Global Arguments Research Articles

Feedback sources in essay writing: peer-generated or AI-generated feedback?

Peer feedback is introduced as an effective learning strategy, especially in large-size classes where teachers face high workloads. However, for complex tasks such as writing an argumentative essay, without support peers may not provide high-quality feedback since it requires a high level of cognitive processing, critical thinking skills, and a deep understanding of the subject. With the promising developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly after the emergence of ChatGPT, there is a global argument that whether AI tools can be seen as a new source of feedback or not for complex tasks. The answer to this question is not completely clear yet as there are limited studies and our understanding remains constrained. In this study, we used ChatGPT as a source of feedback for students’ argumentative essay writing tasks and we compared the quality of ChatGPT-generated feedback with peer feedback. The participant pool consisted of 74 graduate students from a Dutch university. The study unfolded in two phases: firstly, students’ essay data were collected as they composed essays on one of the given topics; subsequently, peer feedback and ChatGPT-generated feedback data were collected through engaging peers in a feedback process and using ChatGPT as a feedback source. Two coding schemes including coding schemes for essay analysis and coding schemes for feedback analysis were used to measure the quality of essays and feedback. Then, a MANOVA analysis was employed to determine any distinctions between the feedback generated by peers and ChatGPT. Additionally, Spearman’s correlation was utilized to explore potential links between the essay quality and the feedback generated by peers and ChatGPT. The results showed a significant difference between feedback generated by ChatGPT and peers. While ChatGPT provided more descriptive feedback including information about how the essay is written, peers provided feedback including information about identification of the problem in the essay. The overarching look at the results suggests a potential complementary role for ChatGPT and students in the feedback process. Regarding the relationship between the quality of essays and the quality of the feedback provided by ChatGPT and peers, we found no overall significant relationship. These findings imply that the quality of the essays does not impact both ChatGPT and peer feedback quality. The implications of this study are valuable, shedding light on the prospective use of ChatGPT as a feedback source, particularly for complex tasks like argumentative essay writing. We discussed the findings and delved into the implications for future research and practical applications in educational contexts.

Параметрическая таксономия учебных текстов

The article is aimed at considering the issue of the discursive text typology and developing a parametric model of the elementary school texts for the ontological domain by employing a corpus-based approach and methods of linguistic statistics. The research corpus of over 90,000 tokens comprises texts of 13 textbooks acknowledged in the 2 nd grade of Russian schools. The applied multifactor discriminant analysis enabled identification and validation of typological characteristics of the texts under study, offering the formula for referring educational texts to a subject domain on Philology, Mathematics, and Natural Sciences. The discriminant analysis results confirmed the hypothesis that each type of text corresponds to a parametric model, which includes six constants: the average number of words in a sentence, the average number of nouns, the average number of verbs and the average number of adjectives per sentence, local noun overlap, global argument overlap. The assessment of linguistic parameters was performed by an automatic Russian text analyzer RuLingva. The classification accuracy of the parametric model was identified as 80%, which ensures its high reliability and allows for the data obtained to be employed in linguistic expertise, as well as for in automated linguistic profiling of texts. The prospect of the research implies installation of the model in RuLingva and development of similar models for texts of other subject domains.

Local parameters of supercuspidal representations

Abstract For a connected reductive group G over a nonarchimedean local field F of positive characteristic, Genestier-Lafforgue and Fargues-Scholze have attached a semisimple parameter ${\mathcal {L}}^{ss}(\pi )$ to each irreducible representation $\pi $ . Our first result shows that the Genestier-Lafforgue parameter of a tempered $\pi $ can be uniquely refined to a tempered L-parameter ${\mathcal {L}}(\pi )$ , thus giving the unique local Langlands correspondence which is compatible with the Genestier-Lafforgue construction. Our second result establishes ramification properties of ${\mathcal {L}}^{ss}(\pi )$ for unramified G and supercuspidal $\pi $ constructed by induction from an open compact (modulo center) subgroup. If ${\mathcal {L}}^{ss}(\pi )$ is pure in an appropriate sense, we show that ${\mathcal {L}}^{ss}(\pi )$ is ramified (unless G is a torus). If the inducing subgroup is sufficiently small in a precise sense, we show $\mathcal {L}^{ss}(\pi )$ is wildly ramified. The proofs are via global arguments, involving the construction of Poincaré series with strict control on ramification when the base curve is ${\mathbb {P}}^1$ and a simple application of Deligne’s Weil II.

