Gliomastix Murorum Research Articles

Analysis of laccase-like enzymes secreted by fungi isolated from a cave in northern Spain.

Laccases belong to a family of multicopper enzymes able to oxidize a broad spectrum of organic compounds. Despite the well‐known property of laccases to carry out bleaching and degradation of industrial dyes and polyphenolic compounds, their industrial use is often limited by the high cost, low efficiency, or instability of these enzymes. To look for new microorganisms which produce laccases that are potentially suitable for industrial applications, we have isolated several fungal strains from a cave in northern Spain. Their phenotypic analysis on agar plates supplemented with ABTS (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)) disclosed two laccase‐positive strains. Further genotyping revealed that they belonged to the Gliomastix murorum and Conidiobolus thromboides species. The secretion of G. murorum and C. thromboides laccase‐like enzymes was then confirmed by zymography. Further identification of these polypeptides by mass‐spectroscopy revealed the nature of the laccases and made it possible to predict their functional domains and other features. In addition, plate assays revealed that the laccases secreted by both G. murorum and C. thromboides were capable of degrading industrial dyes (Congo Red, Indigo, and Eriochrome Black T). Homology modeling and substrate docking predicted the putative structure of the currently uncrystallized G. murorum enzyme as well as its amino acid residues potentially involved in interactions with these dyes. In summary, new biochemical and structural insights into decolorization mediated by G. murorum laccase as well as identification of laccase‐like oxidase in C. thromboides point to a promising future for these enzymes in biotechnology.

Galactomannans for Entrapment of Gliomastix murorum Laccase and Their Use in Reactive Blue 2 Decolorization

In the present study, a novel laccase from ascomycete Gliomastix murorum was produced in agro-industrial wastes and entrapped in galactomannan beads for Reactive Blue 2 (Rb-2) decolorization. The maximum laccase production in agave bagasse-based medium occurred at 72 h (1798.6 UL−1). Entrapped laccase decolorized ˃80% of 0.5 mM Rb-2 in 2 h without the addition of redox mediator. Km for Rb-2 substrate was 1.42 mM, with a Vmax of 1.19 µmol min−1 for entrapped laccase. Galactomannan matrices produce stability to acid pH (2–5) and temperatures from 20–70 °C. Reusability assays showed that entrapped laccase could retain efficient Rb-2 decolorization of ˃80% six times. In general, galactomannan used for entrapment of laccase provides economic advantages in large-scale wastewater treatment due to its natural origin and efficient results.

The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi

Abstract. Trianto A, Radjasa OK, Sibero MT, Sabdono A, Haryanti D, Zilullah WOM, Syanindyta AR, Bahry MS, Widiananto PA, Helmi M, Armono HD, Supriadi, Igarashi Y. 2020. The effect of culture media on the number and bioactivity of marine invertebrates associated fungi. Biodiversitas 21: 407-412. Marine ecosystem is rich with microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi either as free-living or in association with macro-organisms. Marine invertebrates provide suitable habitats for fungi by supplying space, food, and other chemicals stuff that in some cases is a reciprocal relationship or called mutualism symbiotic. Some marine invertebrates have interesting activities that are useful for human life such as anticancer, antifungal, and antibacterial. Many reports indicated that the fungal growth and their production of bioactive compounds were highly affected by the media or nutrition. In order to understand the effect of media on the number and bioactivity of the isolates, we collected the samples of marine invertebrates from two locations in Makassar. Invertebrate specimens were collected by hand during SCUBA diving at 3-10 m depths. The fungi were isolated by tapping method either on potato dextrose agar (PDA) or poor marine agar (PMA). The samples were collected from the Samalona water as much as 16 specimens that provided 30 and 18 fungal isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively, while, from the Barrang Cadi water, a total 14 specimens were collected to provide 12 and 3 isolates on PDA and PMA, respectively. All fungi from PMA inhibited the V. harveyi, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus with weak, medium, and strong activities, while, the isolates from PDA were mostly not active against the Vibrios. Based on the molecular analyses, the active isolates were identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. oryzae, A. aculeatus, Talaromyces minioluteus, Hypocrea jecorina, Gliomastix murorum, Myrothecium inundatum, and Curvularia avinis. In conclusion, the isolates from PMA showed higher potential as source of antivibrio substances.

