Glittre Activities Of Daily Living Test Research Articles

Upper Extremity Exercise Capacity and Activities of Daily Living in Individuals With Bronchiectasis Versus Healthy Controls.

The purpose of this study was to compare the upper extremity exercise capacity and activities of daily living (ADL) in individuals with bronchiectasis and controls. Twenty-four individuals with bronchiectasis and 24 healthy controls were assessed for upper extremity exercise capacity (6-minute pegboard and ring test [6PBRT]) and ADL (Glittre ADL test). Energy expenditure was measured using a wearable metabolic monitor during the Glittre ADL test. The mean [SD] 6PBRT score of individuals with bronchiectasis was significantly lower than the mean score of controls (196.50 [51.75] vs 243.00 [29.76] number of rings). The Glittre ADL test duration was significantly higher in individuals with bronchiectasis compared with controls (3.54 [1.53] vs 2.36 [0.18] minutes), despite similar energy expenditure during the Glittre ADL test between the groups (17.67 [5.28] kcal in individuals with bronchiectasis vs 18.13 [5.71] kcal in controls). The 6PBRT score and the Glittre ADL test duration were negatively correlated in individuals with bronchiectasis (r = -0.694). The individuals with bronchiectasis had reduced upper extremity exercise capacity compared with healthy controls. Energy expenditure during ADL was similar between individuals with bronchiectasis and healthy controls, despite lower ADL performance in individuals with bronchiectasis. The upper extremity exercise capacity and ADL are related in individuals with bronchiectasis. Given this relationship, inclusion of upper extremity exercise training in pulmonary rehabilitation programs should be considered. Considering the impairment of upper extremity exercise capacity and ADL in individuals with bronchiectasis highlights the need to tailor preventive strategies and preclude further unfavorable effects. Bronchiectasis may reduce exercise capacity in your arms and reduce your ability to perform daily living activities. Physical therapists can evaluate your condition and create rehabilitation programs to help manage these impairments.

Reliability and validity of the glittre activities of daily living test in fully ambulatory multiple sclerosis patients.

Evaluation of activities of daily living (ADL) and functional exercise capacity in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) is crucial in demonstrating the effectiveness of interventions. To investigate the reliability and validity of the Glittre ADL Test in pwMS. Twenty-five pwMS and 26 healthy adults were included in this methodological study. The Glittre ADL Test was applied. Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living Index (NEADL) were applied for concurrent validity. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Mini Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini BESTest), Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Scale-54 (MSQoL-54), and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5 STST) were applied for construct validity. The Glittre ADL Test was repeated after 3-6days for test-retest reliability. The test-retest reliability of the Glittre ADL Test was excellent (ICC = 0.941). There was strong correlation of the Glittre ADL Test with 6MWT (rho = - 0.710, p < 0.001), NEADL (rho = - 0.841, p < 0.001), EDSS, (rho = 0.836, p = < 0.001), Mini BESTest (rho = 0.792, p < 0.001), and 5 STST scores (rho = 0.720, p < 0.001). There was a moderate correlation between the Glittre ADL Test and the physical health sub-item score of the MSQoL-54 (rho = - 0.591, p = 0.002). No correlation was found between the Glittre ADL Test and FSS (rho = 0.348, p = 0.096). There was a difference in the Glittre ADL Test results between the pwMS and the healthy adults (p = 0.001). The Glittre ADL Test has excellent reliability and strong construct and criterionvalidity for assessing functional exercise capacity and ADL in fully ambulatory pwMS. TRN: NCT04182269.

Physical fitness and activities of daily living in primary ciliary dyskinesia: A retrospective study.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare, hereditary, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. This study aimed to compare pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, physical fitness, and activities of daily living (ADLs) retrospectively between patients with PCD and healthy controls. Data from 20 patients with PCD and 20 matched, healthy counterparts recorded between July 2015 and January 2017 were analyzed. The data evaluated and recorded included pulmonary function using a portable spirometer, respiratory muscle strength (using a mouth pressure device, exercise capacity using the incremental shuttle walk test,), physical fitness (using the Munich Fitness Test), and ADLs (using the Glittre ADL test). Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, incremental shuttle walk test scores (all parameters), and total Munich Fitness Test scores were lower in the PCD group relative to controls (P < 0.05). The duration to complete the Glittre ADL test was higher in PCD patients than in healthy subjects (P < 0.05). Pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, exercise capacity, physical fitness, and ADL were affected by PCD. Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation regimens should be tailored according to these impacts.

Daily living activities, exercise capacity, cognition, and balance in COPD patients with and without frailty.