Mod p points on shimura varieties of parahoric level

Abstract We study the $\overline {\mathbb {F}}_{p}$ -points of the Kisin–Pappas integral models of Shimura varieties of Hodge type with parahoric level. We show that if the group is quasi-split, then every isogeny class contains the reduction of a CM point, proving a conjecture of Kisin–Madapusi–Shin. We, furthermore, show that the mod p isogeny classes are of the form predicted by the Langlands–Rapoport conjecture (cf. Conjecture 9.2 of [Rap05]) if either the Shimura variety is proper or if the group at p is unramified. The main ingredient in our work is a global argument that allows us to reduce the conjecture to the case of very special parahoric level. This case is dealt with in the Appendix by Zhou. As a corollary to our arguments, we determine the connected components of Ekedahl–Oort strata.

The Social Foundations of Academic Freedom: Heterogeneous Institutions in World Society, 1960 to 2022

This article analyzes academic freedom worldwide with newly available cross-national data. The literature principally addresses impingements on academic freedom arising from religion or repressive states. Academic freedom has broadly increased since 1945, but we see episodic reversals, including in recent years. Conventional work emphasizes the uniformity of international institutional structures and their influence on countries. We attend to the heterogeneity of international structures in world society and theorize how they contribute to ebbs and flows of academic freedom. Post-1945 liberal international institutions enshrined key rights and norms that bolstered academic freedom worldwide. Alongside them, however, illiberal alternatives coexisted. Cold War communism, for instance, anchored cultural frames that justified greater constraints on academia. We evaluate domestic and global arguments using regression models with country fixed effects for 155 countries from 1960 to 2022. Findings support conventional views: academic freedom is associated positively with democracy and negatively with state religiosity and militarism. We also find support for our argument regarding heterogeneous institutional structures in world society. Country linkages to liberal international institutions are positively associated with academic freedom. Illiberal international structures and organizations have the opposite effect. Heterogeneous institutions in world society, we contend, shape large-scale trajectories of academic freedom.

Does moral anti-theodicy beg the question?

AbstractSome philosophers of religion have argued that moral anti-theodicy begs the question. This paper evaluates the arguments from two such philosophers, writing a decade apart—Robert Mark Simpson, and Lauri Snellman. Simpson argues that any global argument against theodicy must allow for the possibility of there existing a plausible theodicy, and that anti-theodical arguments (the argument from insensitivity, the argument from detachment, and the argument from harmful consequences) all implicitly discount this possibility, thus ending up begging the question. Snellman argues that moral anti-theodicies presuppose that some evils cannot be justified, which would presuppose that theodicy is false from the start, which in turn would beg the question against theodicy. The author of the paper argues that Simpson’s arguments rest on an erroneous assumption regarding the nature of anti-theodicy, and that one of Simpson’s arguments sets a problematic standard for argumentation that the author argues we should not accept. It is also argued that Snellman’s argument relies on an unsupported claim from Toby Betenson. Therefore, the author concludes that Simpson and Snellman have not managed to show that moral anti-theodicies beg the question.