Dihydroxanthenones from the Fermentation Product of the Endophytic Fungus Gliomastix murorum

Two new dihydroxanthones, muroxanthenones D and E (1 and 2), were isolated from the fermentation products of the endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compounds 1 and 2 were tested for their anti-tobacco mosaic virus (anti-TMV) activity, and they exhibited activity with inhibition rates of 16.4 and 15.3%, respectively.

Dihydroxanthenones from the fermentation product of an endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum

Three new dihydroxanthones, muroxanthenones A–C (1–3), together with three known dihydroxanthones (4–6) were isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Compound 3 showed high cytotoxicities against NB4 and PC3 cell with IC50 values of 2.2 and 2.8 μM. The other compounds also showed moderate cytotoxicities for some tested cell lines with IC50 values between 4.1 and 9.5 μM.

Antimicrobial metabolites from the endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum Ppf8 associated with the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis

Two antimicrobial metabolites were obtained by bioassay-guided fractionation from the endophytic fungus Gliomastix murorum Ppf8 associated with the medicinal plant Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. By means of physicochemical and spectrometric analysis, they were identified as (1) ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-ol and (2) 2,3-dihydro-5-hydroxy-α,α-dimethyl-2-benzofuranmethanol. Both microdilution-colorimetric and spore germination assays were employed to evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Two compounds were screened to be active against the test microorganisms with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 100 to 200 μg/ml, and the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranged from 55.65 to 145.36 μg/ml. The results provide promising baseline information for the potential application of the metabolites of this endophytic fungus as antimicrobial agents.

Chemical Composition and in Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of the Volatile Oils from Gliomastix murorum and Pichia guilliermondii, Two Endophytic Fungi in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis

Volatile oils were obtained by hydro-distillation from Gliomastix murorum and Pichia guilliermondii, two endophytic fungi isolated from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. The oils were analyzed for their chemical composition by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Palmitic acid (15.5%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (11.6%), 6-pentyl-5,6-dihydropyran-2-one (9.7%), and (7Z,10Z)-7,10- hexadecadienoic acid (8.3%) were the major compounds of the 40 identified components in G. murorum volatile oil. 1,1,3a,7-Tetramethyl-1a,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7b-octahydro-1H-cyclopropa[a]- naphthalene (25.9%), palmitic acid (15.5%), 1-methyl-2,4-di- (prop-1-en-2-yl)-1- vinylcyclohexane (7.9%), (E)-9-octadecenoic acid (7.3%), and (9E,12E)-ethyl-9,12-octadecadienoate (5.2%) were the major compounds of the 27 identified components in P. guilliermondii volatile oil. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the volatile oils was also investigated to evaluate their efficacy against six bacteria and one phytopathogenic fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the volatile oils against the test bacteria ranged from 0.20 mg/mL to 1.50 mg/mL. One of the most sensitive bacteria was Xanthomonas vesicatoria with an MIC of 0.20 mg/mL and 0.40 mg/mL for G. murorum and P. guilliermondii, respectively. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the volatile oils against spore germination of Magnaporthe oryzae was 0.84 mg/mL for G. murorum and 1.56 mg/mL for P. guilliermondii. These results indicated that the volatile oils from the endophytic fungi have strong antimicrobial activity and could be a potential source of antimicrobial ingredients.

Gibberellin production and plant growth promotion by a newly isolated strain of Gliomastix murorum

Endophytic fungi are known to play a vital role in the growth and development of their host plants. We isolated eleven endophytic fungi from the roots of sand-dune plant Elymus mollis and their growth-promoting ability was studied on waito-c rice and Atriplex gemelinii. We found that eight fungal isolates promoted growth of both plants. Fungal isolate EM-7-1 induced maximum growth promotion in waito-c rice (9.25 cm) and Atriplex gemelinii (3.1 cm), which was higher than wild-type Gibberella fujikuroi. Gibberellin analysis of EM-7-1 culture filtrate showed the presence of bioactive gibberellins GA1 (0.32 ng/ml), GA3 (5.76 ng/ml), GA4 (0.82 ng/ml) and GA7: (0.1 ng/ml) along with physiologically inactive GA5 (0.59 ng/ml), GA9 (5.38 ng/ml), GA20 (0.25 ng/ml) and GA24 (2.03 ng/ml). The fungal isolate EM-7-1 was identified as new strain of Gliomastix murorum (G. murorum KACC43902) with 99% sequence homology. This study reports the plant growth-promoting ability of genus Gliomastix and the presence of GA5 in the culture filtrate of fungi for the first time.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies of copper(II) removal by three species of dead fungal biomasses