Information on the interaction between frailty and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is limited. This study aimed to compare activities of daily living (ADL), exercise capacity, balance, and cognition in COPD patients with and without frailty. Twenty frail and 28 non-frail COPD patients aged 55 years and over were included. Frailty was determined according to Fried et al. Dyspnea was evaluated using the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale. Respiratory and peripheral muscle strength were measured. Functional capacity was assessed using a 6-min walk test (6MWT); ADL performance was evaluated using the Glittre ADL test. The balance was evaluated using the functional reach test (FRT). Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Evaluation (MoCA) Test. Quality of life was measured using the COPD Assessment Test (CAT). The mMRC and CAT scores were higher in the frail patients as compared with the non-frail patients (p < 0.05). The maximal inspiratory pressure, handgrip strength, 6MWT distance, and FRT score were lower in the frail patients as compared with the non-frail patients (p < 0.05). The duration for the Glittre ADL test was longer in the frail patients than the non-frail patients (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between MoCA scores between groups (p > 0.05). Frail COPD patients have increased dyspnea perception, impaired muscle strength, and functional capacity, ADL performance, balance, and quality of life. Whether pulmonary rehabilitation programs for patients with frail COPD need to be adapted with new rehabilitation strategies, including components of frailty, needs further investigation.

Comparison of Londrina activities of daily living protocol and Glittre ADL test on cardio-pulmonary response in patients with COPD: a cross-sectional study.

BackgroundIn COPD patients it is very important to assess the activities of daily living (ADL) due to an impairment of independence and quality of life. There is a lack of retrievable data regarding the cardio-pulmonary response to Londrina ADL protocol in patients with COPD. The aim of the present study was to assess the cardio-pulmonary response to Londrina ADL protocol in patients with COPD and to compare this with responses to the Glittre ADL test.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was done on 30 COPD subjects. Each subject was taken to perform the Londrina ADL protocol, Glittre ADL test, twice each, on subsequent days. The Londrina ADL protocol comprises 5 activities representing ADL, involving upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk movements. The Glittre ADL test consists of completing a circuit while carrying a weighted backpack (2.5 kg for women, 5.0 kg for men). The better value of the two was taken into consideration. For the Londrina ADL protocol and Glittre ADL test the outcome of primary interest was time and for the six-minute walk test was the distance walked. The secondary outcomes for all tests were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, saturation of oxygen in blood and dyspnea.ResultsThe COPD subjects of age group 63.27±11.07 years took 5.94±0.36 min to complete trial 2 of the Londrina ADL protocol. Significant physiological increases in heart rate (p≤0.01), respiratory rate (p≤0.01), blood pressure (p≤0.01) and severity of dyspnea (p≤0.01) were observed, whereas saturation of oxygen in blood (p≤0.01) was reduced at the end of the Londrina ADL protocol and Glittre ADL test. There was a positive, non-significant correlation between the six-minute walk test distance and the Londrina ADL protocol time (r=0.236) (p=0.209). A positive, not significant correlation was observed between the Glittre ADL test (time) and the Londrina ADL protocol (time) (r=0.194) (p=0.304) and a negative but not significant correlation between the six-minute walk test (distance) and the Glittre ADL test (time) (r= -0.184) (p=0.330).ConclusionThe Londrina ADL protocol can be used as an assessment tool for the evaluation of functional performance and activities of daily living in COPD along with other test protocols in pulmonary rehabilitation.

A comparison of respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, activities of daily living and physical fitness in patients with cystic fibrosis and healthy subjects

There are limited reports that compare muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, activities of daily living (ADL) and parameters of physical fitness of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with healthy peers in the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, ADL and physical fitness in patients with CF and healthy subjects. Nineteen patients with CF (mean forced expiratory volume in one second-FEV1: 86.56±18.36%) and 20 healthy subjects were included in this study. Respiratory (maximal inspiratory pressure-MIP and maximal expiratory pressure-MEP) and peripheral muscle strength (quadriceps, shoulder abductors and hand grip strength) were evaluated. Functional exercise capacity was determined with 6min walk test (6MWT). ADL was assessed with Glittre ADL test and physical fitness was assessed with Munich fitness test (MFT). There were not any statistically significant difference in MIP, %MIP, MEP and %MEP values between two groups (p>0.05). %Peripheral muscle strength (% quadriceps and shoulder abductors strength), 6MWT distance and %6MWT distance were significantly lower in patients with CF than those of healthy subjects (p<0.05). Glittre ADL-test time was significantly longer in patients with CF than healthy subjects (p<0.05). According to Munich fitness test, the number of bouncing a ball, hanging score, distance of standing vertical jumping and standing vertical jumping score were significantly lower in patients with CF than those of healthy subjects (p<0.05). Peripheral muscle strength, functional exercise capacity, ADL performance and speed, coordination, endurance and power components of physical fitness are adversely affected in mild-severe patients with CF compared to healthy peers. Evaluations must be done in comprehensive manner in patients with CF with all stages.

Cardiac, ventilatory, and metabolic adjustments in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during the performance of Glittre activities of daily living test.