Global information-aware argument mining based on a top-down multi-turn QA model

Argument mining (AM) aims to automatically generate a graph that represents the argument structure of a document. Most previous AM models only pay attention to a single argument component (AC) to classify the type of the AC or a pair of ACs to identify and classify the argumentative relation (AR) between the two ACs. These models ignore the impact of global argument structure of the documents, which is important, especially in some highly structured genres such as scientific papers, where the process of argumentation is relatively fixed. Inspired by this, we propose a novel two-stage model which leverages global structure information to support AM. The first stage uses a multi-turn question-answering model to incrementally generate an initial argumentative graph that identifies relations among ACs. At each turn, all ACs related to the query AC are generated simultaneously, such that the sibling global information between the answer ACs is considered. In addition, the partially constructed graph is used as global structure information to support the extension of the graph with additional ACs. After the whole initial graph structure has been determined, the second stage assigns semantic types to both the ACs and ARs among them, leveraging information from this initial graph as global structure information. We test the proposed methods on two scientific datasets (one is the AbstRCT dataset including 659 abstracts about cancer research and the other is the SciARG dataset that consists of 225 computer linguistic abstracts and 285 biomedical abstracts) and a student essay dataset PE with 402 essays. Our experiments show that our model improves the state-of-the-art performance on two scientific datasets for different AM subtasks, with average improvements of 1%, 2.41%, 1.1% for the ACC, ARI and ARC task respectively on the AbstRCT dataset, and 2.36%, 1.84%, 8.87% for the ACC, ARI and ARC task on the SciARG dataset. Our model also achieves comparative results on the PE datasets: 87.7% of F1 scores for the ACC task, 81.4% for the ARI task and 78.8% for the ARC task.

Local exterior square and Asai L-functions for GL(n) in odd characteristic

Let $F$ be a non-archimedean local field of odd characteristic $p > 0$. In this paper, we consider local exterior square $L$-functions $L(s,\pi,\wedge^2)$, Bump-Friedberg $L$-functions $L(s,\pi,BF)$, and Asai $L$-functions $L(s,\pi,As)$ of an irreducible admissible representation $\pi$ of $GL_m(F)$. In particular, we establish that those $L$-functions, via the theory of integral representations, are equal to their corresponding Artin $L$-functions $L(s,\wedge^2(\phi(\pi)))$, $L(s+1/2,\phi(\pi))L(s,\wedge^2(\phi(\pi)))$, and $L(s,As(\phi(\pi)))$ of the associated Langlands parameter $\phi(\pi)$ under the local Langlands correspondence. These are achieved by proving the identity for irreducible supercuspidal representations, exploiting the local to global argument due to Henniart and Lomeli.

Bipartite 3-regular counting problems with mixed signs

We prove a complexity dichotomy for a class of counting problems expressible as bipartite 3-regular Holant problems. These are also counting CSP problems where every constraint has arity 3 and every variable is read-thrice. For every problem of the form Holant(f|=3), where f is any integer (or equivalently, rational)-valued ternary symmetric constraint function on Boolean variables, we prove that it is either P-time computable or #P-hard, depending on an explicit criterion of f. The constraint function can take both positive and negative values, allowing for cancellations. In addition, we discover a new phenomenon: there is a set F with the property that for every f∈F the problem Holant(f|=3) is planar P-time computable but #P-hard in general, yet its planar tractability is by a combination of a holographic transformation by [111−1] to FKT together with an independent global argument.

Population Growth and Natural Resources Exploitation in Rural Uganda: A Case Study of Lobule Sub-County, Koboko District

There are global arguments on how population growth has been the main cause of natural resources exploitation. These differences in opinion have led to the need to establish whether this is true in all situations or not. Uganda, for example, has had a very fast population growth and hence would lead to an increased exploitation of natural resources. In the above respect this study was conducted to ascertain the relationship between population growth and natural resource exploitation using Lobule Sub County in Koboko District of Uganda as a sample. Specifically, the objectives were to establish the level of population growth and the state of natural resource exploitation in Lobule Sub-county; and finally determine the relationship between the above two factors. Using a questionnaire data was collected and analyzed from a sample of 89 respondents including key informants from local leaders, local non-government organizations and relevant experts at the district level. The results show that with r=0.277 and p=0.078 being greater than 0.05 there was an insignificant impact of rising human population growth on natural resources exploitation in this sub county. The effect of human population on natural resources exploitation was found to be only 7.7%. This indicates that there are other factors not studied here which were more significant in natural resources exploitation than rising human population in Lobule subcounty, Kotido District in Uganda.