The batch experiments were conducted to study the copper(II) removal by formaldehyde inactivated Cladosporium cladosporioides, Gliomastix murorum and Bjerkandera sp., at conditions of agitation speed of 150 rpm, temperature of 25 °C, biosorbent dose of 2 g l −1 and contact time of 12 h. It was found that, for each biomass, the optimum pH was 6.0 and the equilibrium establishing time was about 2 h. Without acid or alkali treatment for improving adsorption properties, the experimental maximum copper(II) biosorptions were relatively high: 7.74 mg g −1 for C. cladosporioides, 9.01 mg g −1 for G. murorum, and 12.08 mg g −1 for Bjerkandera sp.. The biosorption data of all the dead fungal biomasses were quite fitted to Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo second-order kinetic model; first-order Lagergren kinetic model gave good adjustment to the data of Bjerkandera sp. but did not fit the data of C. cladosporioides and G. murorum very well. These fungal biomasses exhibited relatively high capacity for the removal of copper(II) from aqueous solutions.

Endophytic fungi from rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis

About 63 fungal endophytic isolates were separated from rhizomes of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis, which is a traditional medicinal plant mainly distributed in China. The isolates were characterized and grouped based on the culture characteristics and the morphology of colony growth and conidia. Eleven representative ones were selected for further taxonomical identification. Five genera namely Fusarium, Gliocladiopsis, Gliomastix, Aspergillus and Cylindrocarpon were identified on the basis of their morphological characterizations. Of them, the most frequent genus was Fusarium (i.e. Ppf1, Ppf3 and Ppf14). Their ITS-rDNA sequences were compared with those available in the GeneBank databases to obtain the closest related species by BLAST analysis as well as to analyze their phylogenetic affiliation. The isolates were identified as Gliocladiopsis irregularis (Ppf2), Plectosphaerella cucumerina (Ppf4), Padospora sp. (Ppf6), Gliomastix murorum var. murorum (Ppf7), Aspergillus fumigatus (Ppf9), Pichia guilliermondii (Ppf10), Neonectria radicicola (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon) (Ppf12) and one uncultured mycorrhizal ascomycete (Ppf13) separately based on their morphological and molecular features. The molecular characters of the endophytic fungi were basically coincident with their morphology. The broad diversity and taxonomic spectrum were exhibited by the endophytic fungi from P. polyphylla var. yunnanensis.

Distribution of microfungi in the transitional zone of a subtropical lake in India

Counts of CFU of microfungi, percent carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, and calcium content, and pH were determined in upland, transect, and bottom soils, the transitional zone of Gujar Lake, a subtropical and eutrophic lake in India (25°58′N, 82°39′E). Microfungi in all zones were distributed in aggregate pattern, as evidenced by significant t values (P > 0.001) and F ratios (P > 0.001) of the variance–mean test and Morisita's index. A qualitative survey revealed that Alysidium sp., Arthrinium phaeospermum, Gliomastix murorum, Pythium sp., Tliermomyces sp., Thielavia terricola, Westerdykella multispora, and Varicosporium elodae were found specific to bottom soil of the lake. Key words: distribution, microfungi, transitional zone, subtropical, correlation.

Microfungal community structure from forest soils in southern Quebec, using discriminant function and factor analysis

Fungal isolation data, from four forest soils, were analyzed using both discriminant analysis and factor analysis, to investigate the structure of fungal communities. The analyses indicated that the forest of origin was a major factor determining fungal community structure in these soils. Discriminant analysis separated the fungal communities of coniferous-forest soil samples from those of deciduous-forest soil samples. The pine-forest soil, which was in an early stage of invasion by hardwoods, had a fungal community intermediate in structure between the extremes. Of the microfungi isolated, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Farrowia seminuda, Geomyces pannorus, Mucor hiemalis, Penicillium janthinellum, Trichoderma polysporum, and Zygorrhynchus moelleri were associated with the coniferous sites, whereas an Acremonium species, Gliomastix murorum, Paecilomyces carneus, Pae. fumosoroseus, Penicillium spinulosum, and Pen. thomii characterized the deciduous-forest soils. Many pine-forest soil fungi were species abundant in the other soils, a possible reflection of the successional stage of the forest. Both factor analysis and discriminant analysis yielded similar interpretations of the data and indicated the importance of fungal interactions in determining community structure. The discriminant analyses also showed that fungal isolation data gave a better separation between the soils of the four forests than did abiotic data.

