food supply resilience in the face of climate change.

Bibliometric analysis of the inflammation expression after spinal cord injury: current research status and emerging frontiers.

Bibliometric analysis. To analyze literature on inflammatory expression following spinal cord injury, highlighting development trends, current research status, and potential emerging frontiers. Not applicable. Articles were retrieved using terms related to spinal cord injury and inflammatory responses from the Web of Science Core Collection, covering January 1, 1980, to May 23, 2024. Tools like CiteSpace and VOSviewer assessed the research landscape, evaluating core authors, journals, and contributing countries. Keyword co-occurrence analyses identified research trends. A total of 2504 articles were retrieved, showing a consistent increase in publications. The Journal of Neurotrauma had the highest publication volume and influence. The most prolific author was Cuzzocrea S, with Popovich PG having the highest H-index. China led in the number of publications, followed closely by the United States, which had the highest impact and extensive international collaboration. Research mainly focused on nerve function recovery, glial scar formation, and oxidative stress. Future research is expected to investigate cellular autophagy, vesicular transport, and related signaling pathways. The growing interest in inflammation caused by spinal cord injury is evident, with current research focusing on oxidative stress, glial scar, and neurological recovery. Future directions include exploring autophagy and extracellular vesicles for new therapies. Interdisciplinary research and extensive clinical trials are essential for validating new treatments. Biomarker discovery is crucial for diagnosis and monitoring, while understanding autophagy and signaling pathways is vital for drug development. Global cooperation is needed to accelerate the application of scientific findings, improving spinal cord injury treatment.

Global Cooperation for Reducing Carbon Emissions: the Role of Carbon Taxes

Global Cooperation for Reducing Carbon Emissions: the Role of Carbon Taxes

The impact of augmented reality on education: a bibliometric exploration

Education is one of the many sectors in which augmented reality has been successfully implemented. To determine how Augmented Reality (AR) supports education, this bibliometric study analyzes 1734 articles extracted from the Scopus database between 2010 and mid-2023. The study aimed to determine patterns in productivity, authorship and collaboration patterns, publications, citation structures, general research tendencies, and bibliographic coupling. Biblioshiny and VOSviewer were employed in this investigation. The outcomes of the study indicate an ongoing trend of increasing publication counts or more contributions since 2016, and still a trending topic studies on interactive learning environments and AR in education and knowledge constitute niche areas, while epidemiology, science education, and mobile augmented reality are important research topics that were underdeveloped and indicate a relationship that is both emerging and declining, based on a thematic analysis of the papers. Furthermore, the outcomes demonstrate that the USA, Spain, and the United Kingdom have the strongest global cooperation despite the USA writing more articles. To offer an ideal road map for scholars who would like to carry out research in this area, this paper also looks at the trendsetting in augmented reality in education.

Мониторинг готовности будущих экономистов к использованию искусственного интеллекта в банковской сфере

In the context of the digital transformation of modern society, the study of the problem of introducing artificial intelligence into all spheres of life, including the sphere of economics and finance, is extremely relevant. The purpose of this article is an attempt to analyze the readiness of future economists in the school-university system to use artificial intelligence in the context of developing digital financial literacy. The authors studied the nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the formation of basic competencies necessary in the era of digitalization of economic education, through the prism of the views of the younger generation. The importance of various aspects of the digital transformation of society, which are in the focus of attention of global cooperation organizations (UNESCO, World Bank, etc.) in the interests of sustainable development, is noted. Using Google-Forms tools, a sociological survey was conducted among students of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Omsk branch) and students of specialized economic classes at Gymnasium 19 in the city of Omsk on the topic “The attitude of future economists to the use of artificial intelligence in the banking sector.” The results of the analysis of the obtained empirical data made it possible to state the complex and ambiguous nature of the influence of artificial intelligence on the young generation of future economists in the conditions of total digitalization. Along with the positive attitude of young people towards the prospects for the introduction of artificial intelligence, the risks of a decrease in natural intelligence against the backdrop of digitalization reaching all spheres of life have been identified. This, in turn, requires the formation of value guidelines and the development of a strategy for the continuous development of future economists in the digital society in the context of the active implementation of artificial intelligence.

Heterogeneously Networked Evolutionary Games With Intergroup Conflicts.

Network games primarily explore the intricacies of individual interactions and adaptive strategies within a network. Building upon this framework, the present study delves into the modeling, analysis, and control of heterogeneously networked evolutionary games with intergroup conflict (HNEG-IC), where attacking players possess area-monitoring capabilities with limited attacking power. To begin with, a mathematical model is introduced to capture intragroup strategy dynamics and intergroup conflicts of HNEGs-IC via the algebraic state space representation (ASSR). A necessary and sufficient condition for achieving global cooperation of HNEGs-IC is established. Then, a criterion for verifying the κ -cooperation below a certain mortality is presented. Considering the HNEGs-IC with strategy feedback control, it is proven that the feedback control, subject to global cooperation, is robust to conflicts when the intersection of the strategy threshold set and the reachable set of the preset initial strategy profiles is empty. Finally, for verification and demonstration, the obtained results are applied to a simplified virtual game model of the NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

Implementing African Continental Free Trade Area: Lessons from Afro-Pessimists and Afro-Optimists