Functional status and quality of life are measures of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient's health status and can demonstrate the impact of the disease on the patient's ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). The Glittre-ADL test was developed to evaluate the functional status of COPD patients and their ability to perform activities of daily life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic adjustments and reproducibility of the Glittre ADL test performed by COPD patients. Twenty-two mild to severe COPD patients (forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1): 56.6 ± 19.9% predicted; mean age: 66.3 ± 9.18 years old) were enrolled in this study. Metabolic (oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), pulmonary ventilation (VE)/VCO2, and VE/VO2), ventilatory (tidal volume, respiratory rate, and VE), and cardiovascular (pulse oxygen saturation, VO2/heart rate (HR), and HR) variables, lower limbs fatigue, and dyspnea (Borg score) after each lap of two Glittre ADL test were analyzed. All metabolic, ventilatory, and cardiac variables increased their values up to the third lap and remained stable (plateau) until the end of the test (five laps; multivariate analysis); there was no difference among the time spent to complete each of the five laps in each test and between tests (total time of second test: 4 minutes and 3 seconds); the second test was 17.8 seconds (6.6%) shorter than the first one (NS). All variables were highly reproducible in the two tests (NS). At the end of the test, patients reached 87.7% of the VO2 max, 81% of VE peak, and 88.5% of the HR peak obtained from an incremental maximal test on a treadmill. The Glittre ADL test is easy for COPD patients to perform and is a highly reproducible test in COPD patients with mild to severe stages of the disease. In addition, our results suggest that it is possible to demonstrate the patient's functional capacity with a single test of only three laps, making it faster and easier to apply and less stressful for some patients.

Research Corner: Outcome Measures in Cardiopulmonary Physical Therapy: Focus on the Glittre ADL-Test for People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The primary goal of physical rehabilitation for people with chronic lung disease, including chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), is to improve function. In terms of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF),1 physical therapy typically focuses on improving activity, which may result in increased participation in pursuits that are meaningful to the individual. A commonly used and related concept is functional status. Keith2 described functional status as “physical function including activity restrictions and fitness; psychological function including affective and cognitive functioning, social function including limitations in usual roles or major activity, social integration, social contact, and intimacy.” There are 2 primary methods of assessing functional status—questionnaires and performance-based tests. The most frequently used tools are questionnaires. Generic questionnaires such as the Functional Status Questionnaire,3 Extended Activities of Daily Living scale,4 and the SF-365 are available. However, disease specific questionnaires such as the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire,6 the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire,7 and the Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire8 are commonly used for people with chronic lung disease. Questionnaires are generally inexpensive, quick to administer, and allow patients to express their perception of their function. However, there are a number of disadvantages associated with the use of questionnaires.9–12 Specifically, patients' responses may be affected by social and personal expectations of the purpose of the questionnaire. Also, responses may change depending on a patient's cognition or psychological status. In some circumstances, patients may state that they are capable of completing a task but do not consider the time required to complete the activity. Without additional information that is difficult to quantify, a patient may appear to function well when this is not the case. Another difficulty associated with the use of questionnaires is that disease progression in people with a chronic disease may result in activity limitation that could decrease the symptoms of interest. Such a change could erroneously be interpreted as an improvement in health status. For instance, people who experience dyspnea while climbing stairs may stop doing this activity and take the elevator instead. When questioned, this person may no longer report dyspnea when climbing stairs. The person may not be trying to hide the truth, but may have forgotten the discomfort once it no longer occurs. Objective, performance-based tests avoid many of the difficulties noted above. The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is the most frequently used objective test of functional capacity for people with respiratory disease.13 Patients are told to walk as far as possible, in 6 minutes, over a 100 foot, level, indoor course. The psychometric properties of the test have been examined in detail and the test has been shown to be a reliable measure of the distance walked in people with COPD when it is conducted according to standardized guidelines.13,14 The length of the hallway used for the walk,15 the instructions given to the subject,16 the type and amount of encouragement given,16 and the number of learning trials17 have all been shown to affect test performance and reliability. The test is simple to administer and generally well accepted by patients but it does not assess how walking ability affects functional status or participation, as it is defined in the ICF model. Furthermore, it does not assess how dyspnea during unsupported arm activities8,18,19 such as making beds, shelving dishes and doing the laundry affects functional status. As the prevalence of COPD in women increases20–23 the definition and assessment of function will likely need to expand to include more of these activities of daily living (ADL). Most objective tests of physical performance, like the 6MWT, focus on mobility dysfunction or on people having severe limitations.24–27 In contrast, the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) is a 26 item test that measures the quality of a person's activities of daily living (ADL).28 Unfortunately, the test is time consuming to conduct and it would be exhausting for many people with COPD. Furthermore, the assessment of process ability that is an integral part of this test is not usually relevant for people with COPD. The AMPS has not been validated in people with COPD in whom dyspnea plays a significant role in limiting function. Thus the Glittre ADL test was developed to address the need for a more representative, objective assessment of function in people with COPD.12