Seasonality of forest soil microfungi in southern Quebec

Data on microfungi isolated from the soils of four forests in southern Quebec were analysed, to detect seasonal changes in the community. Two-way analysis of variance showed that significant changes occurred for individual species, both between sites and sample times, and that significant season–site interactions occurred. Discriminant analysis showed that at all sites, there was a tendency for the community to shift towards a characteristic winter community during the colder periods of the year. Geomyces pannorus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, Pae. marquandii, Penicillium purpurogenum, Trichoderma koningii, T. polysporum, Botryotrichum piluliferum, Chrysosporum verrucosum, and Exophiala sp. LP111 were associated with samples from the colder months, in one or more of the sites. Sterile fungi, Fusarium solani, T. harzianum, T. hamatum, Pen. thomii, and Staphyotrichum coccosporum tended to be associated with the warmer months. There was also a tendency for samples from the seasonal "extremes" (warm dry summer samples and cold winter samples) to show some similarities. It is suggested that this trend may exist because fungi abundant during relatively unfavorable times of the year are not good competitors and therefore should be considered as "survivors." In this study, Exophiala sp. LP111, Gliomastix murorum, Paecilomyces carneus, T. viride, and Trichoderma sp. LP58 may fall into this category.

On Gliomastix murorum and G. Felina

SUMMARYThe concept of Gliomastix murorum as the type for the form-genus Gliomastix is discussed and considered acceptable. As a result of a statistical analysis (Student's t-test) of conidial dimensions, the new combination G. felina is proposed. Inclusion of G. murorum in the form-genus Sagrahamala is rejected, as is the synonymy of Gliomastix with the form-genus Acremonium, at least for the present.

OnGliomastix MurorumandG. Felina

The concept of Gliomastix murorum as the type for the form-genus Gliomastix is discussed and considered acceptable. As a result of a statistical analysis (Student's t-test) of conidial dimensions, ...

Fungal populations from forest soils in southern Quebec

The fungal populations of four forest soils in southern Quebec were studied, using the soil-washing technique. Although the four forests were located on the same basal materials, the effects of planting different tree species were reflected by changes in the chemical properties of the soils. Of the fungi isolated from these soils, Gliocladium roseum, Paecilomyces carneus, P. fumosoroseus, Gliomastix murorum, Penicillium implication, P. spinulosum, P. thomii, Trichoderma hamatum, and two unidentified Trichoderma species preferred the more neutral, deciduous forest soils. However, Chrysosporium pannorum, Penicillium janthinellum, P. simplicissimum, Trichoderma viride, T. polysporum, and another unidentified Trichoderma preferred the more acidic coniferous forest soils. For other species of fungi no differences between populations in the four sites could be detected. It is concluded that a clearer understanding of the ecology of these fungi requires a more detailed analysis of the influence of seasonal and spatial changes in their physical and chemical environment on their population densities.

Karyology During Conidiogenesis in Gliomastix murorum: Light Microscopy

Light microscopic observations of nuclear behavior (karyology) during conidiogenesis in the long, narrow phialides of Gliomastix murorum (Corda) Hughes are presented and discussed. Nuclei were observed mostly in a submedian position in phialides. The onset of mitosis was signalled by an increase in the size of nuclei and by the appearance of numerous chromatinic granules (chromosomes?). The number of chromatinic granules appeared to decrease, while the chromatin was arranged in the characteristic “double track” associated with somatic nuclear divisions in hyphomycetes. Transverse separation of the “double track” arrangement produced two daughter chromatinic masses which stained intensely, were small, and moved apart. Separation of daughter chromatinic masses (nuclei) appeared to be largely a function of migration of distal daughter nuclei several micrometers toward phialidic apices; the submedian position of proximal daughter nuclei was maintained. Upon movement of migrating distal daughter nuclei into conidial initials, conidia were delimited septally. Conidial nuclei remained condensed, while daughter nuclei remaining in phialides decondensed (i.e., enlarged and stained less intensely), thereby entering interphase. Repeated, single nuclear divisions and migrations were correlated with repeated conidial development. Karyological events described herein were compared with other published studies of both phialidic and non-phialidic species, and a “phialidic pattern” of nuclear behavior was suggested as a possibility. But, apparently a non-phialidic pattern cannot yet be suggested.