Лексические и синтаксические параметры академического текста: дискриминантный анализ

This article presents three mathematical models to differentiate academic texts from three subject discourses written in Russian (i.e., Philological, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences) which further enable design and automated profiling of corresponding typologies. Our models include 5 indices, one at surface level (i.e., sentence length) and 4 syntax features (i.e., mean verbs per sentence, mean adjectives per sentence, local noun overlap, and global argument overlap). We identified and validated the five statistically significant features out of 45 linguistic features extracted from our research corpus consisting of 91.185 tokens. The shortest sentence length is found in Russian language textbooks while the longest sentences are identified in Natural Science texts. The mean number of verbs, nouns, and adjectives per sentence is higher in Natural Science textbooks, whereas Mathematics discourse is characterized by the shortest word length, highest local noun overlap, and highest global argument overlap. We assign the metric differences between the three discourses to their functions: Natural Science texts are characterized by descriptions and narrative passages in contrast to Philology that is associated with opinions. Mathematical discourse operates with precise definitions, explanations and justifications thus exercising numerous overlaps. The discriminant analysis built on top of the features supports the development of text profilers targeting parametric analyses. The automation of these features and the provided formulas for classification enable the design and development of text profilers required for textbook writing and editing. Our findings are useful for professional linguists, technologists, and academic writers to select and modify texts for their target audience.

Durable supports for refugees in higher education through resisting short-termism and organisational memory loss: illustrative cases from Australia and Germany

ABSTRACT Recently, an increasing number of students from refugee and asylum-seeking backgrounds (SRABs) entering universities in settlement countries such as Australia and Germany have necessitated the establishment of a variety of supports, both as formal programs and informal ad-hoc networks. However, to date, little attention has been paid to the organisational conditions surrounding such supports. This study thus examined these conditions through the conceptual lens of organisational memory loss. Based on the two illustrative cases of Australia and Germany, it was described how building durable and responsive supports for SRABs is undermined by structural, ideological, and temporal imperatives that erode the possibilities for a sharable organisational memory. Furthermore, it was argued that similar to global arguments for durable pathways to settlement, universities need to develop and deliver lasting expertise and durable student supports by focusing on preserving organisational memory.

Sovereignty, sanctions, and data sharing under international law.

Pathogen samples and scientific data are bargaining chips in a global argument about who gets what in a pandemic.

MRCAug: Data Augmentation via Machine Reading Comprehension for Document-Level Event Argument Extraction

Document-level event argument extraction (EAE) is a critical event semantic understanding task that requires a model to identify an event's global arguments beyond the sentence level. Existing approaches to this problem are based on supervised learning, which require a large amount of labeled data for model training. However, due to the complicated structure of an event, human annotation for this task is costly, and the issue of inadequacy of training data has long hampered the study. In this study, we propose a novel approach to mitigating the data sparsity problem faced by document-level EAE, by linking the task with machine reading comprehension (MRC). Particularly, we devise two data augmentation regimes via MRC, including an implicit knowledge transfer method, which enables knowledge transfer from other tasks to the document-level EAE task, and an explicit data generation method, which can explicitly generate new training examples by treating a pre-trained MRC model as an annotator. Furthermore, we propose a self-training based noise reduction strategy that can effectively addresses the out-of-domain noise introduced by the data augmentation methods. The extensive assessments on three benchmarks have validated the effectiveness of our approach — it not only achieves state-of-the-art performance but also demonstrates superior results in the data-low scenario.

Functional Coupled Systems with Generalized Impulsive Conditions and Application to a SIRS-Type Model

In this paper, we consider a first-order coupled impulsive system of equations with functional boundary conditions, subject to the generalized impulsive effects. It is pointed out that this problem generalizes the classical boundary assumptions, allowing two-point or multipoint conditions, nonlocal and integrodifferential ones, or global arguments, as maxima or minima, among others. Our method is based on lower and upper solution technique together with the fixed point theory. The main theorem is applied to a SIRS model where to the best of our knowledge, for the first time, it includes impulsive effects combined with global, local, and the asymptotic behavior of the unknown functions.

Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries

This paper discusses results of the global survey of experts on the future of low fertility in low-fertility countries. The survey was coordinated by the Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital as a part of an effort to produce global argument- based population projections by age, sex and level of education. First we give an overview of fertility changes in major low-fertility regions. Next we outline main theoretical arguments and review a wide range of factors contributing to fertility change and variation in contemporary low-fertility settings. Subsequently, we present survey results based on 184 assessments of over 170 experts analysing 41 countries with currently low or around- replacement fertility and Israel. These experts provided forecasts of period total fertility rate (TFR) in 2030 and 2050, estimated 80% confidence interval of their forecast and assessed the validity and potential impact on fertility of 46 factors. We also compare expert-derived projections of the TFR trends with the forecasts formulated by the UN World Population Prospects in 2010. The survey results in combination with the feedback provided by the invited experts then serve as a basis for formulating a set of projection scenarios for all low fertility countries up until 2050, which are additionally expanded (in a simpler form) through 2200. We present these scenarios and discuss past changes in fertility differences by level of education and their potential future trends in main regions. Presented analyses and projections indicate that a global convergence of fertility to around replacement level, envisioned in the UN projections, appears unlikely. Continuing differentiation combined with partial convergence in fertility towards lower levels is suggested as a more plausible scenario, with East Asia (including China) as well as Russia expected to have sustained very low fertility below 1.5 through 2050.

삼각형의 내심과 외심의 증명에 관한 교과서의 논증 분석

In this article, we investigate the argument structure of the proof about the incenter/circumcenter of the triangle written in textbooks. A total of 10 textbooks for middle school mathematics 2, corresponding to the 2015 revised curriculum, were analyzed with the layout of arguments suggested by Toulmin. From the local argument perspective, we found that the following two structural features could limit acceptability of the argumentation to students. First, in arguing the congruence of two triangles to prove the uniqueness of the incenter/circumcenter, the structural location of three geometrical facts was stated inappropriately. Second, some warrants need to be provided when considering the learning trajectory of students. From the global argument perspective, we found that the following two structural features could limit acceptability of the argumentation to students. First, arguments for right-angled and obtuse triangles and some sub-local argument structures were omitted. Second, the definition of the incenter/circumcenter of the triangle was not included in the argumentation structure. These findings suggest that textbook writers need to consider whether linguistic phrases for provig are logically structured, whether enough warrants are provided for current learners, whether sub-argument structures are fully examined, and whether statements about the existence and uniqueness of inscribed/circumscribed circles are embedded in the argument.