Global cooperation has been an acceptable strategy for addressing many of the world’s challenges. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement which entered into force on 30 May 2019 was designed in a similar light for Africa’s development. Its objectives among others are to create a single market for goods, and services, and deepen the economic integration of the African continent by the vision of an integrated, prosperous, and peaceful Africa as enshrined in the Agenda 2063. However, these benefits may not be realized unless member states garner concerted and sustained efforts to ensure the effective implementation of the AfCFTA. These efforts often elude most developing countries, and it is against this backdrop that this study attempts to investigate whether the contrasting perspectives of the Afro-pessimists and Afro-optimists could be of relevance to AfCFTA implementation. Using desk review methodology, the study synthesized both empirical and theoretical literature and found that Afro-pessimists are very critical and paint a gloomy picture of Africa. Whereas the Afro-optimists, are more positive looking with the claim that Africa is mistreated and its achievements are inordinately ignored. Significantly, both perspectives deepen understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Africa’s development, providing a useful context for either the failure or success of the AfCFTA’s implementation. The key lesson the study draws is for Africans to maximize their strengths as much as possible and minimize their weaknesses. This will actualize the “Africa rising” phrase and lead to the majority of Africans rising with Africa.

Contribution of the Telecommunications Industry to Sustainable Development Goals within the Framework of SASB General Issue Categories: The Case of a Telecommunications Company

Sustainable development is an important issue that shapes the future of our planet by addressing economic, social and environmental factors. The United Nations (UN) has set 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to ensure sustainable development, the success of which depends on global cooperation and joint efforts. The SDGs set out the environmental, social and economic sustainability issues to be achieved by 2030. Private sector efforts have an important role in achieving these goals. As a result of social responsibility and stakeholder demands, companies share their sustainability activities and the SDGs to which these activities contribute through reports. Telecommunications companies also have the potential to play a key role in achieving many SDGs through the innovative, accessible and inclusive digital infrastructure systems they provide. This study’s goal is to reveal the impact of the telecommunications industry on the SDGs through the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board's (SASB) General Issue Categories (GIC). In this context, a methodological framework developed by SASB to identify important sustainability issues across sectors and industries matched SDGs with 26 general sustainability issues. In this framework, SDG impact indices were calculated for the technology and communication sector, which includes the telecommunications industry, and for a telecommunications company operating in Turkey, and SDG impact at the sector, industry and company level was tried to be revealed. According to the calculations, it was concluded that the goal known as SDG 9, which was established to establish strong infrastructures, support sustainable industrialization and strengthen and expand innovation, has an impact score of 37.50% for the telecommunication services industry, 31.25% for the technology&communication sector and 31.25% for the sample telecommunication company. SDG 9 has the highest impact score in telecommunications compared to other SDGs.

Terrorism in Pakistan Impact on National Security

Terrorism presents a substantial obstacle in the current global political landscape, leading to changes in approaches to national security. The 9/11 attacks had a significant and far-reaching effect, on South Asia, notably in Pakistan, prompting leaders such as President George W. Bush to intensify worldwide counter-terrorism efforts. This research examines the relationship between terrorism and national security, focusing on Pakistan's experience with cross-border terrorism from Afghanistan, particularly in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. The study argues that terrorism surpasses conventional conflict standards and poses existential risks to national security. The study also highlights the impact of terrorist spillover from Afghanistan on Pakistan's territorial integrity, political sovereignty, and core institutions. The study also highlights the degradation of civil freedoms, economic pressures, and social divides due to terrorism. The research advocates for strong counter-terrorism strategies and global collaboration to strengthen national security and maintain global peace. The research advocates for a comprehensive strategy to address terrorism, emphasizing self-sufficiency and global cooperation, aiming to successfully battle terrorism while preserving national autonomy and democratic government in international affairs.

AFGHANISTAN'S POLITICAL CHANGE AND THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: AN OVERVIEW OF THE SITUATION

This article explores the intricate relationship between Afghanistan's evolving political landscape and the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Situated at the crossroads of geopolitical complexities, Afghanistan has undergone enduring political transformations, prompting a critical review of its international role. As the nation grapples with transformative political journeys, this study scrutinizes the interplay between internal changes and the broader goals of the BRI. Initiated by China, the BRI represents an unprecedented effort in global connectivity and economic cooperation. The article outlines the dynamics of Afghanistan's political scenario and its potential impact on the BRI, revealing the complex relationship between political changes and the future trajectory of this ambitious initiative within Afghanistan's borders. Central to this exploration is the Belt and Road Initiative, a historic initiative spanning continents with the aim to reshape global trade patterns and strengthen economic cooperation. Originating from China, the BRI vision goes beyond infrastructure development, encompassing diplomatic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Understanding the goals and mechanisms of the BRI is fundamental to assessing how Afghanistan's political transformation might align with this transformative initiative. This article aims to dissect the point where Afghanistan's political trajectory converges with the aspirations of the BRI. By detailing the complex interplay between these two dynamic forces, the study explores synergies, conflicts, and potential implications for Afghanistan's geopolitical position and the broader goals of the BRI. As a scholarly endeavor, it contributes nuanced insights to the ongoing discourse on global politics, international cooperation, and the transformative potential of large-scale infrastructure projects in regions undergoing significant political change. Keywords: Afghanistan, Political Change, Belt and Road Initiative, Geopolitics, Infrastructure Development, Economic Dynamics, Regional Cooperation.