KARYOLOGY DURING CONIDIOGENESIS IN GLIOMASTIX MURORUM: LIGHT MICROSCOPY

Light microscopic observations of nuclear behavior (karyology) during conidiogenesis in the long, narrow phialides of Gliomastix murorum (Corda) Hughes are presented and discussed. Nuclei were observed mostly in a submedian position in phialides. The onset of mitosis was signalled by an increase in the size of nuclei and by the appearance of numerous chromatinic granules (chromosomes?). The number of chromatinic granules appeared to decrease, while the chromatin was arranged in the characteristic “double track” associated with somatic nuclear divisions in hyphomycetes. Transverse separation of the “double track” arrangement produced two daughter chromatinic masses which stained intensely, were small, and moved apart. Separation of daughter chromatinic masses (nuclei) appeared to be largely a function of migration of distal daughter nuclei several micrometers toward phialidic apices; the submedian position of proximal daughter nuclei was maintained. Upon movement of migrating distal daughter nuclei into conidial initials, conidia were delimited septally. Conidial nuclei remained condensed, while daughter nuclei remaining in phialides decondensed (i.e., enlarged and stained less intensely), thereby entering interphase. Repeated, single nuclear divisions and migrations were correlated with repeated conidial development. Karyological events described herein were compared with other published studies of both phialidic and non‐phialidic species, and a “phialidic pattern” of nuclear behavior was suggested as a possibility. But, apparently a non‐phialidic pattern cannot yet be suggested.

Some Consequences of Cereal Monoculture on Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & Olivier and the Take‐all Disease1

AbstractStudies were made of isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. tritici J. Walker from different length crop sequences of wheat and barley following permanent grassland. Studies were done on the influence of cropping intensity of soils, natural and steam disinfested, on disease expression from added inoculum. Efforts were also made to detect interactions between isolates and soils from the same and different cropping sequences. Investigation of variability in the pathogen related to virulence and specificity as well as to saprophytic traits.In general, mean virulence of isolates increased up to the point where approximately peak disease levels occurred in the field, and diminished subsequently. Host specificity of isolates from a monospecies system was also pronounced at this point whereas it was not evident in the first 2 crops; it did not increase further after the 5th or 6th cereal of a single species. There was evidence of loss of competitive saprophytic ability in isolates from long sequences as against those from 1st, 2nd and 3rd crops after permanent pasture. A differential sensitivity response from Gliomastix murorum (Cda.) Hughes var. felina (Marsh) Hughes was observed with isolates from 1 to a 3 year sequence compared with isolates from sequences of 4 to 8 years. Isolates from a 1st to a 3rd crop restricted colony growth of G. murorum in culture whereas those from 4th to the 8th cereal were overgrown by this fungus. Isolates from the 1st cereal after grass darkened considerably with age, those from a 2nd less so and those from a 3rd successive crop remained almost totally hyaline; those from longer sequences darkened considerably but were very variable for this trait. The influence of soil from more intensively cropped cereal sequences, which was destroyed by steam disinfestation, was to depress disease levels from applied inoculum. This soil inhibitory effect set in between the first and 3rd cereal.

Chitin decomposition in soil: II. The ecology of chitinoclastic micro-organisms in forest soil

Decomposition of naturally occurring and artificially buried chitin in a pine forest soil was brought about by fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. In the acid horizons, Verticillium sp. I, Mortierella marburgensis and Trichoderma viride were the most important chitin decomposers, whilst in the alkaline horizon Mortierella alpina, Paecilomyces carneus, Gliomastix murorum and to some extent Verticillium sp. I predominated. Bacteria and actinomycetes, mainly species of Pseudomonas, Bacillus and Streptomyces , were found in all horizons, but predominated only during the early stages of breakdown in the alkaline horizon. Some chitin decomposers were restricted to chitin and were not found on other soil particles, e.g. Verticillium sp. I and Calcarisporium arbuscula . The survival of these and other forms is discussed in relation to the occurrence of chitin in the soil and the ability of organisms to utilize chitin breakdown products.