Constellating a Work of Abundance

Reviewed by: Constellating a Work of Abundance by Ronald Schleifer Sofie Behluli (bio) A Political Economy of Modernism: Literature, Post-Classical Economics, and the Lower Middle-Class by Ronald Schleifer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 339 pp. Hardcover £75.00. In his seminal essay on "The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction" (1935), Walter Benjamin argues that the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century changes in the artistic process of production and re-production have not only altered the ontological basis of art—by threatening its so-called "aura" in particular—but also the aesthetic experience of art itself. Processes of modernization around the turn of the twentieth century, in other words, have permanently changed the way humans produce, distribute, and consume art. In the two sections that bracket this essay, Benjamin politicizes his argument by embedding it in the context of fascism and presents the larger socio-political implications of modernization.1 More than 80 years later, Ronald Schleifer follows in Benjamin's footsteps by articulating an equally ambitious constellation of the institutional history of modernism, the changing sensual and aesthetic experience, and the social organization of the time in his latest book, A Political Economy of Modernism (2018). This comparison to Walter Benjamin seems appropriate as the author begins his impressive study with a methodological chapter in which he elaborates on Benjamin's claim that "[i]deas are to objects as constellations are to stars" (qtd. in Schleifer, 7). The methodology derived from this notion of homologically constellated ideas, [End Page 307] in which the individual parts arrange themselves into a centerless whole, is mirrored by the structure of Schleifer's monograph. The complexity that results from such a nonlinear approach that puts phenomena of various sizes and from various disciplines side by side, rather than in a causal chain or hierarchy, is what makes A Political Economy of Modernism a challenging but ultimately satisfying analysis. One of the harder aspects to parse is Schleifer's use of the notion of "political economy," by which he means the modernist institution and its constellation of "experience, wealth and, social life" (5). Schleifer's dense analysis of this triad encompasses more specifically the scrutiny of modernist literature and the arts and how they are connected to the Second Industrial Revolution, the transition from entrepreneurial to corporate capitalism and from the dominance of life-enhancing commodities to life-sustaining commodities, which goes hand in hand with the replacement of necessity by desire, the emergence of the lower middle class, and the resulting shift in aesthetic experience. Schleifer's interdisciplinary analysis, which aims at further defining the "culture of modernism" (ix) that he also discusses in his two previous monographs Modernism and Time (2000)2 and Modernism and Popular Music (2011),3 builds on Benjamin's notion of "constellation" and William Brian Arthur's notion of "complexity" and boils down to the book's global argument that the complex unity of the phenomenon of cultural modernism is best understood as relational, historical, and real in its feedback effects on other institutions at a particular moment in cultural history. These other institutions include institutions of experience, knowledge, and social relationships: the literary aesthetics, the intellectual analyses of post-classical economics, and the lower middle class of [the] title. (39) By focusing on interrelationships rather than hierarchies, horizontally established (economic, semiotic, and cultural) value rather than vertically defined conditions, and social "habits of thought"4 rather than individual events, Schleifer's monograph offers a refined contribution to modernist studies at large. In his endeavor to prove "that such complexity of arrangements also governs, in the time of modernism, that larger phenomenon, the political economy of culture" (7), Schleifer subdivides his study into seven chapters, an interlude on the relationship between semiotics and economics, and a conclusion on cosmopolitan modernism, which are [End Page 308] distributed into three main parts: Part I, Economics in the Context of Cultural Modernism; Part II, Intangible Assets: Modernist Economics; and Part III, Intangible Liabilities: Class and Value in the Time of Modernism. This structural trajectory from cultural modernism to modernist economics and finally to social class shows how fluidly Schleifer moves between disciplinary spheres and institutions...

A local to global argument on low dimensional manifolds

For an oriented manifold M M whose dimension is less than 4 4 , we use the contractibility of certain complexes associated to its submanifolds to cut M M into simpler pieces in order to do local to global arguments. In particular, in these dimensions, we give a different proof of a deep theorem of Thurston in foliation theory that says the natural map between classifying spaces B Homeo δ ⁡ ( M ) → B Homeo ⁡ ( M ) \mathrm {B}\operatorname {Homeo}^{\delta }(M)\to \mathrm {B} \operatorname {Homeo}(M) induces a homology isomorphism where Homeo δ ⁡ ( M ) \operatorname {Homeo}^{\delta }(M) denotes the group of homeomorphisms of M M made discrete. Our proof shows that in low dimensions, Thurston’s theorem can be proved without using foliation theory. Finally, we show that this technique gives a new perspective on the homotopy type of homeomorphism groups in low dimensions. In particular, we give a different proof of Hacher’s theorem that the homeomorphism groups of Haken 3 3 -manifolds with boundary are homotopically discrete without using his disjunction techniques.

Adaptive Strategies for Transport Equations

Abstract This paper is concerned with a posteriori error bounds for linear transport equations and related questions of contriving corresponding adaptive solution strategies in the context of Discontinuous Petrov Galerkin schemes. After indicating our motivation for this investigation in a wider context the first major part of the paper is devoted to the derivation and analysis of a posteriori error bounds that, under mild conditions on variable convection fields, are efficient and, modulo a data-oscillation term, reliable. In particular, it is shown that these error estimators are computed at a cost that stays uniformly proportional to the problem size. The remaining part of the paper is then concerned with the question whether typical bulk criteria known from adaptive strategies for elliptic problems entail a fixed error reduction rate also in the context of transport equations. This turns out to be significantly more difficult than for elliptic problems and at this point we can give a complete affirmative answer for a single spatial dimension. For the general multidimensional case we provide partial results which we find of interest in their own right. An essential distinction from known concepts is that global arguments enter the issue of error reduction. An important ingredient of the underlying analysis, which is perhaps interesting in its own right, is to relate the derived error indicators to the residuals that naturally arise in related least squares formulations. This reveals a close interrelation between both settings regarding error reduction in the context of adaptive refinements.